Country in North America
The Bahamas
(
b?-
HAH
-m?z
), officially the
Commonwealth of The Bahamas
,
[12]
is a country in
North America
. It is an
island country
within the
Lucayan Archipelago
of the
West Indies
in the
Atlantic Ocean
. It contains 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and 88% of its population. The
archipelagic state
consists of more than 3,000
islands
,
cays
, and
islets
in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of
Cuba
and northwest of the island of
Hispaniola
(split between the
Dominican Republic
and
Haiti
) and the
Turks and Caicos Islands
, southeast of the
U.S. state
of
Florida
, and east of the
Florida Keys
. The capital is
Nassau
on the island of
New Providence
. The
Royal Bahamas Defence Force
describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km
2
(180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.
The Bahama islands were inhabited by the
Arawak
and
Lucayans
, a branch of the
Arawakan
-
speaking
Taino
, for many centuries.
[13]
Christopher Columbus
was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the "
New World
" in 1492 when he landed on the island of
San Salvador
. Later, the
Spanish
shipped the native Lucayans to
Hispaniola
and enslaved them there, after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, nearly all
native Bahamians
having been forcibly removed for enslavement or having died of diseases that Europeans
brought
with them from Europe. In 1649,
[14]
English
colonists from
Bermuda
, known as the
Eleutheran Adventurers
, settled on the island of
Eleuthera
.
The Bahamas became a
British
crown colony
in 1718, when the British clamped down on
piracy
. After the
American Revolutionary War
, the Crown resettled thousands of
American Loyalists
to The Bahamas; they took enslaved people with them and established
plantations
on land grants. Enslaved Africans and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807. Although
slavery in the Bahamas
was not abolished until 1834, The Bahamas became a haven of manumission for African slaves, from outside the British West Indies, in 1818.
[15]
Africans liberated from illegal slave ships were resettled on the islands by the
Royal Navy
, while some
North American slaves
and
Seminoles
escaped to The Bahamas from Florida. Bahamians were even known to recognise the freedom of enslaved people carried by the ships of other nations which reached The Bahamas. Today Black-Bahamians make up 90% of the population of 400,516.
[13]
The country gained governmental independence in 1973, led by
Sir Lynden O. Pindling
.
Charles III
is currently
its monarch
, shared with other
Commonwealth realms
.
[13]
The Bahamas has the third-largest
gross domestic product
per capita in the
Americas
, after the United States and Canada. Its economy is based on tourism and offshore finance.
[16]
Naming and etymology
[
edit
]
The name
Bahamas
is derived from the
Lucayan
name
Bahama
('large upper middle island'), used by the indigenous
Taino
people for the island of
Grand Bahama
.
[17]
[18]
Tourist guides often state that the name comes from the Spanish
baja mar
('shallow sea'). Wolfgang Ahrens of
York University
argues that this is a
folk etymology
.
[17]
Alternatively,
Bahama
may have been derived from
Guanahani
, a local name of unclear meaning.
[19]
First attested on the
c.
1523 Turin Map,
Bahama
originally referred to Grand Bahama alone but was used inclusively in English by 1670.
[20]
Toponymist
Isaac Taylor
argues that the name was derived from
Bimani
(
Bimini
), which Spaniards in Haiti identified with
Palombe
, a legendary place where
John Mandeville
's
Travels
said there was a
fountain of youth
.
[21]
The Bahamas is one of only two countries whose official names start with the article "the." (The other is
The Gambia
.) The usage likely arose because the name also refers to the islands, a geographical feature that would take a definite article.
[22]
History
[
edit
]
Pre-Hispanic era
[
edit
]
The first inhabitants of The Bahamas were the
Taino
people, who moved into the uninhabited southern islands from
Hispaniola
and Cuba around the 800s?1000s AD, having migrated there from mainland
South America
; they came to be known as the
Lucayan people
.
[23]
An estimated 30,000 Lucayans inhabited the Bahamas at the time of
Christopher Columbus
' arrival in 1492.
[24]
Arrival of the Spanish
[
edit
]
Columbus' first landfall in what was to Europeans a "New World" was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayans as
Guanahani
). While there is a general consensus that this island lay within the Bahamas, precisely which island Columbus landed on is a matter of scholarly debate. Some researchers believe the site to be present-day
San Salvador Island
(formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas, whilst an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on
Samana Cay
, according to calculations made in 1986 by
National Geographic
writer and editor
Joseph Judge
, based on Columbus' log. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayans and exchanged goods with them, claiming the islands for the
Crown of Castile
, before proceeding to explore the larger isles of the
Greater Antilles
.
