??????

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	Ursidae ; ‏ ??????? , 1817
???? ?????

????? "???" ???? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ??? (?????????) .

????? "??" ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ?? (????) .

??????????? ^[1] ( ?? ???? : Ursidae) ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ? ?????? . ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? , ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???. ????? : ????? ?? ?????-?? , ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? , ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????.

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? ????? "??" ????? ?? ????? ??"?, ??????? "????? ???????". ^[2] ????? ? ?????? ???? (bear) ????? ? ?????? ?????? (bera), ?????? ????? ????????????? (beron) ???????? "???? ????? ???". ??? ??????, ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? "bjorn" ???????? "Bar". ?? ?????? (?ρκτο? ? ??????) ??? ?????? (ursus) ????? ?? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? rtko.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? (Ursidae)
- ???????? ??????????????? (Amphicynodontinae) ? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????.
- ???????? ????????? (Ursavinae) ? ?????. ?? ? ????????
- ???????? Agriotheriinae ? ?????
- ???????? ???????????? (Ailuropodinae)
- ???????? ????????? (Tremarctinae)
- ???????? ????? (Ursinae)

??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ? ?????????? (Hemicyonidae) ?????? ??.

???? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ^[3]:

??	?? ????	????
???? ??????
???: ???
??? ???	Ursus arctos	110?680 ?"?
??? ????	Ursus maritimus	150?700 ?"?
??? ???? ???????	Ursus americanus	40?300 ?"?
??? ???? ??????	Ursus thibetanus	65?150 ?"?
??? ???? ???? : ??? ????
??? ????	Helarctos malayanus	27?65 ?"?
??? ???? ????: ??? ?????
??? ?????	Melursus ursinus	55?140 ?"?
??? ???? ????: ????????
??? ????????	Tremarctos ornatus	60?155 ?"?
??? ???? ????: ????
???? ?????	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	75?165 ?"?

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? Flynn, 2005. ^[4]

	† ??????????

	??????

?????? ?????

??????????

	????? ??????

	????????

	???????

????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? "?????" ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? , ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??????????? .

???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? . ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???-?????? ??? ??????? ???: ??????????????, ?????????? , ?????????, ?????????? , ???????????? , ????????? ? ????? . ^[5] ???? ???????? ?? ???-?????? ?????? ??-?? McLellan and Reiner (1992) ^[6] ?- Qiu et al. (2014) ^[7] :

??????

† ???????????????

† ??????????

† ?????????

† ??????????

????????????

	?????????

	?????

?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? McKenna et al. (1997), ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? Ursoidea , ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? "???-????? " ("Hemicyonidae"). ^[8] ??? ????? ??, ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????-??? ?????? ????? . ^[8] ?????? ?? McKenna and Bell ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? (Ursida), ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? . ^[8] ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? McKenna and Bell (1997) : ^[8]

Ursida

† ???? ???

Phocoidea

	† ???????????????

	?????? ?????

Ursoidea

???-?????

	† ??????????

	† ??????????

??????

† ?????????

????????????

	?????????

	?????

????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? DNA ??????????????? ????? ??-?? Yu et al . (2007). ^[9] ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[10]

??????

?????

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???????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ^[^{???? ????
]}. ?????? ????? ????? , ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ?????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

???? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ????. ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??????, ? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??.

???? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ??? 32 ??42. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ? ??????? , ????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? .

???? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ???, ????? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ? ??? . ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 50 ??"? ????.

????? ???? ?????, ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? , ??? , ??? , ???? ? ??? . ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??, ??????, ? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????, ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??????, ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? , ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? . ??????????? ???????? (??????? ??? ? ??????? ) ?????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????. ??, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 25 ??40 ????, ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ????. ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????.

???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? - ????. ^[11]

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ???? ???? , ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???. ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? , ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????.

????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.

??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??????? , ??????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ???, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????, ??? ????? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? , ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? , ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ?????

????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? . ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????.

??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? , ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? .

?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? . ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ???9 ??????? ?????? ? ??"? "????" ????? ?????? ????, ? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? " ?????? ".

