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1956
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1989
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1999
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2004
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1714
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1918
. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?-
31 ????????
1918.
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, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ????
1919
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1920
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4 ?????
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19 ????
1944
. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?
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???? ????? ???????
. ???????? 1944 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
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1945
. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? '??? ???'.
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????? ??????
??????. ?-
1946
????? ?????? ???????? ?????? "???????? ?????".
?-
1953
?????
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?
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. ???' ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?
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????????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ????, ?????
1956
???
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, ???? ?? ????? ???' ??????? ???????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ???' ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??-?????? ?????? ?
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1956
?-
1988
?????? ??????? ????
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????
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1991
, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?
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1999
??
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1 ????
2004
.
?-
2006
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????
???? ?'????'??
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????.
[6]
?-
2010
???? ?????? ?????
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30 ????
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[9]
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Freedom House
???? ?? ????? ??????? ?
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[10]
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16 ?????
2020, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????.
[11]
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2020
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2022
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[12]
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[15]
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???? ??????? ?-2010 ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?"
???? ???????
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(???? ??????? Orszaggy?les). ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.
[7]
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[16]
????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? 5%.
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[17]
??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-135 ?????? ??????? ???? 199 (???? ?????? ????? ???????), ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? 54.13%.
???? 2022 ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
[18]
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???? 2011 ??????
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[19]
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.
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[19]
.
??? ???? ??????
: ???? ???? 1989 ?????? ????? ????????? ????????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????.
[20]
?? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? "????? ????? ?????" ?????? ??
????? ?????
?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.
[21]
??? ????? ?????? (Curia of Hungary)
: ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????.
??? ???? ???????? ???????
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??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ? (?) ??????, (?) ????? ?? ? (?) ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ?-NOJ ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????.
????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?-NOJ ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????.
National Office for the Judiciary
?????
????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?-NOJ ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????.
National Judicial Council
?????
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? (??????? ?????). ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?-NOJ.
???? 2023 ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ?
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[22]
-
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(???
2004
) ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????
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. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?-80% ??
??"?
, ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????.
???? 2007 ????
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, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???.
?? ????
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]
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2004
. ???, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?
???
?? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ??
?????? ???????
?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????.
?-
10 ????????
2008
?
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???? ?-10%.
???????
???? ???????? ?????? ?
????
?? ?
???? ????????
. ?-
22 ????????
????
??? ???????
?? ?
?????
?-11.5%.
[23]
?-
27 ????????
2008 ????? ??????? ????? ??
??? ????? ??????????
??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? 25 ???????
????
.
?? ?????? ????????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????
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. ?????
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??????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ?
????????
The Heritage Foundation ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?-67.2% ?????? ?-
2008
?? ??? ???? ????? ?-43 ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?-
21 ???????
2011
?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.
[24]
?-
25 ???????
2011 ??????
????'?
??
????? ??????
?? ??????? ????
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.
[25]
????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 193% ??
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???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????
[26]
.
???? 2022 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? "????? ???" ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.
[27]
????
??????? ???? ???????
????
1991
, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?
???? ???"?
????
1999
??
????? ???????
?-
1 ????
2004
.
???? ?????? ??? 2020 ???? ?????? ????? ????????,
?????
, ?????????? EEP,
????? ??? ????????
? ????? ?? ??????
????-????
[26]
.
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???? ???? ?? ???? ?-21
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[15]
[7]
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[19]
.
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?????
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[7]
[26]
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[19]
.
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443 ?"?,
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366 ?"?,
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329 ?"?,
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151 ?"?,
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102 ?"? ?
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, ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.
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?
??????
?? ??????? ?-37% ???????????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? 11%
???????????
, ?????? ?? 2.2%
??????
. ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? 18% ??????? ???? ???? ??. ???????? ?????? 0.3% ???????? ?????? ?-0.1% ????? ????? ?
??????
.
???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????????, ??????, ?????, ???????? ???????? ????? ????????, ??????? ????????.
??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?
???? ??????
?
?????
??
?????? ???????
.
?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????, ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?
?????????
??????, 6,903,858 ?????? (69.5%).
??????? ?????????? - ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????. ????????? ??????? - 72.9% ??? ?????????? (???? ???? 2023). ????? ????? - ??? ????? ???? ?? 0.05% (????? ????? 2020?2025).