[23]
The 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
theoretically divided the new territories between the
Kingdom of Castile
and the
Kingdom of Portugal
, placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere; however they did little to press their claim on the ground. The Spanish did however exploit the native Lucayan peoples, many of whom were enslaved and sent to Hispaniola for use as forced labour.
[23]
The slaves suffered harsh conditions and most died from contracting
diseases
to which they had no
immunity
; half of the Taino died from
smallpox
alone.
[26]
As a result of these depredations the population of the Bahamas was severely diminished.
[27]
Arrival of the English
[
edit
]
The English had expressed an interest in the Bahamas as early as 1629. However, it was not until 1648 that the first English settlers arrived on the islands. Known as the
Eleutherian Adventurers
and led by
William Sayle
, they migrated from
Bermuda
seeking greater religious freedom. These English
Puritans
established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named
Eleuthera
, Greek for
free
. They later settled
New Providence
, naming it Sayle's Island. Life proved harder than envisaged however, and many ? including Sayle ? chose to return to Bermuda.
[23]
To survive, the remaining settlers
salvaged goods from wrecks
.
In 1670,
King Charles II
granted the islands to the
Lords Proprietors
of the
Carolinas
in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing
governors
, and administering the country from their base on New Providence.
[28]
[23]
Piracy and attacks from hostile foreign powers were a constant threat. In 1684, Spanish
corsair
Juan de Alcon
raided the capital
Charles Town (later renamed
Nassau
),
[29]
and in 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition
briefly occupied Nassau
during the
War of the Spanish Succession
.
[30]
[31]
18th century
[
edit
]
During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for
pirates
, including
Blackbeard
(
circa
1680?1718).
[32]
To put an end to the "
Pirates' republic
" and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a
crown colony
in 1718, which they dubbed "the Bahama islands" under the governorship of
Woodes Rogers
.
[23]
After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy.
[33]
In 1720, the
Spanish attacked Nassau
during the
War of the Quadruple Alliance
. In 1729, a local assembly was established giving a degree of self-governance for British settlers.
[23]
[34]
The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728.
[35]
During the
American War of Independence
in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for US naval forces. Under the command of Commodore
Esek Hopkins
,
US Marines
, the US Navy occupied Nassau in 1776, before being evacuated a few days later. In 1782 a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau, and the city
surrendered without a fight
. Later, in April 1783, on a visit made by Prince William of the United Kingdom (later to become
King William IV
) to
Luis de Unzaga
at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana, they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the
Treaty of Paris (1783)
, in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for
East Florida
, which would still have to conquer the city of
St. Augustine, Florida
in 1784 by order of Luis de Unzaga; after that, also in 1784, the Bahamas would be declared a British colony.
[36]
After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300
Loyalists
with their African slaves in the Bahamas, including 2,000 from New York
[37]
and at least 1,033 European, 2,214 African descendants and a few Native American
Creeks
from
East Florida
. Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies, including
West Florida
, which the Spanish captured during the war.
[38]
The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux and also
Lord Dunmore
, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital.
[23]
European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.
19th century
[
edit
]
The
Slave Trade Act 1807
abolished slave trading to British possessions, including the Bahamas. The United Kingdom pressured other slave-trading countries to also abolish slave-trading, and gave the
Royal Navy
the right to intercept ships carrying slaves on the high seas.
[39]
[40]
Thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy were resettled in the Bahamas.
In the 1820s during the period of the
Seminole Wars
in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from
Cape Florida
to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest
Andros Island
, where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27
sloops
, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at
Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park
.
[41]
[42]
Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.
[43]
In 1818,
[15]
the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the
British West Indies
would be manumitted." This led to a total of nearly 300 enslaved people owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835.
[44]
The American slave ships
Comet
and
Encomium
used in the United States domestic
coastwise slave trade
, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the
Comet
and 48 on the
Encomium
. The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries.
[45]
[46]
Slavery was
abolished in the British Empire
on 1 August 1834.
[23]
After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the
Enterprise
, which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the
Hermosa
, which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840.
