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Linguasphere
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???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????.
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English
) ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????. ???????, ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????.
[4]
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[5]
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?????? ????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????-??????? ????????? ????????. 17?? ?????????? ????? 20?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????, ???? 20?? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
?????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????????.
[10]
[11]
???????? ???????, 5?? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????-??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????,
?????? ????????
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????????
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[12]
????? ????????????? ???????????????. ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????.
[13]
??????, 9?? ??????? 10?? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.
11?? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????, ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????.
[14]
[15]
????????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. 15?? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????? ????????.
?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? 250,000?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????. ???????? ?? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????.
[16]
[17]
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[
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[18]
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[19]
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[21]
???? ?????,
[22]
????????????, ?????? ??????? ???????
[23]
???? ????????? ??????? ???????????????, ??????????? ??????? ??????. ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. 19?? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????.
[24]
16?? ?????????? ???????? 19?? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????, ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????????.
[20]
20?? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????. ????????? ???? ????????????????????.
[25]
19?? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????.
?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????.
[26]
?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????.
[27]
??????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????.
[28]
??????
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?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????????????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????.
[29]
??????, ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????. ?????? 400 ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????.
[30]
??????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????.
[31]
??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????????.
[32]
???????????
(
??????? ??????
[33]
"?????????????? ????") ???????
????????
(?????? ????????
???????
[34]
) ???? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????. ???????, ???????? ????????? ????????, ???? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????,
??????????
????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????.
[35]
[36]
[37]
??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????.
[38]
???????, ???????????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????.
??????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? 8 ??? ??????? 9 ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????. ???????? 11?? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???????-??????? ?????? ???????-???????? ?????? ????????????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??????? (???? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????) ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????????.
??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????
?????????? ??????
????? ???? ?????????????????. ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????
[13]
????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????.
????????? ????????????? ????????????
[39]
??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????, 1550?????? ???? ????????. ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????, ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????????????. ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ???????, ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????????.20?? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ???????.
????????? ???????
[
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?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????.
?????? ????????? (58.5%)
?????? ?????????? (15.8%)
???? (4.7%)
??????????? (4%)
???????? (1%)
?????????? (1%)
?????????????? (1%)
???????????? (0.9%)
???? (13.1%)
???????? 375 ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????.
[40]
??? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????.
[5]
[41]
?????????????, ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????????.
[42]
[43]
???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? 470 ????????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????????.
[44]
[45]
?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????? ??????? 1???? 3 ?? ??????.
[46]
???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????, 2006 ????????????????, ????????????????,
?????? ?????????
(226 ?????????),
[47]
?????? ??????????
(61?????????),
[48]
???? (18.2?????????),
[49]
???????????
(15.5 ?????????),
[50]
???????? (4 ?????????),
[51]
?????????? (3.8?????????),
[48]
?????????????? (3.7 ?????????),
[52]
??????? ???????????? (3.6 ?????????) ????? ?????.
[53]
????????????
,
????????
???????
????????
????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????????????. ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????????.
[54]
[55]
???????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????
[
????
]
????
|
???????
|
???????????? ???????
|
????????
|
?????? ????
|
????????
|
???????????
|
?????? ?????????
|
267,444,149
|
95%
|
225,505,953
|
41,938,196
|
280,950,438
|
Source: American Community Survey:
Language Use in the United States: 2007
, Table 1. Figure for second language speakers are respondents who reported they do not speak English at home but know it "very well" or "well." Figures are for population age 5 and older.
|
???????
|
125,344,736
|
12%
|
226,449
|
86,125,221
????????
?????? ????????????.
38,993,066
????????
?????? ????????????
|
1,028,737,436
|
Source: Census 2001, Figures include both those who speak English as a
second language
and those who speak it as a
third language
.
[56]
[57]
The figures include English
speakers
, but not English
users
.
[58]
|
????????????
|
88,690,000
|
49%
|
|
88,690,000
|
180,440,005
|
Source: Euromonitor International report 2009. "
The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon,Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
" 'A custom report compiled by Euromonitor International for the British Council'.
|
????????
|
79,000,000
|
53%
|
4,000,000
|
>75,000,000
|
148,000,000
|
Figures are for speakers of
Nigerian Pidgin
, an English-based pidgin or creole. Ihemere gives a range of roughly 3 to 5 million native speakers; the midpoint of the range is used in the table.
Ihemere, Kelechukwu Uchechukwu (2006).
"A Basic Description and Analytic Treatment of Noun Clauses in Nigerian Pidgin"
.
Nordic Journal of African Studies
15
(3): 296?313
.
http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num3/ihemere.pdf
. ??????? ????: 2018-04-09
.
|
?????? ??????????
|
59,600,000
|
98%
|
58,100,000
|
1,500,000
|
60,000,000
|
Source: Crystal (2005), p. 109.
|
????????????
|
48,800,000
|
58%
[59]
|
3,427,000
[59]
|
43,974,000
|
84,566,000
|
Total speakers: Census 2000,
text above Figure 7
, 63.71% of the 66.7 million people aged 5 years or more could speak English. Native speakers: Census 1995.
