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?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? (?? ???? ????? ?????). ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????. ?????????? ??? ??????. ?????????????? ????.?. ?????? ??00?????. ?? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????; ????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????.

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????- ? (????-????). ???????? ? ???? ????? ????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ???????? (???-??). ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? 1358????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? I (????-??) ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ^[??]. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ?? II (????-??) ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????????. ??? ???????????? ????????, ?????, ????? ????????? ???????. ?? ????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????.

??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????. ????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ? ???? ????????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????????.

????????? [ ???????? ]

????? I???(????-??) ???????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ????????????????. ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????. ??????? ????? ?????? (????-??) ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????????. ????????? ??????? ????? II ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? (????-??). ? ????? 1878??? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ? ???? ????????? ????????. ? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????, ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????, ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????.

???????? [ ???????? ]

Mehmed VI , the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate , 17 November 1922

????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ????????????, ?????????????????, ????????? ?????????????????? ??????, ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????. ???????????? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????. ????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ??, ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????. ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ???????????. ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????.

??????? [ ???????? ]

Opening ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament at the Dolmabahce Palace in 1876. The First Constitutional Era lasted for only two years until 1878. The Ottoman Constitution and Parliament were restored 30 years later with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908.
Turkish troops storming Fort Shefketil during the Crimean War of 1853?1856
Belgrade , c. 1865. In 1867, Britain and France forced the Ottoman military to retreat from northern Serbia , securing its de facto independence (formalized after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877?78 and the Congress of Berlin in 1878.)

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 13
↑ ^?.? ^?.? "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa . Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
↑ In Ottoman Turkish the city was known with various names, among which were Kostantiniyye ( ????????? ) (replacing the suffix -polis with the Arabic nisba ), Dersaadet ( ?? ????? ) and Istanbul ( ???????? ). Names other than Istanbul gradually became obsolete in Turkish, and after Turkey's transition to Latin script in 1928, the city's Turkish name attained international usage.
↑ Gunduz, Sinasi Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Inrtellectual Traditions Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, p.104-105
↑ Middle East Institute: "Salafism Infiltrates Turkish Religious Discourse" By Andrew Hammond - Middle East Policy Fellow - European Council on Foreign Relations July 22, 2015
↑ Lambton, Ann ; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west . Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-22310-2 .
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States" . Journal of World-Systems Research . XII (II): 219?229. ISSN 1076-156X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 ???????? 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 .
↑ Dundar, Orhan; Dundar, Erhan, 1.Dunya Sava?ı, Milli E?itim Bakanlı?ı Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-11-1643-0
↑ Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912?1913 . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4 .
↑ Robert Elsie (2004). Historical Dictionary of Kosova . Scarecrow Press. pp. 95?96. ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6 .

↑ Mehmed VI , the last Sultan, was expelled from Constantinople on 17 November 1922.
↑ The Treaty of Sevres (10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. On 1 November 1922, the Grand National Assembly (GNAT) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul were null and void as of 16 March 1920, the date of the occupation of Constantinople under the terms of the Treaty of Sevres. The international recognition of the GNAT and the Government of Ankara was achieved through the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the " Republic " on 29 October 1923, which ended the Ottoman Empire in history.

????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

Ottoman Text Archive Project ? University of Washington
American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century Archived 2013-05-23 ???????? ?????? ?????. Shapell Manuscript Foundation
The Ottoman Empire: Resources ? University of Michigan
The Ottoman Empire: A Chronological Outline
Information about Ottomans
Turkey in Asia , 1920
Partners of the empire: notables, communities, and crisis of the Ottoman Order in the age of revolution (1760?1820) Archived 2015-04-11 ???????? ?????? ?????., by Ali Yaycıo?lu; introduction & chapter one.

[Shaw-13-1] Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 13

[auto-2] ?.? ^?.? "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa . Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.

[3] In Ottoman Turkish the city was known with various names, among which were Kostantiniyye ( ????????? ) (replacing the suffix -polis with the Arabic nisba ), Dersaadet ( ?? ????? ) and Istanbul ( ???????? ). Names other than Istanbul gradually became obsolete in Turkish, and after Turkey's transition to Latin script in 1928, the city's Turkish name attained international usage.

[Gunduz-4] Gunduz, Sinasi Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Inrtellectual Traditions Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, p.104-105

[5] Middle East Institute: "Salafism Infiltrates Turkish Religious Discourse" By Andrew Hammond - Middle East Policy Fellow - European Council on Foreign Relations July 22, 2015

[Lambton-6] Lambton, Ann ; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west . Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-22310-2 .

[autogenerated1-9] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States" . Journal of World-Systems Research . XII (II): 219?229. ISSN 1076-156X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 ???????? 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 .

[10] Dundar, Orhan; Dundar, Erhan, 1.Dunya Sava?ı, Milli E?itim Bakanlı?ı Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-11-1643-0

[Erickson2003-11] Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912?1913 . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4 .

[12] Robert Elsie (2004). Historical Dictionary of Kosova . Scarecrow Press. pp. 95?96. ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6 .

[7] Mehmed VI , the last Sultan, was expelled from Constantinople on 17 November 1922.

[8] The Treaty of Sevres (10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. On 1 November 1922, the Grand National Assembly (GNAT) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul were null and void as of 16 March 1920, the date of the occupation of Constantinople under the terms of the Treaty of Sevres. The international recognition of the GNAT and the Government of Ankara was achieved through the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the " Republic " on 29 October 1923, which ended the Ottoman Empire in history.

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