[47]
The most notable case was that of the
Creole
in 1841: as a result of a
slave revolt
on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in
New Orleans
. The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The
Creole
case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history".
[48]
These incidents, in which a total of 447 enslaved people belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the
United Kingdom
. They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the
Creole
slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.
During the
American Civil War
of the 1860s, the islands briefly prospered as a focus for
blockade runners
aiding the
Confederate States
.
[49]
[50]
Early 20th century
[
edit
]
The early decades of the 20th century were ones of hardship for many Bahamians, characterised by a stagnant economy and widespread poverty. Many eked out a living via subsistence agriculture or fishing.
[23]
In August 1940, the
Duke of Windsor
(formerly King Edward VIII) was appointed
Governor of the Bahamas
. He arrived in the colony with his
wife
. Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they "tried to make the best of a bad situation".
[51]
He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".
[52]
He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the "Out Islands" that November, on
Axel Wenner-Gren
's yacht, which caused controversy;
[53]
the
British Foreign Office
strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the
Luftwaffe
commander
Hermann Goring
of Nazi Germany.
[53]
[54]
The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in
Nassau
in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot".
[55]
Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on "mischief makers ?
communists
" and "men of Central European
Jewish
descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".
[56]
The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.
[57]
[58]
Post-Second World War
[
edit
]
Modern political development began after the
Second World War
. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s, split broadly along ethnic lines, with the
United Bahamian Party
(UBP) representing the English-descended Bahamians (known informally as the "Bay Street Boys")
[59]
and the
Progressive Liberal Party
(PLP) representing the Black-Bahamian majority.
[23]
A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964, with Chief Minister
Sir Roland Symonette
of the UBP becoming the first Premier.
[60]
: p.73
[61]
In 1967,
Lynden Pindling
of the PLP became the first black Premier of the Bahamian colony; in 1968, the title of the position was changed to
Prime Minister
. In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence.
[62]
A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968.
[63]
In 1971, the UBP merged with a disaffected faction of the PLP to form a new party, the
Free National Movement
(FNM), a centre-right party which aimed to counter the growing power of Pindling's PLP.
[64]
The
United Kingdom
Government gave the Bahamas its independence by an
Order in Council
dated 20 June 1973.
[65]
The Order came into force on 10 July 1973, on which date
Prince Charles
delivered the official documents to
Prime Minister
Lynden Pindling
.
[66]
This date is now celebrated as the country's
Independence Day
.
[67]
It joined the
Commonwealth of Nations
on the same day.
[68]
Sir Milo Butler
was appointed the first
governor-general of The Bahamas
(the official representative of
Queen Elizabeth II
) shortly after independence.
[69]
Post-independence
[
edit
]
Shortly after independence, The Bahamas joined the
International Monetary Fund
and the
World Bank
on 22 August 1973,
[70]
and later the
United Nations
on 18 September 1973.
[71]
Politically, the first two decades were dominated by Pindling's PLP, who went on to win a string of electoral victories. Allegations of corruption, links with drug cartels and financial malfeasance within the Bahamian government failed to dent Pindling's popularity. Meanwhile, the economy underwent a dramatic growth period fuelled by the twin pillars of tourism and
offshore finance
, significantly raising the
standard of living
on the islands. The Bahamas' booming economy led to it becoming a beacon for immigrants, most notably from
Haiti
.
[23]
In 1992
, Pindling was unseated by
Hubert Ingraham
of the FNM.
[60]
: p.78
Ingraham went on to win the
1997 Bahamian general election
, before being defeated
in 2002
, when the PLP returned to power under
Perry Christie
.
[60]
: p.82
Ingraham returned to power from 2007 to 2012, followed by Christie again from 2012 to 2017. With economic growth faltering, Bahamians re-elected the FNM in 2017, with
Hubert Minnis
becoming the fourth prime minister.
[23]
In September 2019,
Hurricane Dorian
struck the
Abaco Islands
and
Grand Bahama
at
Category 5
intensity, devastating the northwestern Bahamas. The storm inflicted at least
US$
7 billion in damages and killed more than 50 people,
[72]
[73]
with 1,300 people missing after two weeks.
[74]
The COVID-19 pandemic in The Bahamas was a part of the
COVID-19 pandemic
of coronavirus disease 2019 (
COVID-19
).