??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?? , ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????:

???? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? . ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? .
???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? . ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??17.
? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? , ??? ?????? ? ???? ????'???? .
??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? .

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??? ?????

??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ? ???? (???? ??? ?????) ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? (????? ??? Teddy Bear) ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????.

???? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???, ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??.

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ????????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? . ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????.

??????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?-19 , ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? . ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ????????? , ?? ??? ??????? . ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? . ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????; ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????.

???? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? . ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ????'?? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??"? ????? ?? ?????? ”?????? ???????? ??????????” ^[12] ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????: ”???? ??? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????...” ^[13] ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??20 . ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? . ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? , ??? ??? ? ????? , ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? 1911 . ^[2]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? . ??? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? . ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???.

"??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????."
?????: ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ???.

? ??? ????? , ??? ?' , ???? ?'

??"? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ? ????? ??????? ??? ? ”??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????.” ^[14]

???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????. ^[15]

? ??? ????? ?' ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ???????
??? ????
??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???
??? ???
???? ?????
???? ?????
?? ??????
??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???"??

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????

?????? , ???? ITIS (???????)
?????? , ???? NCBI (???????)
?????? , ???? Animal Diversity Web (???????)
?????? , ???? ???????????? ?? ????? (???????)
?????? , ???? GBIF (???????)
?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ????? ???? ????: ??? (???"?), 1972 , ???? ??????? ????? ??????
^ ¹ ² ??? ??? ?????? , ??????????? ?????? ?, ???? ?????? , ???"?, ??' 581.
^ ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
^ "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships".
^ L. de Bonis, Una nueva especie de Adelpharctos (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) del Oligoceno Superior de las “Fosforitas de Quercy” (Francia) , Estudios Geologicos 67, 2011-12-30, ??' 179?186 doi : 10.3989/egeol.40553.181
^ McLellan, B.; Reiner, D.C., "A review of bear evolution", International Association for Bear Research and Management. 9 (1), ??' 85?96
^ Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; et al., "A Late Miocene Ursavus skull from Guanghe, Gansu, China", Vertebrata PalAsiatica
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S., Classification of nammals above the species level , New York: Columbia University Press, 1997
^ Li Yu, Yi-Wei Li, Oliver A Ryder, Ya-Ping Zhang, Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation , BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 2007-10-24, ??' 198 doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-7-198
^ Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
^ ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? , ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ‏11/01/2018
^ ????? ?' , ?"? , ?'
^ ????? ?' , ?"? , ?"?
^ ????? ???? , ???? ????? , ?? ?"?, ???? ?'
^ http://www.zootorah.com/animals/bear/ (?????? ???? ????, 21.3.2020)

[1] ????? ???? ????: ??? (???"?), 1972 , ???? ??????? ????? ??????

[קאסוטו-2] ¹ ² ??? ??? ?????? , ??????????? ?????? ?, ???? ?????? , ???"?, ??' 581.

[3] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????

[4] "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships".

[5] L. de Bonis, Una nueva especie de Adelpharctos (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) del Oligoceno Superior de las “Fosforitas de Quercy” (Francia) , Estudios Geologicos 67, 2011-12-30, ??' 179?186 doi : 10.3989/egeol.40553.181

[6] McLellan, B.; Reiner, D.C., "A review of bear evolution", International Association for Bear Research and Management. 9 (1), ??' 85?96

[7] Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; et al., "A Late Miocene Ursavus skull from Guanghe, Gansu, China", Vertebrata PalAsiatica

[:0-8] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S., Classification of nammals above the species level , New York: Columbia University Press, 1997

[9] Li Yu, Yi-Wei Li, Oliver A Ryder, Ya-Ping Zhang, Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation , BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 2007-10-24, ??' 198 doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-7-198

[10] Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

[11] ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? , ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ‏11/01/2018

[12] ????? ?' , ?"? , ?'

[13] ????? ?' , ?"? , ?"?

[14] ????? ???? , ???? ????? , ?? ?"?, ???? ?'

[15] ttp://www.zootorah.com/animals/bear/ (?????? ???? ????, 21.3.2020)

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]