???? ???????
(??
??? ??????? / ??? ????????
; ?
?????
:
Санкт-Петербу?рг
, ????:
???????
,
???????
) ??? ?
???
?????? ?????? ?
?????
(????
??????
). ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
???????
??
????
(
Питер
). ???? ????? ?
????-???? ?????
, ?? ???
??? ?????
, ???? ??? ?
?????
. ??? ????? ???? ??????
??????
????, ???? ???? ????? ?
??? ???
???? ?
????
?? ??????.
???? ????? ?-
27 ????
1703
?? ??? ?
???
????? ?????
?"???? ???????", ?????? ?
????
???????? ??????
?????
1721
?
1917
, ???? ?????
1728
?
1730
????
??????
????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????
????? ???????
, ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ????????? ???? ???? ??? 5 ?????? ?????? (2018)
[1]
???? ????
????? ?????? ?????-?????
. ???? ???? ????
??? ???? ????? ?? ?????
, ????? ????-????????? ??
??? ???????
, ?????? ?????? ??
??? ?????
, ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??
?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????
(??
2023
????? ?? ?????
???? ???????
).
?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ??
?????
?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? "????" ??????? "????" ?????? ?
??????
, ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ????
1914
???? ??? ?
???????
(??????: Петроград), ?????? ?????? ??
?????
???
??????
?
????? ????? ???????
, ??-
24 ??????
1924
, ????? ???? ???? ???? ??
??????? ????
, ???? ??? ?
???????
(??????: Ленинград) ?? ???. ?-
1991
??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? "???? ???????", ????
???? ??
. ??????
1993
????? ?? ????
??? ??????
.
??????
????? ????? ??????
???? ???? ?
???? ???
????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????, ????????? ????? ???? ????
1945
????
??? ??????
.
???? ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.
????? ???????? ?? ????
????
???? ????? ???????
???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?
???????'
, ?
??????????
,
??????? ?????????
,
??????? ??????? ??????
,
???????? ?????
,
????? ??????????
?
?????? ????
.
- ??? ????? ?
???????? ?? ???? ???????
?
???
????? ??????
??? ?
????? ??????? ??????
?? ???? ???????? (???? ???????) ????
1703
???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? "????? ???? ???????" (?????, ???? ?
??
). ????? ??? ???? ?? ??
?????
????? ?????
, ??? ?????? SanktPiterburh ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? Sint Petersburg (???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?
?????
).
????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?
???? ?????????????
, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? SanktPiterburh. ????? ???? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ????????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ??
???????
??????
??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.
????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ??????, ?-30 ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????.
?????
??????????
???? ???? "???? ????????? ????? ?????" ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?????
??????? ??????
??? ?? "????? ?? ??????".
???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????
??? ??? ?????
, ?????
??? ????
??
??? ?????
???? ?
?????????
.
???? ?????, ????? ????? ??????
?????
?
???????
, ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ???? 1850, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????.
?-
1712
???? ???? ?
????
???????? ??????
, ?????? ????? ?
?????
???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?
???????
, ?
???
, ??????? ????????, ?????????, ???????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?-19 ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????.
???? ???? ?-18 ??-19 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????.
???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ?-7 ??????? 1824 ???? ???? ??? 4.21 ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????.
???? ?-19 ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?
??????
????? ???????? ?
?????
?????? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?-19 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???
??????? ????
?-
1861
.
??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?-19 ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ???????? ????
??????? ????
, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? 1881.
?-
1905
???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ????
????? 1905
) ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????.
??????
????? ????? ???????
???? ?
???
??????? ????
?? ?? ???? ?-31 ??????? 1914, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? (??????: ???? ?? ?????) ???? ???
???? ?????
????; ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
?-1917 ????
?????? ??????
???? ?????? (??????
1917
) ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? (?????? ?????? ??????? ????????). ?-25 ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??????.
???? ????
????? ??????? ??????
, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????-???????? (
???? ????
) ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????
??????? ????
?????? ?
??????
, ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?-5 ????
1918
. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (??? ??? ????) ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 1920, ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?-
24 ??????
1924
, ????? ???? ???? ???? ??
????
, ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????.
- ??? ????? ?
????? ?? ???????
????
????? ????? ??????
???? ?? ???????
????
?? ??? ????? ?
???????
??
?????? ??????
, ??? ??? ?-8 ???????
1941
??? ?-27 ??????
1944
, ????? 29 ?????? ??????.
?????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ??
??????
????? ?? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????: ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ??-??? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
[2]
?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (??? ??????) ??? ?-750,000 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ?? ????? "???? ?????" ??? ??? ?????? (???? ???? ???? ??? ????) ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?-700 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????, ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
??? ??????
