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	Animalia ; ‏ ??????? , 1758

????? "????" ???? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? (?????????) .

????? ?? ??????

????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???? . ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ??? ? ?????? , ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? .

????????? ( ?? ???? : Animalia) ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? , ????????? ? ????? ????????? Animalia . ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? , ?????? ???? , ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? (????) ? ????? ????? , ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? blastula , ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? 1.5 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? . ?? ???, ??? ?????? ^[^{???? ????
]} ?????? ??? 7 ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? 8.5 ???????? ????, ???????? ????? ?????? ????? 30?40 ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??150 ???? ????? . ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? .

??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ??? ????????? ??????? ( Bilateria ), ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? , ?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? . ???????? ????? ?? ???? Nephrozoa , ??????? ??? ????? ??????: ?????? ??? ( Protostomia ) ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? (???? ?? ? ????? ), ?????? (????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ), ??????? , ????; ??? ??? ?????? ??? ( Deuterostomia ) ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ; ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? Xenacoelomorpha ????? ???? ?? ??? Proarticulata ?????.

?? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??60 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ? ?????????? , ? ????? , ? ?????? , ? ???? , ? ??????? ?? ?????? . ???? ??????? ???? ?????? "?????????" ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ????.

?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?? ? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? . ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??542 ?????? ????. ?????? 6,331 ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??650 ?????? ??? .

??????? ???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ??? ???????? ???????, ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????:

?? ?????????? ?? ???????? , ?????????? ^[1]^[2], ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ????????? . ?????? ??????, ??? ??????????, ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ? ???? .
?? ?????????? (???? ? ??????? ) ?? ?????? ^[3]. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? , ? ?????? , ?? ????????? , ??? ???? ???? ?????.
???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? (?????????); ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[4].
?? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ^[5] (??????); ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ( ???? ) ???????. ?????, ?????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.
??Blastula ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? (?????? ????? , ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ), ???? ???? ????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ? ?? , ???? ????

???? ????? ???? ?? ??????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ???? DNA . ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? (???? ?????) ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????, ???? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ? ????? . ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????; ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ? ???? , ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???? , ?????? ???????, ???? ? ???? ?? ??? . ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? , ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? , ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ?????? , ???? ? ???? , ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????

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???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? , ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? , ?? ?????? ???? ? ?????? (?? ???? ???? ?????? ???), ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? (??? ?????? ?????) ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? . ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????????. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? . ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (??????), ???????? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? . ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????.

??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ???????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? (???? ????? ????), ??????? ? ?????? (???? ?? ?? ????? ) ?? ???? ?? ?? ( ???????????? ) ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? "?????" ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????. ??????, ? ????? ?? ?????? (?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ) ?? ???? ?? ?? ( ???????????? ) ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????, ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ????????? (???? ???? ???? ???? ????) ?????? ? ??? ; ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??????? . ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.

? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? (??? ???? ). ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (??? ??? ), ???? , ????? ?? ????, ??? ???? . ???? ???? ??? ????? , ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??? . ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? , ????? ? ?????? .

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???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? , ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? (???? ???? ?????? ????????? ). ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? (???????) ????? ?????? (??????). ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????????? (?? ??????), ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? "??????" (???? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ). ??? ????? ???? ?????? . ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????? , ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??. ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????: ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? : ??????? (????? ????????), ??????? (????? ???????) ??????? (???? ??????) ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? . ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ???????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ??????; ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????; ???????? ????? ???????, ????? ? ?? , ????? ?????? , ????? ? ????? , ??? ? ??? , ? ????? ????? .

??????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

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????? ??????? ? ???????? , ?????? ????? ??? , ??????????? ????? ????

??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? " ???? ?????? " ?? ?'???? ?????? ?? 1859 ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? . ?? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????: ?????? ????? , ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? , ???? ???? 1973 ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??.

??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????:

????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????: ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? (????? ??????? ?? ????????) ? ?????? (????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????): ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????? (????? ????? ????)?
????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????: ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ???
????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????, ????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????????

????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????

???? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? . ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 3.5 ??????? ???. ? ????????? , ?????? ??-????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???, ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????.

??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??-????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????????? , ???? ??575 ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ? ??????? , ???? ??545 ??????? ????, ?? ????? ????? " ??????? ???????? ". ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??. ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???.

