????
(
?? ????
:
Panthera leo
) ???
???
??
????
???? ??
???
????
??????? ?
???????
, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
????? ????
, ???? ??-????
???????
?? ?
??????
.
????? ???? ????? ?????
??????
, ?? ?? ?
?????
???'???
??
????
. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ?
?????
. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? "??? ?????". ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 12 ?-18 ????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? 30 ???. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?
?????
??
???
,
???
,
???
?
????
.
[2]
??
????
????? ???
?????
????? ???? ????
????.
???? ???? ?????? ?-20?35 ??-?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
[3]
???? ??-????? ?????? ?????? ???:
??-????? ????? ????
??-????? ?????? ??????
????????
????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 800,000?1,000,000 ???, ???? ???? ???????
???????????
.
[4]
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? 700,000 ???. ?????? ??? ?????
???? ??????
, ?????? ???? ???? 300,000 ???.
[5]
????? ????? ?????
????????
????
???? ???? ??????
(Quaternary glaciation), ???? ????? ????? ???.
[6]
????? ?????? ?-
DNA ?????????????
??? ??-????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ?-124,000 ????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?
?????? ?????? ?????
???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????.
[7]
?? ?? ????? ??, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??-?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
????? ???
?
???? ?????
????? ?? ?
??? ????? ???????
????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
???? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????
???? ?????
???? ?-50,000 ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?
???? ??????
??? ??
???? ??????
.
???????? ?????? ?????
????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????
????
?????? ?
???????
. ?
??????
???? ????, ????? ?
?????
??
???
????? ????.
????? ?? ???? ???? ?-3.30 ?????, ???? ????? ?-1.2 ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? 260
???????
. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?
???????
.
?
???
???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???
????
????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ????????? ?????? ?
????
???? ???? ????? ???? ??????
???? ????
.
??? ?????? ?? ??????
???
-
????
, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?
?????
??????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????.
?????
???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ??????? ???
??????
???? ?
???? ????
??????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ??????
,
?? ????? ??????
?
??????
[8]
. ??? ?????? ???
???? ??????
?????.
[9]
???? ????? ??? ???
?????
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????????? ?? ?-500 ????? ?
??-???? ???????
, ??????? ?
???? ?????? ???
?????.
[10]
?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?-2,000 ???, ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?-1,000 ???. ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ???????; ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???75,000 ?????.
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???-????? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????, ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ??? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????.
[10]
??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
[11]
???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ????
??????
?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????.
[12]
?????? ???? ?????
?
??? ?????
??? ???? ????? ????"? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ??
?????
[13]
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
?????
???
??????. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???-???? ??????? ?? ???????.
[
???? ????
]
??????? ??????
??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?????????.
?????????
???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
[14]
?? ?? ??????
???????????????
??????????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????
???? ?-17
.
[15]
??????? ?????????
?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????; ?? ????-?????? ???? 20 ???? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???, ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ?
????? ?????
. ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????.
????? ??????
?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???.
????? ?????? ??????
???? ?????
???? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ????
???
.
???? ????? ?? ??? 4?37 ?????, ???????? ??? 15. ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
[10]
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ???????? ???????.
[11]
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????.
????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ??-
??????
?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ????.
??????
?????? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (?????), ???? ?????, ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????.
????
????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
?"?
?????.
?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????.
?? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????.
??????
????? ???? ???
????
???? ???? ???? ????
???? ?????
, ?? ?
??????
??? ?
????
.
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?
?????? ????????
. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?
?????? ????
???????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? (???????
????? ??????
??????? ????), ??? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ??? ????. ??
??????
?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ?????? (???? ?????? ?????) ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
??? ??????
?????? ??
?????????????
???????, ??????? ?????? ?
???
????. ?? ?????? ?
????? ??
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? 65?70 ??????? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????
???????
?????? ??? ?
????
??
???
, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????
?????
,
?????????
,
??????
,
????? ?????
?
????? ???
. ?????? ????????? ???? ??
??????
,
????? ??
?
?????? ???????
. ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ???? ?
????
??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???
?'???
,
??? ???????
?? ??