[75]
The outbreak was identified in
Wuhan
,
Hubei
, China, in December 2019,
[76]
declared to be a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern
on 30 January 2020,
[77]
and recognised as a
pandemic
by the
World Health Organization
on 11 March 2020.
[78]
It was confirmed to have reached The Bahamas on 15 March 2020 with the announcement of the first case.
[79]
In September 2021, the ruling
Free National Movement
lost to the opposition
Progressive Liberal Party
in a snap
election
, as the economy struggled to recover from its deepest crash since at least 1971.
[80]
[81]
[82]
On 17 September 2021, the chairman of the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)
Phillip "Brave" Davis
was sworn in as the new
Prime Minister of Bahamas
to succeed Hubert Minnis.
[83]
Geography
[
edit
]
The landmass that makes up what is the modern-day Bahamas, lies at the northern part of the
Greater Antilles
region and was believed to have been formed 200 million years ago when they began to separate from the supercontinent
Pangaea
. The
Pleistocene Ice Age
around 3 million years ago, had a profound impact on the archipelago's formation.
The Bahamas consists of a
chain of islands
spread out over some 800 km (500 mi) in the Atlantic Ocean, located to the east of
Florida
in the United States, north of Cuba and
Hispaniola
and west of the British Overseas Territory of the
Turks and Caicos Islands
(with which it forms the
Lucayan archipelago
). It lies between latitudes
20°
and
28°N
, and longitudes
72°
and
80°W
and straddles the
Tropic of Cancer
.
[13]
There are some 700 islands and 2,400 cays in total (of which 30 are inhabited) with a total land area of 10,010 km
2
(3,860 sq mi).
[13]
[23]
Nassau
, capital city of The Bahamas, lies on the island of
New Providence
; the other main inhabited islands are
Grand Bahama
,
Eleuthera
,
Cat Island
,
Rum Cay
,
Long Island
,
San Salvador Island
,
Ragged Island
,
Acklins
,
Crooked Island
,
Exuma
,
Berry Islands
,
Mayaguana
, the
Bimini
islands,
Great Abaco
and
Great Inagua
. The largest island is
Andros
.
[23]
All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is
Mount Alvernia
(formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island at 64 m (210 ft).
[13]
The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions:
Bahamian dry forests
,
Bahamian pine mosaic
, and
Bahamian mangroves
.
[84]
It had a 2019
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
mean score of 7.35/10, ranking it 44th globally out of 172 countries.
[85]
Climate
[
edit
]
According to the
Koppen climate classification
, the climate of The Bahamas is mostly
tropical savannah climate
or
Aw
, with a hot and wet season and a warm and dry season. The low latitude, warm tropical
Gulf Stream
, and low
elevation
give The Bahamas a warm and winterless climate.
[86]
As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. There is only a 7 °C (13 °F) difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. Every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes down from the North American mainland, however there has never been a frost or freeze recorded in the Bahamian Islands. Only once in recorded history has snow been seen in the air anywhere in The Bahamas. This occurred in Freeport on 19 January 1977, when snow mixed with rain was seen in the air for a short time.
[87]
The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Much of the natural vegetation is tropical scrub and cactus and succulents are common in landscapes.
[88]
Tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally impact The Bahamas. In 1992,
Hurricane Andrew
passed over the northern portions of the islands, and
Hurricane Floyd
passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999.
Hurricane Dorian
of 2019 passed over the archipelago at destructive
Category 5 strength
with sustained winds of 298 km/h (185 mph) and wind gusts up to 350 km/h (220 mph), becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record to impact the northwestern islands of Grand Bahama and Great Abaco.
[89]
Geology
[
edit
]
It was generally believed that the Bahamas were formed approximately 200 million years ago, when Pangaea started to break apart. In current times, it endures as an archipelago containing over 700 islands and cays, fringed around different
coral reefs
. The
limestone
that comprises the Banks has been accumulating since at least the
Cretaceous
period, and perhaps as early as the
Jurassic
; today the total thickness under the Great Bahama Bank is over 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles).
[90]
As the limestone was deposited in shallow water, the only way to explain this massive column is to estimate that the entire platform has
subsided
under its own weight at a rate of roughly 3.6 centimetres (2 inches) per 1,000 years.
