??????? ???????????????
???
??????
(
?????????
? Republique d'Haiti,
??????? ?????????
, Repiblik d Ayiti), ?????????? ??????????
?????? ?????
???,
???????? ????
??? ???????? ??????????
???????
??????? ??? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?
?????????? ????????????????
[5]
[6]
? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? 27.750 ?? ????????? ? ???? ??? 10,8 ?????? ??????` ????????
???????? ?????????????????
???????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????????` ???????? ??????????
????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????
????? ??????????
? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? 1492 ??????? ?????????? 5-??
????????? ??????????
?????? ????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????, ?? ??????, ?? ???
??????????
? ???
?????????
[7]
? 1492 ???????
????? ??????? ???
?????????? ?????????? ???
????? ??????
????? ???????????? ????????
????????
???
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????` ?????????
?? ???????
?
????? ????????
?? ?????????
? ???????????
?????????
??????` ??? ????????????? ?????? ????? 17-?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????, ??? ??????
????? ???????
?
??????????
?????????????????????, ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????????? ???????
?????????? ?????????????
(1789?99) ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????
??????? ???????????????
(1791?1804), ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????????, ???
???????? ?????????
?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? 1804 ??????? ???????? 1-??, ??? ??????
????????? ?????????
?
???????? ???????
?????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????
????????????????
??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????????
[12]
[13]
? 1791 ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
??????? ????????????
? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????, ???? ????????? ??? ?????????
??? ??? ?????????
, ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? I
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
: ?????? ??????????????? ???? 12 ???? ? ???? ?????? ???????
????????? ????????
, ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???
[18]
?
??????
????????? ?????? ???????????????
,
????????? ?????????????? ???????????????
(???)
[19]
???????? ???????? ????????
[20]
, ?
????????????? ?????????? ???????????????
???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????????????? ??? ???
???????? ?????????? ??????????
[21]
,
?????? ????????????? ???????????????
[22]
?
????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????????
????? ?? ??? ???????????
??????????? ????????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????
2010
???????
???????? 12
-?? ????????? ???????? ? 7,3 ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????-?-??????? 15 ?? ?????-????????? ???????????? ???? ??, ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????
?????? ????
??????? ?, ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ??? 3 ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? 50000 ????
??????? ???????? ? 10 ????????????????
????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ???????? ?? 41 ????????? ? 133 ????????????
- ↑
≪Haiti≫
. US Central Intelligence Agency. ?????????? ?
??????????
2016 ?? ???????? 31-??
. ??????? ? 2010 ?? ???????? 13-??
.
- ↑
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Population Division (2009)? ≪
World Population Prospects, Table A.1
≫ (PDF)? 2008 revision? United Nations? ???????? 2009-03-12?
- ↑
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
≪Haiti≫
. International Monetary Fund
. ??????? ? 2009 ?? ?????????? 01???-??
.
- ↑
≪Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G≫
(PDF)
. The United Nations
. ??????? ? 2009 ?? ?????????? 18???-??
.
- ↑
Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016).
≪Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective≫
. Springer. ?? 341.
ISBN
978-3-319-33745-6
. ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 8-??
.
- ↑
Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016).
≪Current Affairs November 2016 eBook≫
. ?? 93
. ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 8-??
.
- ↑
NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2005).
Haiti (Cultures of the World)
. New York: Times Editions Pte Ltd. ?? 19.
ISBN
0-7614-1968-3
. ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 29-??
.
- ↑
Davies, Arthur (1953). ≪The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492≫.
The American Historical Review
: 854?865.
doi
:
10.1086/ahr/58.4.854
.
- ↑
Maclean, Frances (2008 ?? ???????).
≪The Lost Fort of Columbus≫
.
Smithsonian Magazine
. ??????? ? 2008 ?? ???????? 24-??
.
- ↑
≪Haiti histoire ? 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade≫
. Nilstremmel.com
. ??????? ? 2014 ?? ??????? 15-??
.
- ↑
≪En Bas Saline≫
. Florida Museum of Natural History.
- ↑
Danticat, Edwidge
(2005).
Anacaona, Golden Flower
. New York: Scholastic Inc. ??
188
.
ISBN
0-439-49906-2
.
JSTOR
41715319
.
- ↑
Matthewson, Tim. ≪Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti≫.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
. American Philosophical Society.
140
(1): 22.
ISSN
0003-049X
.
JSTOR
987274
.
- ↑
Bell, Madison Smartt.
Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography
. New York: Pantheon, 2007 (Vintage Books, 2008).
ISBN
1-4000-7935-7
.
- ↑
Sutherland, Claudia E.
Haitian Revolution (1791?1804)
. ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 29-??
.
- ↑
Peguero, Valentina (1998 ?? ????????).
≪Teaching the Haitian Revolution: Its Place in Western and Modern World History≫
.
The History Teacher
. Society for History Education.
32
(1): 36.
JSTOR
494418
.
- ↑
Thompson, Krista A (Fall 2007). ≪Preoccupied with Haiti: The Dream of Diaspora in African American Art, 1915?1942≫.
American Art
. The University of Chicago Press.
21
(3): 77.
doi
:
10.1086/526481
.
JSTOR
10.1086/526481
.
- ↑
≪Country profile: Haiti≫
. BBC News. 2010 ?? ???????? 19
. ??????? ? 2010 ?? ???????? 23-??
.
- ↑
OAS (2009 ?? ???????? 1).
≪OAS ? Member State: Haiti≫
.
www.oas.org
. OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development.
- ↑
Press, ed. (2014).
≪Association of Caribbean States (1994?2014)≫
(PDF)
. ?? 46
. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 25-??
.
- ↑
≪International Monetary Fund: List of Members≫
.
www.imf.org
.
- ↑
≪WTO | World Trade Organization: Members and Observers≫
.
www.wto.org
.
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