?? ????? ???, ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? (?? ?????) ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??. ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? (??????? ????? ???????) ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ?? ?? ???? ??, ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ????.

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? , ????????

????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????.

????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? , ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????? ????????, ?????? ???? ? ???? , ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? . ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? . ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? , ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? .

???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????.

????? ???????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? , ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ? ??????? ????? , ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??. ????? ???, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? (?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ), ???? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????; ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ??????? , ????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? , ??? ????.

????? ????? ?? ???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? (Porifera) - ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????, ????? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? 10,000 ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??8,500 ???. ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????.
????? ???????? (Placozoa) ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????, ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (?????) ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? 3 ????? ??????: Trichoplax adhaerens ?2 ????? ?????? ??? 2017: Hoilungia hongkongensis , Polyplacotoma mediterranea ^[6].
????? ????????? (Myxozoa) - ??? 1,300 ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? .
???????? ??????? (Mesozoa)
- ????? ????????? (Rhombozoa)
- ????? ??????????? (Orthonectida)
????? ???????? ??????? (Eumetazoa)
- ????? ??????? - ???? ??? ??????? ?????
  - ????? ?????? (Cnidaria). ????? ??10,000 ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (????? ??? ????? ??? ????) ??????? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? (??? 6000 ?????), ?????? ?? , ?????? ???? , ?????? ????????? ? ??????? .
  - ????? ???????? (Ctenophora). ????? ??150 ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? - ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? 1.5 ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????.
- ????? ??????? (Bilateria) - ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? - ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????, ?????, ?? ??? ??? (??????) ???? (?????), ??? ?? ?? (??? ????) ???? (??? ??????); ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????. ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????????, ????????, ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? (triploblastic), ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? : ???????, ?????? ????????.
  - ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? (Acoelomata)
    - ????? ?????? ?????? (Platyhelminthes) ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ??. ????? ????? ??????: ????? ?????, ?????, ??????? ?????? Monogenea. ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? 12 ?????.
  - ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? (Coelomata)
    - ????? ?????? ??? (Deuterostomia)
      - ????? ????? ?? (Chaetognatha)
      - ????? ???????? (Chordata) - ???? ???????? ? ?????? , ? ???? , ? ??????? , ? ?????? , ? ????? ?? ?????? - ?????? ? ??? .
      - ????? ????? ??? (Echinodermata). ???? ??6,500 ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ??????: ?????? ?? , ????? ?? , ?????? ?? , ??????? ?? , ?????? ?? ??????????? (????). ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ????? ?????, ????. ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? (coelom) ????????, ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????????? .
      - ????? ?????? ?? (Hemichordata)
      - ????? ?????????? (Xenoturbellida) ????? ??? ????.
    - ????? ?????? ??? (Protostomia)
      - ????? ?????????? (Brachiopoda) ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? (??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????) ???????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???, ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???. ?????????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????, ? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????, ? ??????????? , ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
      - ????? ??????? (Bryozoa) ????? ??4,000 ????? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ???????? ???? ????? ?????: ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ??? ???? ??? ????, ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????????, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????.
      - ????? ???????? (Phoronida) - ????? ???? ?? ??20 ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????????? (Phoronids), ????? ???? ????? ??????? ("???" ?? ?????? ???), ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????, ???? ????????? ?????? , ????? ????????? ????????? , ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? 400 ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??2 ????????? ?????? ??1.5 ?????????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? 50 ?????????.
      - ????? ?????????? (Entoprocta)
      - ????? ?????? (Mollusca) ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??????? ????? ?? ??100,000 ?????, ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????; ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? , ?????? ???? ????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????: ?????? ( ????? ), ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ???????.
      - ????? ????? ????? (Nemertea)
      - ????? ?????????? (Priapulida)
      - ????? ?????? ???????? (Sipuncula)
      - ????? ???????? (Annechiuphora)
        ????? ?????? ??????? (Annelida) ??15,000 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? (??? ??? ????). ???? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? (????), ????? ????? ???????? (?????) ? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????: ????????? , ????????? ? ?????? .
        