????????
.
[16]
????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???
??????
,
?????????
, ?????? ?????? ?
??????
?
?????
??????. ?? ?????
??????
(????
????? ?????
) ?????? ?????? ??????.
????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ??
?????? ???
??????? ?????, ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?
???????
,
?????
(??? ???? ???? ?? ???),
??????
,
????
,
????? ??????
??? ?
??????
????? ????? ??? ????? ??? (?? ?? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????).
[17]
????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????.
??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? (???? ?????? ??????) ?????
?????
???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?
???
?? ????? ?? ????????. ???? ??????? ????, ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ???????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????.
??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
?????
?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????-?????. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????, ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????.
???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????
????? ???
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
[
???? ????
]
?????? ?????? ????
?????? ????? ?????? ??
????????? ????? k
? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? (?????, iteroparous), ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????.
[18]
????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????
???
?????? ??? ???????, ??? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
????????
?????
????
. ????????? ?????? ?
?????
????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???, ?????? ?? ????? ?????
[
???? ????
]
. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????
????
?????, ????? ?
?????
????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
[
???? ????
]
????? ??? ??? ?? ?????
?????
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????.
[
???? ????
]
???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 1.65 ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-106 ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? 8 ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ???? 4 ?????? ??????? ?????? ????.
[18]
?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????.
????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????. ?? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??
???
. ????? ???? ???? 15 ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????.
???? ???
????? ????
???
??????
????? ????? ??
???? ????????
????? ????? ??????? ??? ?
???? ??????
, ??
??? ????
????? ?????? ?
????? ????????
. ?????? ?????? ????
??-???
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? 300 ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???, ?
?????
?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????
???? ??
?
??? ???
.
[19]
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????- ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????. ????? ???? ????, ?-60 ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? 1970 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (Chris McBride) "?????? ?????? ???????????".
????? ???? ????? ?
???????
, Leucism, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??
????????
(?????? ?
??????
??? ??? ??
?????
). ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ????????. ???? ???? ?? ???
?? ??????
?????
?'???'???
? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???
??????
, ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??-?? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????.
????? ?????
????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????.
[
???? ????
]
?? ?????? ?
?????
(????? ???? ????) ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?
??????
. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?
??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?
???? ????
. ??? ?????, ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?
?????? ???????
??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????.
??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???.
[10]
??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?IUCN ??? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
[12]
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.
[12]
?????, ??????? ??? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????.
[20]
??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??. ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
[12]
??-???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??
??????
, ??????
???
?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??
??-????? ??????
??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????
???? ??????
?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ?
?????
. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ??????, ?????? ?
?????? ??????
, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????, ????
????? ???
??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ?????. ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? (????????? ????? ????? ???? ?
?????
?
??? ?????
) ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????.
[
???? ????
]
???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????
??? ????
?????? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
?????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?
?????? ????????
, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????? ?
??????
???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ????????? ?
???? ???????
? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? (
???? ??????
).
????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ??????.
[21]
??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
[22]
(?????, ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? In-Situ, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? Ex-Situ, ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ????).
[12]
????? ??????
?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
???? ??????
????
????? ???? ???????
?
??????
??????
??? ???
??? ????
???? ?' (??? ????) ??? ??? ????
????? ????
???? ?'; ???
??? ???
, ???? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ??, ???, ???, ????, ????, ???, ???, ??? ????, ??? - ?????? ???? ???????? ????, ???? - ??? ?? ??????
????
?????, ???? - ????
???? ?????
?? ??? ???, ??? - ????? ?? ???
????
??????, ??? -
?????
?????? ?????, ??? - ??
???
?????? [??? ??????; ??? ???? - ????????? ?????? ??????], ?????? ?? ?
???? ??????
; ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??
??? ??????
???? ?
????? ????
???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????;
????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????
?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????..., ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?
?????
???? ?????
?????? ????
???
??????, ???? ??: ??? ?????? - ???, ??? ??????? - ???, ??? ??????? - ???, ???? - ????? ?????, ?
????? ???? ???
- ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????" (?????, ?? ???? ?). ?? ????? ?"??????" ?? ????, ????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
??????