[60]
?.???.? 639-3
lists 3.4 million native speakers with 52% of the population speaking it as an additional language.
[59]
|
????
|
25,246,220
|
85%
|
17,694,830
|
7,551,390
|
29,639,030
|
Source: 2001 Census ?
Knowledge of Official Languages
?????????????
2018-10-16 at the
??????? ?????????
and
Mother Tongue
?????????????
2018-10-16 at the
??????? ?????????
. The native speakers figure comprises 122,660 people with both French and English as a mother tongue, plus 17,572,170 people with English and not French as a mother tongue.
|
???????????
|
18,172,989
|
92%
|
15,581,329
|
2,591,660
|
19,855,288
|
Source: 2006 Census.
[61]
The figure shown in the first language English speakers column is actually the number of Australian residents who speak only English at home. The additional language column shows the number of other residents who claim to speak English "well" or "very well". Another 5% of residents did not state their home language or English proficiency.
|
??????????
|
|
|
|
|
4,588,252
|
Source: 2011 Census
[62]
|
????????????
|
3,673,626
|
91.2%
|
3,008,058
|
665,568
|
4,027,947
|
Source: 2006 Census.
[63]
The figures are people who can speak English with sufficient fluency to hold an everyday conversation. The figure shown in the first language English speakers column is actually the number of New Zealand residents who reported to speak English only, while the additional language column shows the number of New Zealand residents who reported to speak English as one of two or more languages.
|
Note: ??????? = ???????? + ???? ???; ??????? = ??????? / ????????
|
???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????
[
????
]
???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????:
?????????
,
????????? ???????
,
??????????
,
???????
,
?????????
,
??????
???????,
??????????
,
??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????
,
??????????? ??????? ???????
,
????
,
????? ???????
,
??????????
,
?????????? ???????
,
?????????????
,
???????
,
??????
, ??????????,
?????
, ??????????, ???? ????, ???????,
??????
,
??????????
,
?????
,
????????????
,
??????? ???????
,
???????? ???????? ????????
,
????????. ?????????? ????????????
,
???????????
,
?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????
,
?????????? ??????
,
??????? ?????? ???????
,
?????? ??????????
???????
???????? ?????? ????
.
??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????, ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???????????:
??????????
,
??????
,
??????????????? ?????? ???????
,
????
,
????????
,
????
,
???????
,
??????
,
?????????
,
????????
,
????????
,
?????????
,
????????
,
??????? ???????
,
?????????
,
???????
,
????????
,
????????????
,
?????
,
??????? ???? ????
,
????????????
,
????????
,
???????? ??????
,
?????
,
????????
,
?????? ??????
,
?????? ???????
,
??????
,
??????
,
????????????
,
??????????
,
???????
,
????????
, ???????
??????????
.
?????? ?????
[
????
]
???????????
[
????
]
- ↑
Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
"English"
.
Glottolog 3.0
. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑
Mydans, Seth (14 May 2007)
"Across cultures, English is the word"
New York Times
. Retrieved 21 September 2011
- ↑
5.0
5.1
"Ethnologue, 1999"
.
Archived
from the original on 29 ?????? 1999
. ????????????? ????
31 October
2010
.
- ↑
Ammon
, pp. 2245?2247.
- ↑
Schneider
, p. 1.
- ↑
Mazrui
, p. 21.
- ↑
Howatt
, pp. 127?133.
- ↑
Crystal
, pp. 87?89.
- ↑
Wardhaugh
, p. 60.
- ↑
"English ? Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
. Merriam-webster.com. 25 ?????? 2007
. ????????????? ????
4 November
2012
.
- ↑
13.0
13.1
Daniel Weissbort (2006). "Translation: theory and practice : a historical reader". p.100. Oxford University Press, 2006
- ↑
"Words on the brain: from 1 million years ago?"
.
History of language
. ????????????? ????
5 September
2010
.
- ↑
Baugh, Albert C. and Cable, Thomas (1978).
"Latin Influences on Old English"
.
An excerpt from Foreign Influences on Old English
. ????????????? ????
5 September
2010
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ↑
"How many words are there in the English Language?"
. Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from
the original
on 2011-11-30
. ????????????? ????
2013-06-25
.
- ↑
"Vista Worldwide Language Statistics"
. Vistawide.com
. ????????????? ????
31 October
2010
.
- ↑
Harper, Douglas.
"english"
.
Online Etymology Dictionary
.
- ↑
Smith, Ross (2005). "Global English: gift or curse?".
