????????????

?????????????
Olympic Games
	?????????????????
???????	Olympiad
??????	Citius, Altius, Fortius ; ????????, ???????, ?????????
???????	????????: ; ??????????????? 1 ?.?. 2439 ; ; ???? ??????? ; ??????????????? 1 ?.?. 2467 ; ; ???????? ????????? ; ??????????: ; ??????????????? 1 ?.?. 2503 ; ; ?????? ??? ; ??????????????? 1 ?.?. 2519 ; ; ?????? ??????????????? ; ??????: ; ????????????????????????????? 1 ?.?. 2553 ; ; ???????? ???????? ; ????????????????????????????? 1 ?.?. 2555 ; ; ???????? ????????? ;
??????????	4 ??
???????????	??????? : ; ???????????????? 32 / ; ; ?????????????????? 16 ; ; ??? ??????? ; ??????? ; ??????? : ; ???????????????? 24 / ; ; ?????????????????? 13 ; ; ??? ??????? ; ??? ; ?????? : ????????????????????????????? 3 ; ; ?.?. 2561 ??? ??????????? ??????????? ; ????????????????????????????? 2 ; ; ?.?. 2559 ??? ??????????? ????????
????????????	???? ?????? ????????
????????????	?????????????????????? ; ????? , ??????????????
??????	????? ?????
????????	??????????????????????
????????	???????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????

????????????????? ( ?????? : Olympic Games , ???????? : les Jeux olympiques, JO ) ????????????????????????????? ( ?????? : Modern Olympic Games ) ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 200 ?????? ???????? ?????????????????????? ? 4 ?? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????? 2 ??

????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ( ???? : ?λυμπιακο? ?γ?νε? ) ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????????????????????? 8 ???????????????????????????????? 4 ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????? (??????) ?? ?.?. 2437 ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?.?. 2439 ? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? (Olympic Movement) ????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20 ??? 21 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? 20 ??????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (pure amateurism) ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2459, 2483 ??? 2487 ????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2523 ??? 2527

??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (celebrate) ????????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? 13,000 ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????? 33 ???????? ????? 400 ?????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????

????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? (Ancient Olympic Games) ????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[1] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[2] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????????????????????????????????? ^[3]^[4]^[5] ???????? ???????????????????????????????????? "????????" ????????????????????????????????????????? ^[6] ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? (twelve labors) ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????? 200 ???? ????????????????????? "stadion" ( ???? : στ?διον , ????? : stadium, "????" ) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( ???? : ?κεχειρ?α, ekecheiria , ?????? : Olympic truce ) ??????? ^[7] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 776 ?????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 776 ?????? ?.?. ^[8] ???????????????????????????????????? ???????? (??????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????) ????? ??????? ???????????????????????? (pankration) ????????? ^[9]^[10] ?????????????????? ????????? (Coroebus) ??????????????????? (Elis) ??????????????????????? ^[11]

??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (?????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????????????????????) ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Oenomaus) ??????????? (Pisatis) ^[12] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[13] ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????? Olympiad ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? (Panhellenic Games) ????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ^[14]

????????????????????????????????????????? 6 ??? 5 ???????????? ??????????? ? ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?.?. 393 ????? ??????????????????????? 1 ????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ^[15] ???????????????????????? ??? ?? ?.?. 426 ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????? 2 ???????????????????????????????????????? ^[16]

???????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????? 15 ?????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ????? 1 ?????? ?.?. 2406 (?.?. 1863) ????????????????? ????????????????????? ???? ?.?. 2432 (?.?. 1889) ??????????? 26 ?? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?.?. 936 (?.?. 393) ????????????????????????? ???????????? , ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? 4 ?? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????? 25 ????????? ?.?. 2435 (?.?. 1892) ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 15 ?????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? 15 ?????? ? ????????????? ??????????????

??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? 4 ????? 1 ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????? ?? ?.?. 2439 (?.?. 1896) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ? ????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????

?????? [ ??? ]

?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 197 ?????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????? “???????????”

?????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ??? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ? ?????????? ???? 2 ???? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????? ? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ?

????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????? ?????????????? 3 ???? ????? 2 ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???? 2 ???? ??? 0.60 ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????? 3 ???? ??????? 2 ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? 6 ?? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????? “????????????” ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? 5 ?? ??????????????????????? ????????????? 6 ?? ????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????? 3 ?? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????

Citius (swifter) : ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????

Altius (higher) : ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????

Fortius (stronger) : ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? "???????????????????? ? ?????..." (????????????????????????????????????????????????? 4 ??????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? ( ?????? : Olympic Movement ) ???????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????? 4 ?? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????????????????????? ??????????????