(??? ? ???? ?) ?? ???????? ?
??? ?????
?? ??? ???? ??????
???"?
????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????: "???????? ????????? ?????? ?????,
??????? ??????? ??? ?????????
???????????????, ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????, ??????? ?????? ???????????????".
????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??
??? ????? ?
?????
[23]
;
?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????
, ??? ????
[24]
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????
???? ??? ?? ?? ????
, ???? ??????? ???? ??? -
??? ???? ?????
".
?????
??? ????
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????; ??????? ??????;
???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????:
(
?????
?? ??).
?????? ?????? ???????
?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ?
?????
???? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ??????, ???: ??? (?????), ???? (??? ?????, ???? ????), ??? (???? ??? ????? ??????), ??? (???? ???) ????? (???? ??? ????? ???? ???). ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? "???? ???, ?? ?? ???"? (
????
). ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? "??? ?????",
[25]
??? ??? ???
?????? ???????
, ??
?????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????, ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??. ?????, ????? "????" ??? ?? ???? ??????.
????? ??? ???????????
????? ???? ??? ??????? ?
??
??
?????????
?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?
??
. ???? ????? ?????? ?
??? ????
???? ??
???? ?????
(????? ??????? ?
????? ?????
), ???? ?? ????? ????? ??
???????
. ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ???"?, ??? ???? ??????? ??
????? ??????
. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????, ??? ?
??????
(??? ?? ???? ???? ????), ?
?????
(??? ????, ???
??
????
???
??
?????
) ??
???????
???? ???? ?? ??? ???.
??? ?????? ?
???? ??????
???
??? ????
, ????? ?? ??
????? ??????? ????
.
-
-
???? ?? ????? ???? ?????
-
?????? ?????
???? ?????
?????? ??????
-
???-??????
????? ??? ????? ?????
- ??? ????? ?
???? (???)
????? ????? ?????? ????, ???:
????? ??????
- ??? ????? ?
?????
???????? ????? ??
???? ???? ?????
??? "
??? ??????
", ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???
?????
, ?????? ?? ??? ???
?????
. ???? ????? ???? ?????
???? ??? ??
??? ??? ??? ?????, ???
????? ????????
(
???? ?????? - ????? ?????
?
????? ??????
) ?
?????? ??????? ???? ??????
, ???
?????
?????.
- ?
??????
?? ???? ????? ?????, ????
????? ???? ???
??
????? ???? ????
??? ??????? ???????? ???
????? ?????
, ?????? ???? ????.
- ????? ?????? "
???? ??? ?????
" ???
?. ?. ?????
????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????
?????, ?????? ????? ??????
, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????.
- ????
???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??
????? ???? ???? ?? ?
?? ???
?? ?? ?????
?????? ???????
(?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????) ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????.
- ??? ?????? ?
????????
??????? ????? ??? "
?????? ?????
" (?????, ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????).
- ??? "
????? ?????
" ?
?? ??
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??
???? ?? ?? ??
?????? ????
1920
.
- ???? "Merlion" ??? ????? ??
???????
.
- ????? ??? ???? ??
??? ???????
?
??? ????
????? ????? ?????? "
??? ?? ?? ??? ???
", ?????? ????? ????????? "
????? ???
".
????? ???? ?
??"?
?????, ?? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?
????? ?????
?
??"?
.
??????? ??????
- ?
??????
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???
???'?? ??????
???? ?????? "???'?? ?? ????" ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???
????
???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????'?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????.
- ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??
??????
???? ???????? ?????
(
MGM
), ????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?
??????
.
- ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?
??????
???'?
.
??? ??
?????? ?????
?????? ????,
??? ?????: ??????
, ??????? ???"?, ??' 63.
??????? ????????
?????
??? ????????
|
---|
??? ?????? ???????????:
????
|
|
??? ?????? ???????????:
????
|
??? ?????? ???????????:
???
|
??????? ???????????:
????
|
?????? ????? ???????????:
????
|
????????? ???????????:
????
|
- ????
