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[1]
(
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: Ursidae) ???
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?
?????
????? "??" ????? ?? ????? ??"?, ??????? "????? ???????".
[2]
????? ?
??????
???? (bear) ????? ?
?????? ??????
(bera), ?????? ????? ????????????? (beron) ???????? "???? ????? ???". ??? ??????, ?
?????? ?????
????? ????? "bjorn" ???????? "Bar". ??
??????
(?ρκτο? ? ??????) ???
??????
(ursus) ????? ?? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? rtko.
??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?
??????????
(Hemicyonidae) ?????? ??.
???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????
[3]
:
??????? ??????
???
????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ??
??????????
????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? Flynn, 2005.
[4]
????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? "?????" ??
????? ??????
???????? ???????? ?????????
, ????? ?? ???? ?????, ???
???????????
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???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?
???????
. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???-?????? ??? ??????? ???: ??????????????,
??????????
, ?????????,
??????????
,
????????????
,
?????????
?
?????
.
[5]
???? ???????? ?? ???-?????? ?????? ??-?? McLellan and Reiner (1992)
[6]
?- Qiu et al. (2014)
[7]
:
?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? McKenna et al. (1997), ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
Ursoidea
, ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? "???-????? " ("Hemicyonidae").
[8]
??? ????? ??, ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????-???
?????? ?????
.
[8]
?????? ?? McKenna and Bell ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????
??????
??? ??????? (Ursida), ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
???? ????
.
[8]
???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? McKenna and Bell (1997) :
[8]
????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????
DNA
???????????????
????? ??-?? Yu
et al
. (2007).
[9]
????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.
[10]
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[12]
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??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????:
”???? ??? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????...”
[13]
???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
???? ??20
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1911
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"??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????."
?????: ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ???.
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”??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????.”
[14]
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??????, ??????? ????? ????.
- ^
????? ???? ????: ??? (???"?), 1972
, ????
??????? ????? ??????
- ^
1
2
??? ??? ??????
,
??????????? ??????
?,
???? ??????
, ???"?, ??' 581.
- ^
????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
- ^
"Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships".
- ^
L. de Bonis,
Una nueva especie de Adelpharctos (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) del Oligoceno Superior de las “Fosforitas de Quercy” (Francia)
,
Estudios Geologicos
67, 2011-12-30, ??' 179?186
doi
:
10.3989/egeol.40553.181
- ^
McLellan, B.; Reiner, D.C., "A review of bear evolution",
International Association for Bear Research and Management.
9 (1), ??' 85?96
- ^
Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; et al., "A Late Miocene Ursavus skull from Guanghe, Gansu, China",
Vertebrata PalAsiatica
- ^
1
2
3
4
McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.,
Classification of nammals above the species level
, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
- ^
Li Yu, Yi-Wei Li, Oliver A Ryder, Ya-Ping Zhang,
Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation
,
BMC Evolutionary Biology
7, 2007-10-24, ??' 198
doi
:
10.1186/1471-2148-7-198
- ^
Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
- ^
??????? ????? ?????,
????? ???? ????
, ???? ??????? ????? ?????, 11/01/2018
- ^
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- ^
http://www.zootorah.com/animals/bear/
(?????? ???? ????, 21.3.2020)