[90]
The Bahamas is part of the
Lucayan Archipelago
, which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the
Mouchoir Bank
, the
Silver Bank
, and the
Navidad Bank
.
[91]
The Bahamas Platform, which includes The Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the
Blake Plateau
, formed about 150
Ma
, not long after the formation of the North Atlantic. The 6.4 km (4.0 mi) thick
limestones
, which predominate in The Bahamas, date back to the
Cretaceous
. These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the
North American continental crust
. Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the
Gulf Stream
. This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the
Cay Sal Bank
, plus the
Little and Great Bahama Banks
. Sedimentation from the "carbonate factory" of each bank, or
atoll
, continues today at the rate of about 20 mm (0.79 in) per
kyr
.
Coral reefs
form the "retaining walls" of these atolls, within which
oolites
and
pellets
form.
[92]
Coral growth was greater through the
Tertiary
, until the start of the
ice ages
, and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m (118 ft). In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a kilometre seaward of the present one, 30 m (98 ft) below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C (5.4 °F) and the salinity by 0.5 per cent.
Cemented
ooids
are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant
stromatolites
are found off the
Exuma Cays
.
[92]
: 22, 29?30
Sea level changes
resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form
sand dunes
with distinct
cross-bedding
. Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly
lithified
through the action of rainwater, called
eolianite
. Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m (98 to 148 ft), though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m (200 ft) in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps.
[92]
: 41?59, 61?64
Solution weathering
of the limestone results in a "Bahamian
Karst
" topography. This includes
potholes
,
blue holes
such as
Dean's Blue Hole
,
sinkholes
,
beachrock
such as the
Bimini Road
("pavements of Atlantis"),
limestone crust
, caves due to the lack of rivers, and
sea caves
. Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros
Fault
line.
Tidal flats
and
tidal creeks
are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as
Great Bahama Canyon
with the evidence of
turbidity currents
and
turbidite
deposition.
[92]
: 33?40, 65, 72?84, 86
The
stratigraphy
of the islands consists of the
Middle Pleistocene
Owl's Hole
Formation
, overlain by the
Late Pleistocene
Grotto Beach Formation, and then the
Holocene
Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a
terra rosa
paleosoil
, as is the Grotto Beach, unless
eroded
. The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread.
[91]
Government and politics
[
edit
]
The Bahamas is a
parliamentary
constitutional monarchy
, with
King of the Bahamas
Charles III
as head of state represented locally by a
governor-general
.
[13]
Political and legal traditions closely follow those of England and the
Westminster system
.
[23]
The Bahamas is a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations
and
shares
its
head of state
with some other
Commonwealth realms
.
[93]
[94]
The
prime minister
is the
head of government
and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the
House of Assembly
.
[13]
[23]
Executive power
is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the prime minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current governor-general is
Cynthia A. Pratt
, and the current
prime minister
is
The Hon.
Philip Davis
MP
.
[13]
Legislative power
is vested in a
bicameral
parliament
, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the
lower house
), with members elected from
single-member districts
, and a 16-member
Senate
, with members appointed by the governor-general, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the
leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition
, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. As under the Westminster system, the prime minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.
[95]
Constitutional safeguards include
freedom of speech
,
press
,
worship
,
movement
and
association
. The
Judiciary of the Bahamas
is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on
English law
.
[13]
Political culture
[
edit
]
The Bahamas has a
two-party system
dominated by the
centre-left
Progressive Liberal Party
and the
centre-right
Free National Movement
. A handful of other political parties have been unable to win election to parliament; these have included the
Bahamas Democratic Movement
, the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the
Democratic National Alliance
.
[96]
There has been a growing
republican movement in the Bahamas
, particularly since the death of Elizabeth II, with a majority now supporting an elected head of state according to an opinion poll.
[97]
[98]
Foreign relations
[
edit
]
The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in
Washington
and
High Commissioner
in
London
. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the
Caribbean Community
(CARICOM).
[99]
The embassy of the United States in Nassau donated $3.6 million to the Minister for Disaster Preparedness, Management, and Reconstruction for modular shelters, medical evacuation boats, and construction materials. The donation was made two weeks after the one-year anniversary of
Hurricane Dorian
.
[100]
Armed forces
[
edit
]
The Bahamian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF),
[101]
the navy of The Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the
King
, to defend The Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of The Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council.
[102]
The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community (
CARICOM
)'s Regional Security Task Force.