, ????
ITIS
(???????)
- ????
, ????
NCBI
(???????)
- ????
, ????
Animal Diversity Web
(???????)
- ????
, ????
???????????? ?? ?????
(???????)
- ????
, ????
GBIF
(???????)
- ????
, ????
??????????? ????????
(???????)
- ?? ????? '????'
, ???? ??????? ????? ??????
- ??????: ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? (????, ????? ????)
??? ?'
,
??? ?'
. ????:
?? ??? ???? ?????-??????
. ????? ???? ????.
- ???? ???,
???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
, ????? "
??? ?? ??????
" ???? ??
???? ??????? ?????? ????
, 4 ?????? 2009
- ????? ????
,
???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?-60% ??? 1960
, ????
????
, 6 ?????? 2012
- ?? ?-400 ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
, ???? "???? ?????", 10 ?????? 2014
- ??. ??? ??????, ?
????? ?????? ????? ??????
, ???? "
?????
", 21 ?????? 2014
????? ??????
- ^
????
???? ?????? ?????? ??
IUCN
- ^
????? ???????
??????? ????? ??????
?
????? ????
,
???? ???????
,
?? ?"?, ???? ?'
- ^
http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf
(?????? ???? ????, 3.6.2020)
- ^
Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Cooper, Alan; Werdelin, Lars; Macdonald, David W. (August 2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): a review". Journal of Zoology 263 (4): 329?42.
- ^
Turner, Allen (1997). The big cats and their fossil relatives : an illustrated guide to their evolution and natural history. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN
0-231-10229-1
.
- ^
"Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea"
Burger, Joachim et al. (March 2004).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
:Volume 30, Issue 3, March 2004, Pages 841?849
(?????? ???? ????, 3.6.2020)
- ^
: Barnett et al.: Revealing the maternal demographic history of Panthera leo using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14:70.
- ^
Asiatic Lion | National Geographic
, Animals, 2011-05-10
(???????)
- ^
The Last Wild Lions of Europe - SAPIENS
, SAPIENS, 2 ????? 2022
- ^
1
2
3
4
Britannica,
Lion
- ^
1
2
Schaller, G.,
The Serengeti Lion
, Chicago: The University of Chicago press.
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
Trinkel, M. & Angelici, F.,
The Decline in the Lion Population in Africa and Possible
Mitigation Measures
, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing., 2016
- ^
??? ??????
,
??? ?"?
,
?????? ?'
?
?'
?
???? ?'
- ^
??? ??? ?????? ?? ????: "??????????? ??????: ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? - ??? ?', ???????, ???? ??????, ??"? - 1950. ???? 559
- ^
??? ??-???
?????? ???????, "??? ?? ??? ???? ???????": ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?-10,000 ????? ????????.
?????? 26
, ??' 7?16 (2016).
(?????? ???? ????, 3.6.2020)
- ^
Lion Sneaks Up On Hippo, Regrets It Immediately
, Roaring Earth, 2018-12-27
(???????)
- ^
??? ???? ?? ???? "
???? ??????
"
- ^
1
2
Haas, S., Hayssen, V. & Krausman, P., Panthera leo,
Mammalian Species
- ^
Breaking News: First White Lions born to the project in their natural habita
(?????? ???? ????, 3.6.2020)
, ???? Global White Lion Protection Trust
- ^
Hazzah, L., Mulder, M. & Frank, L., Lions and Warriors: Social factors underlying
declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya,
Biological Conservation,
- ^
Meer, E., Badza, M. & Ndhlovu, A., . Large carnivores as tourism flagship species for the
Zimbabwe component of the Kavango Zambezi transfrontier conservation area,
African
Journal of Wildlife Research
- ^
Kamyk, C., Conservation of the Lion: Preventing an Africa without the African Lion,
UNH Undergraduate Research Journal
- ^
?????
?? ?? ???? ?
- ^
????? ?? ?? ???? ?
- ^
????? ??:, "??? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ???"
- ^
??? ??????
,
??? ?"?
,
???? ?'