.
???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? "???? ???????", ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ?-Poklonnaya Gora ???????? "???? ???????", ??? ???? ?????? ?? 900 ????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????.
?????? ?
?????????
??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ?-
12 ?????
1991
???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? "???? ???????", ?? ????? ?? 54% ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?-6 ??????? ????? ????. ???? ???????, ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? "???? ???????" ??????? ????????? ??? ??????.
???
1997
???? ????? ??
????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????
, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????
???? ?????
????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?
??????????
, ????????, ???? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?
????? ??????????
.
????
2017
???? ????
??????? ?????????
????? ?????? ?
???? ??????????? 2017
,
??????? 2018
??????
2021
???? ?? ???? ?
???? 2020
.
?????
??????? ???? ??????? ??????
, ??????? ???
????? ????? ??????
, ??????
????? ???? ???? ???????
??? ????
2020
???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? 29,916 ?????, 22,613 ?????? ?-1,862 ???.
???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???. ??? ?????? ?????-???? ????? ?? ???
??? ?????
???? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1?5 ?'. ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?-62 ????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??
C°
17.8 ?????, ??C° 7.7? ??????.
????? ????? ???????
|
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|
???????? ????? ????? ?????? (C°)
|
-4.8
|
-4.6
|
0.0
|
7.4
|
14.7
|
19.4
|
22.0
|
20.1
|
14.5
|
7.7
|
1.6
|
-2.5
|
8.1
|
???????? ????? ?????? ?????? (C°)
|
-10.5
|
-10.6
|
-6.9
|
-0.2
|
5.7
|
10.8
|
13.9
|
12.5
|
7.9
|
2.8
|
-2.4
|
-7.3
|
1.4
|
?????? ??????? (?"?)
|
37
|
30
|
34
|
33
|
37
|
57
|
77
|
80
|
69
|
66
|
55
|
50
|
625
|
????:
Погода и климат
|
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, ??????? ?????? ??? 50 ?????, ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??
???? ?????
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LMZ
, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????, ?????? ?????, ????
LOMO
,
???? ?????
, ???? Elektrosila ?????? ???'???; ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ???
, Sovkomflot,
???? ???? ??????????
????? SIBUR ?
?????
??????
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???? ?????
, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????.
[3]
????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????: ???? ????? ?? ????,
?????????
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[
???? ????
]
.
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??????
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??????
, ?????? ??? (????? ??????? ?? ??? BBH), ????? ??????, ???? ????? (????? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? (SUN-InBev). ?????, ????
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????
2022
???? ?????? ??????? ?? 800 ???????
???? ????
.
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?????????
??????? ??????).
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??????????
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PassajirAvtoTrans
??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (???
????? ??????
). ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ???? ????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? K (?? T) ??? K-1 ?? K-154. ??? ??? ??????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.
????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? 06:00 ?? 00:00, ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? 24 ????.
???? ?????? ??? ????? ????:
- ????? ??????
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????????
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(????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?
?????????
, ?????'????,
??????
, ????????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????).
???? ????
???? ????
?????? ???? 2001.
[5]
?? ?
??????
???? ???? 1924 ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?
????????????
? ?????? ???????: ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????-??????.
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.
?????? ?
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, ????? ?????: ??????? ????????', ????????' ????? (????), ????????' ????,
????? ?????
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??? ???? ??? ?-1439
??"?
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??????
. ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?
??? ????
??? 18 ?
????
. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????
1990
?????
????? ???????? ?? ????
(??????? ???? ?????
??? ?????
????? ???????), ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????-???? ??
??? ?????????
, ?
??? ????? ??????
?? ???
?????"?
.
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???? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? "????? ?? ?????".
??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?
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????? ????? ?
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???? ?????? ?-40 ????????, ??????
??????? ?????????
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?????
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". ???? ??? ???? ?? "?????? ??????" ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.
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??
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????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??????????, ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?
?? ????????????????
, ???? ??????????, ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ????????. ????
1960
????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????
1950
?
1980
????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????.
???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?
????? ?????
, ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ??????
.
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??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? (???? ????? ??? ????) ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????' ???? ??? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????,
??????? ???????
, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?
???? ?-18
?
???? ?-19
.
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???? ?????
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- ???? ???????
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??????? ????????
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???? ?-19
?
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- ???? ???? ???????
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1917
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1936
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1943
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1978
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1,244,254
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15
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1,004,763
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|
1,257,341
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16
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948,827
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1,187,960
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17
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|
830,155
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1,139,897
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18
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|
816,800
|
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1,144,759
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19
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693,072
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1,137,704
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20
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|
648,468
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