????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ( ?????? : International Olympic Committee ???? IOC ) ???????? ???????????????????? ( ?????? : International Federations ???? IF ) ????????????????????????????????????, ?????????????????????????? ( ?????? : National Olympic Committees ???? NOCs ), ??????????????????????????????????? ( ?????? : Organising Committees of the Olympic Games ???? OCOGs ) ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1964 ????????? ??????????????????????????????????? Geographic Distribution

?? (?.?.)	???????????????????			???????????????????			?????????????????????????			?????????????????????????
?? (?.?.)	????????	????????????	?????????????	????????	????????????	?????????????	????????	????????????	?????????????	????????	????????????	?????????????
1896	1	???????	????
1900	2	?????	????????
1904	3	????????????	?????
1906	????????	???????	????
1908	4	??????	?????????????
1912	5	??????????	??????
1916	-	???????? ( ??????????????? WW1 )	???????
1920	6	???????????	????????
1924	7	?????	????????	1	??????	????????
1928	8	????????????	????????????	2	?????????????	??????????????
1932	9	???????????	?????	3	?????????	?????
1936	10	????????	???????????	4	???????-??????????????????	???????????
1940	-	??????? → ???????? ( ??????????????? WW2 )	??????? → ????????	-	????????? → ????????????? → ???????-?????????????????? ( ??????????????? WW2 )	??????? → ?????????????? → ???????????
1944	-	?????? ( ??????????????? WW2 )	?????????????	-	???????????????? ( ??????????????? WW2 )	??????
1948	11	??????	?????????????	5	?????????????	??????????????
1952	12	????????	????????	6	?????	????????
1956	13	?????????	??????????	7	????????????????	??????
1960	14	???	??????	8	?????????????	?????
1964	15	???????	???????	9	?????????	????????
1968	16	????????????	????????	10	?????????	????????
1972	17	??????	??????????????	11	?????????	???????
1976	18	?????????	??????	12	?????????	????????
1980	19	?????	????????????	13	?????????	?????
1984	20	???????????	?????	14	????????	???????????
1988	21	???	?????????	15	???????	??????
1992	22	??????????	????	16	??????????	????????
1994				17	????????????	????????
1996	23	????????	?????
1998				18	???????	???????
2000	24	???????	??????????
2002				19	????????????	?????
2004	25	???????	????
2006				20	?????	??????
2008	26	???????	???
2010				21	??????????	??????	1	????????	????????
2012	27	??????	?????????????							1	?????????	????????
2014				22	????	???????	2	???????	???
2016	28	????????????	??????							2	????????????	????????
2018				23	????????	?????????	3	???????????	???????????
2020	29	??????? ( ?????????????????????? 2021 ????????? ????? 19 )	???????							3	?????	??????????????
2022				24	???????	???
2024	30	?????	????????							4	???????	?????????
2026				25	????? ??? ????????????????	??????	4	??????	???????
2028	31	???????????	?????							5
2030				26			5
2032	32	???????	??????????							6
2034				27			6
2036	33									7

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Swaddling 2000 , p. 54.
↑ Young 2004 , p. 12.
↑ Pausanias, "Elis 1", VII, p. 7, 9, 10 ; Pindar, "Olympian 10", pp. 24?77
↑ Richardson 1997 , p. 227.
↑ Young 2004 , pp. 12?13.
↑ Pausanias, "Elis 1", VII, p. 9 ; Pindar, "Olympian 10", pp. 24?77
↑ Spivey 2004 , pp. 229?230.
↑ "Olympic Games" (registration required) . Encyclopædia Britannica . ??????????? 29 April 2009 .
↑ Crowther 2007 , pp. 59?61.
↑ "Ancient Olympic Events" . Perseus Project of Tufts University . ??????????? 29 April 2009 .
↑ Golden 2009 , p. 24.
↑ Burkert 1983 , p. 95.
↑ Swaddling 1999 , pp. 90?93.
↑ Olympic Museum, "The Olympic Games in Antiquity", p. 2
↑ ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( Crowther 2007 , p. 54).
↑ Crowther 2007 , p. 54.

?????????? [ ??? ]

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??????????????? [ ??? ]

[FOOTNOTESwaddling200054-1] Swaddling 2000 , p. 54.

[FOOTNOTEYoung200412-2] Young 2004 , p. 12.

[elis1-7-9-3] Pausanias, "Elis 1", VII, p. 7, 9, 10 ; Pindar, "Olympian 10", pp. 24?77

[FOOTNOTERichardson1997227-4] Richardson 1997 , p. 227.

[FOOTNOTEYoung200412–13-5] Young 2004 , pp. 12?13.

[elis1-7-7-6] Pausanias, "Elis 1", VII, p. 9 ; Pindar, "Olympian 10", pp. 24?77

[FOOTNOTESpivey2004229–230-7] Spivey 2004 , pp. 229?230.

[8] "Olympic Games" (registration required) . Encyclopædia Britannica . ??????????? 29 April 2009 .

[FOOTNOTECrowther200759–61-9] Crowther 2007 , pp. 59?61.

[10] "Ancient Olympic Events" . Perseus Project of Tufts University . ??????????? 29 April 2009 .

[FOOTNOTEGolden200924-11] Golden 2009 , p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEBurkert198395-12] Burkert 1983 , p. 95.

[FOOTNOTESwaddling199990–93-13] Swaddling 1999 , pp. 90?93.

[14] Olympic Museum, "The Olympic Games in Antiquity", p. 2

[15] ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( Crowther 2007 , p. 54).

[FOOTNOTECrowther200754-16] Crowther 2007 , p. 54.

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[5]

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[7]

[8]

[9]

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