[101]
The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Its duties include defending The Bahamas, stopping
drug smuggling
, illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.
[103]
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
The districts of The Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except
New Providence
(which holds 70 per cent of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the "Local Government Act" to facilitate the establishment of family island administrators, local government districts, local district councillors and local town committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of the central government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 councillors and 281 town committee members elected to represent the various districts.
[104]
Each councillor or town committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency.
The districts other than New Providence are:
[105]
Economy
[
edit
]
In terms of
GDP per capita
, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the
Americas
.
[106]
Its currency (the
Bahamian dollar
) is kept at a 1-to-1
peg
with the
US dollar
.
[16]
The Bahamas relies heavily on
tourism
to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry accounts for about 70% of the Bahamian GDP and provides jobs for about half of the country's workforce.
[107]
The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors.
[108]
After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and
offshore international financial services
, accounting for some 15% of GDP.
[16]
It was revealed in the
Panama Papers
that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies in the world.
[109]
The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified by some as a
tax haven
). The government derives its revenue from import tariffs,
VAT
, licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer.
[110]
In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%.
[2]
Agriculture and manufacturing form the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5?7% of total GDP.
[16]
An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include
onions
,
okra
,
tomatoes
,
oranges
,
grapefruit
,
cucumbers
,
sugar cane
,
lemons
,
limes
, and
sweet potatoes
.
[111]
Access to
biocapacity
in the Bahamas is much higher than world average. In 2016, the Bahamas had 9.2 global hectares
of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.
[113]
In 2016 the Bahamas used 3.7 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their
ecological footprint
of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than the Bahamas contains. As a result, the Bahamas is running a biocapacity reserve.
Transport
[
edit
]
The Bahamas contains about 1,620 km (1,010 mi) of paved roads.
[13]
Inter-island transport is conducted primarily via ship and air. The country has 61 airports, the chief of which are
Lynden Pindling International Airport
on New Providence,
Grand Bahama International Airport
on Grand Bahama Island and
Leonard M. Thompson International Airport
(formerly Marsh Harbour Airport) on Abaco Island.
Demographics
[
edit
]
The Bahamas had a population of 407,906 at the 2018 Census, of which 25.9% were 14 or under, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of ?2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population.
[114]
The
infant mortality rate
is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010).
[2]
The latest official estimate (as at 2022) is 400,516.
The most populous islands are
New Providence
, where
Nassau
, the capital and largest city, is located;
[115]
and
Grand Bahama
, home to the second largest city of
Freeport
.
[116]
Racial and ethnic groups
[
edit
]
According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being
Black
, 4.7%
White
and 2.1% of a
Mixed
(African and European).
[117]
Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was native European and 26% native African.
[117]
Since the colonial era of plantations,
Africans
or
Afro-Bahamians
have been the largest ethnic group in The Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in
West Africa
. The first Africans to arrive to The Bahamas were freed slaves from
Bermuda
; they arrived with the
Eleutheran Adventurers
looking for new lives.
[118]
The
Haitian
community in The Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to The Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014.
[119]
The white Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the
English Puritans
and
American Loyalists
escaping the
American Revolution
who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively.
[120]
Many Southern Loyalists went to the
Abaco Islands
, half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985.
[121]
The term
white
is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as some light-skinned Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term
Conchy Joe
to describe people of Anglo descent. Generally, however, Bahamians self-identify as white or black along the lines similar to the distinction made in the US.
[122]
A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population are
Greek Bahamians
, descended from
Greek
labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s.
[123]
They make up less than 2% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct
Greek Bahamian
culture.
[124]
[125]
Other ethnic groups in the Bahamas include Asians and people of Spanish and Portuguese origin.
[126]
Religion
[
edit
]
Religion in The Bahamas (2010)
[127]
Other Christian (1.3%)
Unaffiliated (3.1%)
Other religion (1.1%)
The islands' population is predominantly
Christian
.
[16]
[23]
Protestant
denominations collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with
Baptists
representing 35% of the population,
Anglicans
15%,
Pentecostals
8%,
Church of God
5%,
Seventh-day Adventists
5% and
Methodists
4%. There is also a significant
Roman Catholic
community accounting for about 14%.