[29]
????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? 2019.
????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ???? ?????? 1 ?????? 2019
[???????? 1]
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68,211
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65,845
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????? ??????? ?
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???? ??????
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??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?
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?
??????
. ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????
???????? ??????
. ??? ?????
???????? ???????-???????
????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????????, ???? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??????
???????
, ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??
?????? ????
. ????
?????
?????? ????? ????? ??????? (???? ?-564,500 ??????, ???? ?-725 ???), ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?-400,000 ?????? ?
???????
?? ??? ?
??????
, ??? ?
????? ?????
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????? ?????
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??? ?????
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??? ???
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?????????
???? ?? ??????? ?
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??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?
???? ???? ?? ???? ?-21
??? ??? 50 ?-120 ??? ??????, ???? ?????
??????
.
[30]
- ^
MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy
, ??????
?????? ???????
, ?15-09-2022
- ^
????? ??? ?????
- ???? ???
Worldometer
, ??? ?????? ?-28 ???? 2021
- ^
????? ?????????
- ???? ???
Worldometer
- ^
????? ??"?
- ???? ???
???? ??????
, ??? ?????? ?-1 ????? 2023
- ^
??? ?????? ?????? ???? 2022
???"? ?????? ?-2024 ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (UNDP) ??
?????? ????????
- ^
???????? ???????
,
???????: ???? ????, ????? ???????? ?????
, ????
ynet
, 21 ??????? 2006
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
????? ????,
?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????
, ???? "
????
", 6 ?????? 2020
- ^
1
2
???????? ???????
,
??? ????? ??? ?????: ?"? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
, ????
ynet
, 30 ???? 2020
- ^
???????,
??? ??????, ??? ?????: ????? ???? ??????? ????-??????? ????? ???????
, ????
?????
?, 30 ???? 2020
- ^
???????? ????????,
??? ????"?: ??????? ???? ?????? ????????
, ????
?????
?, 6 ???? 2020
- ^
??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????
, ????
????
, 16 ????? 2020
- ^
Hungary: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report
, Freedom House
(???????)
- ^
??????? ???????: "??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????"
, ???? ????? ?????
- ^
???? ???????, ?
?????? ????? ????? ??????: ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????
, ????
?????
, 27 ?????? 2023
- ^
1
2
???? ????, ?
????? 2019: ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? | ??????
, ????
?????
, 28 ?????? 2019
- ^
Officers - House of the National Assembly - Orszaggy?les
, House of the National Assembly
(??????? ??????)
- ^
Hungary Parliamentary Elections
, OSCE, ?????? 6, 2022
- ^
??? ????? ????? ????????: ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
, ????
TheMarker
?, 26 ???? 2022
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
What happened in the Hungarian media could happen in your country too
, euronews
- ^
Yaniv Roznai,
Constitutional Transformation: Hungary
, Cambridge University Press, 2022-02-17, ??' 148, ISBN?
978-1-108-69906-8
- ^
Yaniv Roznai,
Constitutional Transformation: Hungary
, Cambridge University Press, 2022-02-17, ??' 145, ISBN?
978-1-108-69906-8
- ^
??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? 13 ??????? ????
, ????
???????
, 8 ???? 2023
- ^
?????? ????, ?
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?-3% ?-11.5%; ??? BUX ???? 4.7%
, ????
?????
, 22 ???????? 2008
- ^
???????? ???????,
????? ??????? ??????: ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????
, ????
???????
, 21 ??????? 2011
- ^
???????? ???????
,
????'? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??"? ???
, ????
TheMarker
?, 25 ??????? 2011
- ^
1
2
3
Viktor Orban
, ??????????? ????????
- ^
?????? ??????? ??? ???????: "???? ????? ????? ?????????"
- ^
?????? ???? ?????,
?????? ????: ??? ?????? ????? ?????????
, ????
ynet
, 17 ?????? 2022
- ^
Hungary
. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^
???????
, ????
??????? ?????? ??????
(???????)
???'? ???-??????
,
World Jewish Population, 2019
,
American Jewish Year Book
, 2019, ??' 49?50
(???????)