English Today
21
(2): 56.
doi
:
10.1017/S0266078405002075
.
- ↑
20.0
20.1
David Graddol
(1997).
"The Future of English?"
(PDF)
. The British Council. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2014-06-28
. ????????????? ???? 15 ?????? 2007
.
- ↑
"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases"
. International Maritime Organization. Archived from
the original
on 3 ???????? 2011
. ????????????? ????
2 June
2011
.
- ↑
"FAQ ? Language proficiency requirements for licence holders ? In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency?"
. International Civil Aviation Organization ? Air Navigation Bureau
. ????????????? ????
2 June
2011
.
- ↑
"The triumph of English"
. The Economist. 20 December 2001
.
http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=883997
. ??????? ????: 26 March 2007
.
(subscription required)
- ↑
"Lecture 7: World-Wide English"
.
E
HistLing. Archived from the original on 1 ?????? 2007
. ????????????? ????
26 March
2007
.
CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link
)
- ↑
Graphics:
English replacing German as language of Science Nobel Prize winners
. From
J. Schmidhuber
(2010),
Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century
at
arXiv:1009.2634v1
- ↑
"UN official languages"
. Un.org
. ????????????? ????
2013-04-20
.
- ↑
Crystal, David
(2002).
Language Death
.
???????????? ????????????? ?????????
.
?????? ????? ??????
:
10.2277/0521012716
.
??????????? ?????????? ???
0-521-01271-6
.
- ↑
Cheshire, Jenny
(1991).
English Around The World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
.
???????????? ????????????? ?????????
.
?????? ????? ??????
:
10.2277/0521395658
.
??????????? ?????????? ???
0-521-39565-8
.
- ↑
Blench, R.; Spriggs, Matthew (1999).
Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses
. Routledge. pp. 285?286.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-0-415-11761-6
.
- ↑
"The Roman epoch in Britain lasted for 367 years"
, Information Britain website
- ↑
"Anglik English language resource"
. Anglik.net. Archived from
the original
on 2002-06-04
. ????????????? ???? 21 ?????? 2010
.
- ↑
"Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
. Ccel.org. 1 June 2005
. ????????????? ????
2 January
2010
.
- ↑
Bosworth, Joseph
.
"Engla land"
.
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
(Online)
. Prague:
Charles University
.
- ↑
Bosworth, Joseph
.
"Englisc"
.
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
(Online)
. Prague:
Charles University
.
- ↑
Collingwood, R. G.
(1936). "The English Settlements. The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent".
Roman Britain and English Settlements
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?????????????
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??????? ?????????
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The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages
?????????????
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??????? ?????????
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Victor H. Mair (1991).
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"[[?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????]], Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003, Section 1 Population"
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?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????
.
Table 47 gives the figure of 214,809,000 for those five years old and over who speak exclusively English at home. Based on the American Community Survey, these results exclude those living communally (such as college dormitories, institutions, and group homes), and by definition exclude native English speakers who speak more than one language at home.
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48.1
Crystal, David (1995).
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Population by mother tongue and age groups, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories?20% sample data
?????????????
2009-03-10 at the
??????? ?????????
, Census 2006,
Statistics Canada
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Census Data from Australian Bureau of Statistics
Main Language Spoken at Home. The figure is the number of people who only speak English at home.
- ↑
Figures are for speakers of
Nigerian Pidgin
, an English-based pidgin or creole. Ihemere gives a range of roughly 3 to 5 million native speakers; the midpoint of the range is used in the table.
Ihemere, Kelechukwu Uchechukwu (2006).
"A Basic Description and Analytic Treatment of Noun Clauses in Nigerian Pidgin"
.
Nordic Journal of African Studies
15
(3): 296?313
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http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num3/ihemere.pdf
. ??????? ????: 2018-04-09
.
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Census in Brief
?????????????
2007-08-09 at the
??????? ?????????
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Subcontinent Raises Its Voice
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Guardian Weekly
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Zhao, Yong and Campbell, Keith P. (1995).
"English in China"
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World Englishes
14
(3): 377?390.
doi
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10.1111/j.1467-971X.1995.tb00080.x
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https://archive.org/details/sim_world-englishes_1995-11_14_3/page/377
. "Hong Kong contributes an additional 2.5 million speakers (1996 by-census)".
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For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see: TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages). Their article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Wikipedia article and a more plausible 90 million number:
Wikipedia's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories ? "English Speakers" and "English Users". The distinction between the Speakers and Users is that Users only know how to read English words while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English as well as form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider the China numbers. China has over 200~350 million users that can read English words but, as anyone can see on the streets of China, only handful of million who are English speakers.
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59.0
59.1
59.2
"Ethnologue report for Philippines"
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. ????????????? ????
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Statistics New Zealand
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. ????????????? ????
14 August
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.
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