[128]
Jews
in the Bahamas have a history dating back to the
Columbus
expeditions, where
Luis De Torres
, an interpreter and member of Columbus' party, is believed to have been
secretly Jewish
. Today, there is a small community with about 200 members, according to census data, although higher estimates place this figure at 300.
[129]
[130]
[131]
Muslims
also have a minority presence. While some slaves and free Africans in the colonial era were Muslim, the religion was absent until around the 1970s, when it experienced a revival. Today, there are about 300 Muslims.
[132]
[131]
There are also smaller communities of
Baha?is
,
Hindus
,
Rastafarians
and practitioners of traditional African religions such as
Obeah
.
[131]
Languages
[
edit
]
The
official language
of The Bahamas is English. Many people speak an
English-based creole language
called
Bahamian dialect
(known simply as "dialect") or "Bahamianese".
[133]
Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage.
[134]
[135]
Both are used as
autoglossonyms
.
[136]
Haitian Creole
, a
French-based creole language
is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as
Creole
[2]
to differentiate it from Bahamian English.
[137]
Education
[
edit
]
According to 2011 estimates, 95% of the Bahamian adult population are literate.
The
University of the Bahamas
(UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout The Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016.
[138]
Culture
[
edit
]
The culture of the islands is a mixture of African (Afro-Bahamians being the largest ethnicity),
British
and
American
due to historical family ties, migration of freed slaves from the United States to The Bahamas, and as the dominant country in the region and source of most tourists).
[23]
A form of African-based folk magic is practised by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of The Bahamas.
[139]
The practice of
obeah
is illegal in The Bahamas and punishable in law.
[140]
In the outer islands also called Family Islands, handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called "straw", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items.
[141]
Junkanoo
is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every
Boxing Day
and
New Year's Day
. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day.
[23]
Regattas
are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned
work boats
, as well as an onshore festival.
[142]
Many dishes are associated with
Bahamian cuisine
, which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the "Pineapple Fest" in Gregory Town,
Eleuthera
or the "Crab Fest" on Andros. Other significant traditions include
story telling
.
Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some major writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and
Winston Saunders
.
[143]
[144]
The best-known folklore and legends in The Bahamas include the
lusca
and
chickcharney
creatures of Andros, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas and the Lost City of
Atlantis
on Bimini Bahamas.
Media
[
edit
]
Symbols
[
edit
]
The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973. Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development.
[13]
The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.
[13]
The coat of arms of The Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a
marlin
and a
flamingo
, which are the national animals of The Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands.
On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the
Santa Maria
of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto:
[145]
Forward, Upward, Onward Together.
The national flower of The Bahamas is the
yellow elder
, as it is endemic to the Bahama islands and it blooms throughout the year.
[146]
Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s?the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the
YWCA
Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there?such as the
bougainvillea
,
hibiscus
and
poinciana
?had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the
United States Virgin Islands
) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands.
[147]
Sport
[
edit
]
Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is
cricket
, which has been played in The Bahamas from 1846
[148]
and is the oldest sport played in the country today. The
Bahamas Cricket Association
was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the
West Indies Cricket Board
, so players are not eligible to play for the
West Indies cricket team
. The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught
track and field
,
basketball
,
baseball
,
softball
,
[149]
volleyball
[150]
and
association football
[151]
where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country, usually from
Jamaica
,
Guyana
,
Trinidad
and
Barbados
. Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval in
Nassau, Bahamas
.
[152]
Whiles the main and only cricket grounds on
Grand Bahama
is the Lucaya Cricket Oval.
[153]
The only other sporting event that began before cricket was
horse racing
, which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from the United States, such as basketball,
[154]
American football
,
[155]
and baseball,
[156]
rather than from the British Isles, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket,
soccer
, and
netball
have proven to be more popular.
Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation.
[157]
However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the
Bahamas Football Association
. In 2013 the Bahamian government has been working closely with
Tottenham Hotspur
of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting The Bahamas in the European market. In 2013, 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an
exhibition match
in The Bahamas, facing the
Jamaica men's national team
.
Joe Lewis
, the owner of the club, is based in The Bahamas.
[158]
[159]
[160]
Other popular sports are
swimming
,
[161]
tennis
[162]
and
boxing
,
[163]
where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as
golf
,
[164]
rugby league
,
[165]
rugby union
,
[166]
beach soccer
,
[167]
and
netball
are considered growing sports.
Athletics
, commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the
sprints
and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to
basketball
due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands.
