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Charles II of England

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????	29 ???? 1630 ????? ??? ?'???? , ?????? , ??????
?????	6 ??????? 1685 (???? 54) ????? ??????? , ?????? , ??????
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???? ??? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?'???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? Mary Crofts Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond James de la Cloche Catherine FitzCharles Charlotte Jemima FitzRoy ??? ????? unnamed son Stuart Cecelia FitzRoy second stillborn child Stuart third stillborn child Stuart Barbara FitzRoy Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth ?'???? ????, ???? ??????' ?????? George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland Mary Tudor, Countess of Derwentwater Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans James Beauclerk, Lord Beauclerk
??? ??????, ??????? ??????? 29 ???? 1660 ? 6 ??????? 1685 (24 ????) → ?'???? ?????? ?'???? ???? ←
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?'???? ???? (? ?????? : Charles II , ‏ 29 ???? 1630 ? 6 ??????? 1685 ) ??? ??? ?????? , ??????? ? ?????? ????? 1660 ?1685.

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?'???? ???? ???? 1630 ? ?'???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? , ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ???? . ??? ??? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ????. ?'???? ????? ? ???????? , ???? ?????? ?????????? , ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? .

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?'???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?'???? ???? ?? 12. ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ???'??? , ????? 14 ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? 1646 , ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?'???? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? .

?? 1648 , ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?'???? ??? ? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? , ?? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????' ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? . ???? ????? ????? ?'???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? .

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?'???? ????, ?'???? ?????? , ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? 30 ?????? 1649 ? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ??? " ??? ????? ?? ?????? ", ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? .

??????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?? 6 ??????? ?? ?'???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????. ?? 1650 ???? ?'???? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ???????? ?? 23 ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? 1 ?????? 1651 . ?'???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? 3 ??????? 1651. ???? ?????? ?'???? ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ???? , ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??, ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? .

?? 3 ??????? 1658 ?? ?????? ??????? , ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? .

?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ???'?? , ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ???????? ????? ??? ????. ?????? 1660 ???? ???????, ?'???' ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???, ??????? ???? ???? 20 ???. ?????? ??? ???? ??'???? ????? ???? ????? ?? 4 ?????? ?? "????? ????" ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????.

??????? ???? ????? ?? 25 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?'???? ???? ????, ????? ??????????, ???? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ?'???? ??? ? ???? ?- 25 ???? ????? ??????? ?- 29 ???? 1660 , ??? ?????? ?-30. ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? "????? ?????????". ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ?? 23 ?????? 1661 .

?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????, ???? ?'???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??? "??? ???????", ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? . ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-?????? ?????? . ?? 1670 , ?? ????? " ???? ???? ?????? ", ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ???? . ???? ????? ????? ??'???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??'???? ????, ??'???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? 1672 ????? ?'???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ? ?'???? , ???? ?? ?'???? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? "??? ?????" ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? 1679 ?????? ????? ??'???? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ?????? ?????? ??'????, ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??. ?'???? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?'???? ??'???? ?? 1683 ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?'???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1681 ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 6 ??????? 1685 . ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.

?'???? ???? ??? ???? ?"??? ????" ("Merry Monarch"), ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? .

????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? " ??????? ????? " ??? 1642 , ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? 1660 ????? ???? ?? ???????, ^[1] ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? . ?? 1662 ??? ?'???? ?? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? 1660 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ???? , ????? ??? , ????????? ??.

??'???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? , ??? ??? ?? ????? 12 ?????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?'???? ???? .

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?'???? ???? ? ????? ??? ?'???? ?- 29 ???? 1630 . ????? ??? ?'???? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ???? . ?'???? ??? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ?'????, ?? ???? ???????. ?????? , ??????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? , ???????????? ? ?????? ??????. ?'???? ????? ????? ???????? ?- 27 ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????'? , ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ?'???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???'??? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? .

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????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?-17 , ???? ?'???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? . ?'???? ?????? ????? ???? ???'??? (Edgehill) ????? 14 ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1645 , ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? . ????? 1646 , ??? ???? ?? ?'???? ???? ?????? ??'???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ???????' (Falmouth) ???? ???? ????? ?????? (Pendennis), ???? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? , ???? ??? ? ?'??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? , ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? .