        ????? ?????? (Echiura)
        
        ????? ???? ???? (Pogonophora)
      - ????? ?????????? (Panarthropoda)
        ????? ???????????? (Arthropoda) - ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? , ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ??1,134,000 ????? ????? - ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??80% ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? (?????? ???? ??????). ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???? ????? , ???????? , ??????? ? ?????? . ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (~0.25 ??????? ) ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.
        
        ????? ????? ????????? (Onychophora) ????? ??200 ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??.
        
        ????? ?????? ??? (Tardigrada) ????? ??? 1,000 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? 0.1 ??????? ??1.5 ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????, ?????, ?????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? (273- ????? ??????), ????????? ?????? ?? ??? 151 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 1,000 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????.
  - ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? (Pseudocoelomata)
    - ????? ?????? ??????? ??? (Acanthocephala)
    - ????? ?????????? (Cycliophora)
    - ????? ?????????? (Gastrotricha)
    - ????? ?????????? (Kinorhyncha)
    - ????? ?????? ?????? (Nematoda)
    - ????? ????????? (Loricifera)
    - ????? ????? ???????? (Nematomorpha)
    - ????? ???????? (Rotifera)
    - ????? ?????????????? (Micrognathozoa)
  - ????? ????????????? (Gnathostomulida)

????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??5 ?????? ?????: ????, ????? , ????? , ???? , ????? ?????? , ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? , ????? ????? ????. 4 ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? , ?? ?????? ??????? - ????? ?????? - ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???

???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? , ??? ????? ???? ? ??? , ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? , ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? . ? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ???, ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? , ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????.

??? ???? ???? ??20, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?" ?????? ", ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????.

?????? ???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????

???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? .

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? , ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? , ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? . ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ^{[????? ?????]} ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????.

???? ???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ???? ????

????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ??? , ????? , ????? , ????? , ???????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????? . ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? (???? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ). ? ?????? ????? ????? ????.

???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ? ??? ???? , ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??21 .

????? ????? ???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ????

????? ????? ???? ???? (?? ?????????), ??? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ???????????.

????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ^[7].

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ????? ????
???? ?????
??? ???? ?????
????
??? ????

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? , ???? ITIS (???????)
???? ???? , ???? Animal Diversity Web (???????)
???? ???? , ???? ???????????? ?? ????? (???????)
???? ???? , ???? GBIF (???????)
???? ???? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????
???? " ???? ???? ", ? ????????? ??????? , ???? ????????
???? ???? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????? ?????? ???? ???? | ???? ????? 1963 | ???? ????? 2000 | ???? 1972 | ???? ??????? ????? ??????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Avila, Vernon L. (1995). Biology: Investigating Life on Earth. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 767?. ISBN 978-0-86720-942-6 .
^ "Palaeos:Metazoa". Palaeos. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
^ Saupe, S.G. "Concepts of Biology". Retrieved 30 September 2007.
^ Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (2010). "Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche". BMC Biology. 8: 32. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-32. PMC 2859860. PMID 20370917 .
^ Bergman, Jennifer. "Heterotrophs". Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
^ Voigt, O; Collins AG; Pearse VB; Pearse JS; Hadrys H; Ender A ( 23 ??????? 2004 ). "Placozoa ? no longer a phylum of one". Current Biology . 14 (22): R944?5. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.036 . PMID 15556848 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
^ Braun, C., Stangler, T., Narveson, J., & Pettingell, S. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 15(2), 105-109.

[1] Avila, Vernon L. (1995). Biology: Investigating Life on Earth. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 767?. ISBN 978-0-86720-942-6 .

[2] "Palaeos:Metazoa". Palaeos. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

[3] Saupe, S.G. "Concepts of Biology". Retrieved 30 September 2007.

[4] Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (2010). "Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche". BMC Biology. 8: 32. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-32. PMC 2859860. PMID 20370917 .

[5] Bergman, Jennifer. "Heterotrophs". Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2007.

[6] Voigt, O; Collins AG; Pearse VB; Pearse JS; Hadrys H; Ender A ( 23 ??????? 2004 ). "Placozoa ? no longer a phylum of one". Current Biology . 14 (22): R944?5. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.036 . PMID 15556848 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )

[בראון-7] Braun, C., Stangler, T., Narveson, J., & Pettingell, S. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 15(2), 105-109.

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