????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????. ???????? '????? ????????? ??' (Old English) ??? ????????? ???, ?????.?. 5 ?? ?????? ??
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1066 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??
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??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??, ?????-?????? ??? ??
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????? ?????? ???? ???????, '??????? ????????? ??' (Middle English) ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???. ????????? ????? ????????? 'English' ???? ???? ???? ????? 12 ???? ???????? ?????????? (the Angles) ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? 'englisc' ???????.
'???? ????????? ??' (Modern English) ??? ???? 15 ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? 'the Great Vowel Shift' (??? ???? ?????????) ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????. ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ??????????? ??? ??????? - ????????? ????????? ???? - ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????.
????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????, ????? ????????, ????????, ????????, ????? ????, ????????????, ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??. ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???, 19 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (global superpower) ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??.
?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??. ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??.
????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? - ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? - ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????????, ????????? ????????????-????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ????, ???? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? (historical linguists) ?????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???.
Parts of Speech
All words are divided in to eight classes called, Parts of Speech.
1. Noun: a word used as the name of a person , animal, Place or a thing.
Proper Nouns: Saman / Kelaniya
Common Nouns: Sea/ Bird / Dog
Collective Noun: Team/ Family / Nation
Abstract Noun: Quality (honesty/strength), Action(movement/judgment),State(youth/death/sickness)
Countable Noun: Names of objects/ppl we can count (pen/mango/house)
Uncountable Nouns: Water/Milk/Oil ? they do not have a plural form
Formation of Plural
a) Adding “s” to the singular
girl girls dog dogs house houses train trains
b) Adding “es” to the singular (for nouns ending in ss, sh, ch, or x)
Kiss kisses brush brushes watch watches tax taxes
c) Most nouns ending in -o also make plural by adding “es”
Hero heroes tomato tomatoes volcano volcanoes mango mangoes
d) Some nouns ending in ?o will make plural by ending “s” to end
Dynamo dynamos ratio ratios piano pianos photo photos
e) Nouns ending in ? y preceded by a consonant form their plural by changing ?y to ? i and adding ?es
baby - babies, country-countries, city-cities
f) Nouns ending in ?y preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding ?s
Monkey-monkeys, boy-boys, toy-toys
g) Only few ending in ?f or ?fe form their plural by changing ?f or ?fe to ?v and adding ?es
Wife-wives, knife-knives, thief-thieves,
h) Some changing the inside vowel
Man-men, mouse-mice, foot-feet
2. Adjective: a word used with a noun to add something to its meaning (Adjective=Added to)
a) Quality: He has a large house. The foolish man spent his savings on liquor.
b) Quantity: He has much experience , Is there any water in the tank?
c) Number: I have ten pens, You have made several mistakes
d) Demonstrative: That table is very small, Those mangoes are ripe.
e) Interrogative: Whose books are these? , which shirt is better?
f) Comparison: large, larger, the largest
Articles: A, an and the are called articles
3. Pronouns: a word used instead of a noun (I , we you, they, he , she , it)
Indefinite Pronouns: One, None, all, Many, some, somebody had stolen my pen.
Distributive Pronouns: Each, Either, Neither, Each of the students gets prizes.
Relative Pronouns: Who, whose, whom, which, that , the teacher has punished Kamal who came late.
4. Verbs: A Verb is a thing that tells something about a person or thing, it may tell us
? What a person or thing does
? What is done to a person or thing
? What a person or thing is
a) The Simple Present Tense
He goes to temple every Poya day / the earth moves round the earth/ The Berlin Trade Fair opens today.
He drinks a cup of tea every morning/ The President goes to USA next week.
b) The Present Continuous Tense
I am doing my homework, My brother is reading for his Master Degree, I am sitting for the examination next week
c) The Present Perfect Tense (To describe completed activities in the immediate past)
I have done my home work, He has eaten the cake, The teacher has left the office.
d) The Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Action begun in the past and still continuing)
My friends have been playing cricket since 8 o’ clock.
Samantha has been sleeping for six hours
e) The Simple Past Tense (To describe an action completed in the past)
Aloka left the school last year, I met your brother last Friday
f) The Past Continuous Tense ( Noun + V(ing)… ) ?action going on at some time past
The light went out when I was watching TV show, when I saw him, he was playing cricket
g) The Past Perfect Tense ? action completed before a certain moment or action in the past
When I go to the station, the train to Badulla had left, I had finished my homework before father comes home
h) The Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Action that begun before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time.
Ramani had been saving money for her dowry before she married last year.
i) Simple Future Tense
I shall go to Galle tomorrow/ He will sit for GCE AL next year
j) The Future Continuous Tense: an action as going on at some time in the future
I shall be listening to news at 8 o’ clock.
k) The Future Perfect Tense: to show the completion of an action by a certain future time
I shall have finished my home work by 5 o’clock today.
l) The future perfect continuous tense: action as being in progress over a period of time that will end in the future
By next year, I shall have been working in this office for twenty years
When Kamal passes A/L this year, he will have been studying at KMV for nine years.
Active Voice and Passive Voice
Active Voice: The cat killed the rat
Passive Voice: The rat was killed by the cat
The Child eats an apple every day An apple is eaten by the child every day
Ranjith will answer the questionnn The question will be by Ranjith
The tree was cut down yesterday