?- 1648 , ????? ????? ??????? ?????? , ??? ?'???? ? ??? , ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?????' ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ???, ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?'???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? (Preston). ??? ????? ???? ???? ?'???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? (Lucy Walter), ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ???, ?'???? ???? , ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????', ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?'???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?'???? ?????? ???? ?- 1646 . ??? ???? ????? ???? ?- 1648 . ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?- 1649 ??????? ???? ? ???????? . ?- 6 ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?'???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.

???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?'???? ? ???? ??????? (Montrose) ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??????? ??? ??'???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??, ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?'???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ???????? ?- 23 ????? 1650 ???? ?'???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???????. ?'???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?"?????" ??"??????" ?? ??????? ???????.

?- 3 ??????? 1650 ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???? (Dunbar) ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????, ??? ????? ??? ????. ?????? ??????????????, ???? ?'???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????????. ?? ?? ?? ??, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?'???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ??????? ???? (Scone) ?- 1 ?????? 1651 . ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?'???? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (Worcester) ?-3 ??????? 1651, ??????? ??? ?'???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ?? ???? (????? ????? ???? Royal Oak) ???? ??????? (Boscobel House). ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?'???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ? ??????? ?- 16 ???????? , ????? ??? ?? 1000 ???"? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?'???? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? (1.85 ???).

??????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? . ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ?'???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????', ???? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?- 1654 ?????? ?? ?'???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ???????? . ?'???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???, ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????.

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???? ???? ?? ??????? ?- 1658 ??????? ?? ?'???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???'?? ??????? . ?? ???, ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? (New Model Army). ??? ???? ?????? ?- 1659 ?????? ????? ???????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?'???' ???? (George Monck), ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? . ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. "??????? ?????" ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? 20 ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????????.

??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????????. ??????? ???? ????? "??????? ??????" (The Convention Parliament, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????), ????? ?- 25 ?????? 1660 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ?'????, ??? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?'???? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ?'???? ? ???? ?- 8 ???? 1660. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?- 14 ???? ?? ?'???? ??? ???.

?'???? ??? ??????? ? ????????? , ??? ? ???? ?- 25 ???? 1660 ????? ? ?????? ?- 29 ???? , ??? ?????? ?-30. ?? ?? ?? ??'???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, 50 ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? 9 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?'???? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????. ???????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? (Ireton) ??'?? ?????? (Bradshaw) ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? .

?'???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 1.2 ?????? ???"? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? . ??? ????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?'????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? , ???? ????, ?????? ?? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?? 1660 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?'???? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ???, ? ???????? ?????? . ???? ????? ???, ???? ?? ???? , ??? ?? ? ???? ?'????? , ?????? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?'????, ?'???? , ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? (Clarendon) ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?'????, ?????.

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??????? ?????? ???? ?????? 1660 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?'???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? (Corporation Act 1661) ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? (Act of Uniformity 1662) ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? (Book of Common Prayer), ??? ?????????? (Conventicle Act 1664) ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? (Five Mile Act 1665) ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? (8 ?"?) ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?'????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?"???? ???????" (Clarendon Code), ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ? ????????? ????? ?? ??????. ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???????? "??????? ?????????" (Restoration comedy) ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? (???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????). "????? ?????????" ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?'?? ??????? (John Wilmot) ???? ?? ?'????:

?? ??? ??? ???? ????
??? ????? ??? ?? ????
??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????
?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???

(We have a pretty witty king,
Whose word no man relies on,
He never said a foolish thing,
And never did a wise one)

????? ??'???? ??? ??????: "???, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???".

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?- 1665 ?????? ?'???? ?? ???? ??????? ????: ????? ?????? ?? ?????? . ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 7000 ????? ?? ?- 17 ??????? . ?'????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? . ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????.

???? ???? ???? ?? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?- 2 ??????? 1666 . ????? ????? ?-13,200 ???? ?-87 ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? . ?'???? ????? ?'???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? .

??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?- 1640 ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ? ??????? ???? 1659 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????, ???? ???????, ?????? ? ????? , ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?- 23 ????? 1661 ???? ???? ???????, ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???'?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ), ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? , ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? (?-300,000 ???"?). ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ? ????????' ?- 14 ???? 1662 , ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?'???? ?? ?- 20 ???? . ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????' ???? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????.

???? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ???, ??? ?'???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ???? ????? 375,000 ???"?. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? , ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?'????.

???? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????-?????? ??????? (1652-1654). ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????? 1660 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? (Staten Generaal) ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? (Dutch Gift, ???? ?? 28 ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?-12 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ???????? "???" (HMY Mary)). ????? ?????-?????? ?????? (1665-1667) ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ??????? (???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?'????, ?'????, ???? ????) ???????? ???? ??????? (Lowestoft), ?? ?- 1667 ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? (Medway), ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? , ??"? "????? ?'????" (HMS Royal Charles), ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????.

?????? ??????? ??????-??????? ??????, ???? ?'???? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (????? ?????? ????). ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? (Cabal): ??????? (Clifford), ????????? (Arlington), ???????? (Buckingham), ???? (Ashley) ?????????? (Lauderdale). ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.

?- 1668 ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (War of Devolution). ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????. ?- 1670 , ?'????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? 160,000 ???"? ?? ???. ?????? ????? ?'???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? "????? ??? ?????". ???? ??? ???? ????? ??'???? ?????? ??? ?? 6000 ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?'????. ?'???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???, ????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.

???????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ?'???? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???, ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????, ?- 1668 ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 10 ???"? ???. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ???'?? ????? ?- 1670 ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'???? ? ???? ???? ????? .

????? ?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?'???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-17. ?- 1672 ???? ?'???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (Royal Declaration of Indulgence), ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ???????????? ??????? .

??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?'???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (Test Act) ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? . ???????, ????? ?? ??? ????????, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???. ?- 1674 ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?'???? ????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???????? ???, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ????, ?????.

????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?'???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?'???? , ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???, ????? ?'???? ???? ?? ?'????, ??? , ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????' ??????????. ?- 1678 ????? ???? , ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ? ????? , ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?'???? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ????, ????? ????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????, ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????-??????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ????, ?- 1678 , ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ?'???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?'???? ?? ??????? ?????? 1679 .

??????? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?'????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ?'???? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ????, ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?'???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????.

?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?'???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ?????? (????? ??? ????????). ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?- 1679 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?'???? ????, ???? ??????' ?????? ??????????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?'????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?'???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? , ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? .

???? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ?'???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???, ???? 1679 . ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? 1681 , ???? ???? ?'???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??'???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ??????? ????? (??? ?????) ?????? ?-1681 ?????? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ??. ???? ??? ????? ??? ?'???? ??? ??????.

????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? "????? ??? ???" (Rye House Plot) ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?'???? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ??????', ??? ?? ????, ??? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ???, ?????? ???'???? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????'. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?'???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?'???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?- 2 ??????? 1685 ??? ???? 54 ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ??????? . ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? (????? ?????? ? ??-????? ????? ). ?? ??? ???? ???? ?'???? ????? ?'???? ????? ????????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??. ?'???? ???? ???? ?- 14 ??????? ? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????.

???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ?'???? ????, ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???'???? ??????, ??? ???????.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??'???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? . ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? "????? ????" (Old Rowley), ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????.

?????? ?? ?'???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?'????. ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????-?????? ?? ?'????: ??????? ?? ?????? ????'????. ??? ?? ?????, ??????, ???? ????? , ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?'???? ????.

??? ????? ?? ?'???? ?'???? ????, ???? ??????' ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?'???? ????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? (Sedgemoor), ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?'???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?- 1688 ????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.

???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?'???? ?????? ????, ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?'???? ????? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?'???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????, ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?'?? ????? (John Evelyn): "???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????, ????, ?? ???? ??? ????". ?????? ?'?? ??????? (John Wilmot) ??? ?? ?'???? ????? ??? ????: "??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ???, ????????? ????".

?'????, ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????' ???? ? ???? ???????? , ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? , ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? . ?'???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? , ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?'??? ??'???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?- 1682 .

29 ???? , ??? ???? ?????????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?'????, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?-19 ?"??? ????? ???????", (Royal Oak Day), ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ?'???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??. ?'???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????, ????? ??????? ? ???????? , ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???'???? . ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?'??????? (???????? ???????) ?? ????? ????? .

????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• 29 ???? 1630 ? ??? 1638 ???? ???????
• ??? 1638 ? 30 ?????? 1649 ???? ?????
• 30 ?????? 1649 - 6 ??????? 1685 ??? ??????, ????.

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?'???? ????, ??? ?????? ? ??????????

• ?'???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????
• Adolphus William Ward, Charles II, Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900
• ?'???? ????, ??? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
• ?'???? ????, ??? ?????? , ???? " Find a Grave " (???????)
• ?'???? ?-2, (1630-1685), ??? ?????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????
• ?'???? ????, ??? ?????? , ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]