???? ?? ?????? ????
?????? ????
?
??? ?????'??
, (?
??????
:
Edward II
;
25 ??????
1284
-
21 ???????
1327
) ???
??? ??????
????
1307
??? ?????? ??????? ????
1326
. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ????? ????.
?????? ???? ???? ?
???
?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?
???? ????????
. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
?????
, ?????? ?? ???, ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? "
???? ?????
", ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ????????, ???????? ??????.
????
1307
????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????,
???? ??????
??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? - ?????? ??????? ?????? - ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ??
????? ????
??? ????, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????: ??????, ?'?? ?????, ?????? ??'???? (??????). ??????? ???? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.
???? ??????? ?????,
???? ???????
, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? (??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????) ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?????, ???? ??????. ?-
1312
???? ??????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? 21 ?????? ????? "?????? ??????" (???????: Lords Ordained) ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?
?????????
.
???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????? ????
????? ????
, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? -
????? ????????
, ???? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????. ?-
23 ?????
1314
??? ???? ?????? ????? ?
??? ????????
, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ?
????? ???
?? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????; ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????, ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????.
?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????: ???? ???? ???
????? ???????
- ???? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ????? ?????? ???
????? ??????
???? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ?-
1318
. ????, ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????
????'???
, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??. ??? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????. ??????? ????? ?? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????
??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.
?-
1321
?????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????' ?-1322. ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? "????? ???", ???? ????
1322
???? ??????? ?????? ?
????
?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? "????? ???", ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?
?????? ??????
,
??? ???????
(House of Commons). ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????.
????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.
???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????.
?????? ?????? ?? ???
1325
, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???
?????? ????????
. ?????? ??? ???? ???
???????
(Homage), ?
?????
??????, ??? ???,
???? ?????? ??? ????
, ?? ???
?????????
???? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ??
???'? ??????? ????????
, ??? ??????? ??????, ????????
1326
, ???? ???? ???? ?
????
. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?
??????
, ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????'. ??????
1327
????? ??????? ?
??????????
, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?
?????? ??????
.
?????? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?
???? ?????
??? ????
??????????
. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??-
11 ????????
1327
???? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?
?? ?????
??? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?
??????
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????
[
???? ????
]
. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?
??????
?? ??
?????
????? ?
??????
. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?-
1330
, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????.
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
??????????
, ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????????. ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ???, ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????????
[
???? ????
]
.
| ?'??, ??? ??????
|
| ?????, ????? ??????
|
| ???? ????? ??????, ???? ??????
|
| ??????'? ??????
|
| ??????? ??????, ??? ????
|
| ??????, ???? ???????
|
| ????? ??????, ???? ???????
|
| ????, ????? ???????
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ???? ??????, ??? ??????
|
|
|
|
|
| ?????? ???????
|
|
|
|
|
| ?????? ??????, ??? ???????
|
|
|
|
|
| ?'??, ????? ???????
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?????? ??????, ??? ??????
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?????? ????????, ????? ???????
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?????? ????, ??? ??????
|
|