The Bahamas first participated at the Olympic Games
in 1952, and has sent athletes to compete in every
Summer Olympic Games
since then, except when they participated in the
American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics
. The nation has never participated in any
Winter Olympic Games
. Bahamian athletes have won a total of sixteen medals, all in
athletics
and
sailing
. The Bahamas has won more Olympic medals than any other country with a population under one million.
[168]
The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the
2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup
.
[169]
The Bahamas also hosted the first three editions of the
IAAF World Relays
.
[170]
The nation also hosted the
2017 Commonwealth Youth Games
,
[171]
along with annual events
Bahamas Bowl
[172]
and
Battle 4 Atlantis
.
[173]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
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a
b
c
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. 26 January 2021.
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- ^
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9 December 2015 at the
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, PDF document retrieved 20 April 2014.
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.
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. Retrieved
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. University of Alabama Press. p. 85.
ISBN
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q
r
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.
- ^
"Ethics: Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process"
. FIFA.com. 19 December 2014. Archived from
the original
on 19 December 2014.
- ^
"IAAF/BTC World Relays Bahamas 2017"
.
World Athletics
.
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2021
. Retrieved
4 February
2021
.
- ^
"Bahamas 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games End on High Note"
. bahamaspress.
Archived
from the original on 16 February 2022
. Retrieved
16 February
2022
.
- ^
"This Year's Bahamas Bowl Most-Watched Edition Of Event In Four Years"
.
The Tribune
.
Archived
from the original on 16 February 2022
. Retrieved
16 February
2022
.
- ^
"Star-Studded Field All Set For Battle 4 Atlantis"
.
The Tribune
.
Archived
from the original on 16 February 2022
. Retrieved
16 February
2022
.
Sources
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
General history
- Cash Philip
et al.
(Don Maples, Alison Packer).
The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools
. London: Collins, 1978.
- Miller, Hubert W.
The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647?1670, The William and Mary Quarterly
2 no.1 (January 1945): 33?46.
- Craton, Michael.
A History of The Bahamas
. London: Collins, 1962.
- Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail.
Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People
. Athens:
University of Georgia Press
, 1992
- Collinwood, Dean. "Columbus and the Discovery of Self",
Weber Studies
, Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29?44.
- Dodge, Steve.
Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays
, Tropic Isle Publications, 1983.
- Dodge, Steve.
The Compleat Guide to Nassau
, White Sound Press, 1987.
- Boultbee, Paul G.
The Bahamas
. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990.
- Wood, David E., comp.,
A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817?1980
, Nassau: Department of Archives
Economic history
- Johnson, Howard.
The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom
. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991.
- Johnson, Howard.
The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783?1933
. Gainesville:
University of Florida Press
, 1996.
- Alan A. Block.
Masters of Paradise
, New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998.
- Storr, Virgil H.
Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas
. New York:
Peter Lang
, 2004.
Social history
- Johnson, Wittington B.
Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784?1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society
, Fayetteville:
University of Arkansas
, 2000.
- Shirley, Paul. "Tek Force Wid Force",
History Today
54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30?35.
- Saunders, Gail.
The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s?1920s
. Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996.
- Saunders, Gail.
Bahamas Society After Emancipation
. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990.
- Curry, Jimmy.
Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie
. Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996.
- Curry, Jimmy.
To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song
. Royal Crown Records, 1985.
- Collinwood, Dean.
The Bahamas Between Worlds
, White Sound Press, 1989.
- Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge.
Modern Bahamian Society
, Caribbean Books, 1989.
- Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood.
The Bahamas Index
, White Sound Press, 1989.
- Collinwood, Dean. "The Bahamas", in
The Whole World Handbook 1992?1995
, 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
- Collinwood, Dean. "The Bahamas", chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed.,
Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record
, Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986.
- Collinwood, Dean. "Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty", in
Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean
, UNESCO, No. 48, 1982.
- Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, "The National Literature of the New Bahamas",
Weber Studies
, Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43?62.
- Collinwood, Dean. "Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean",
Tsuda Review
, No. 31 (November) 1986: 45?57.
- Collinwood, Dean. "Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society",
Journal of Caribbean Studies
, Vol. 1, Nos. 2?3 (Winter) 1981: 284?297.
- Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. "Political Leadership in the Bahamas", The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987.
External links
[
edit
]
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