Northern English vernacular native to Lancashire
The
Lancashire dialect
(or colloquially,
Lanky
) refers to the
Northern English vernacular speech
of the
English county
of
Lancashire
. The region is notable for its tradition of poetry written in the dialect.
Scope of Lancashire dialect
[
edit
]
Lancashire emerged during the
Industrial Revolution
as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred
mill towns
and collieries and by the 1830s, approximately 85% of all
cotton
manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.
[1]
It was during this period that most writing in and about the dialect took place, when Lancashire covered a much larger area than it does today (at least from an administrative point of view?the historic county boundary remains unchanged). The administrative county was subject to significant boundary changes in 1974,
[2]
which removed
Liverpool
and
Manchester
with most of their surrounding conurbations to form part of the
metropolitan counties
of Merseyside and Greater Manchester.
[3]
At this time, the detached
Furness Peninsula
and Cartmel (Lancashire over the Sands) were made part of
Cumbria
, and the
Warrington
and
Widnes
areas became part of Cheshire.
The linguist Gerard Knowles noted that Lancashire dialect was still spoken in the city of Liverpool in 1830, before the period of mass immigration from Ireland that led the dialect of the city to change radically.
[4]
Modern Liverpool speech is usually treated as a separate dialect, named
Scouse
. In the post-war era, migration to other towns in Merseyside, and also to the
new towns
created at
Runcorn
,
Skelmersdale
and
Warrington
, has led to an expansion in the area in which Scouse is spoken, as the next generation acquired Scouse speech habits that often displaced the traditional Lancashire or Cheshire dialects of the area.
[5]
The area transferred in 1974 to modern Cumbria, known as "Lancashire over the sands", is sometimes also covered as in scope of
Cumbrian dialect
: for example,
The Cumbrian Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore
was written by the Barrovian William Robinson and included this area.
[6]
As there was mass migration in the 19th century to Barrow-in-Furness from
Ireland
,
Staffordshire
, the
Black Country
,
Scotland
and nearby rural areas, it has (like Liverpool) developed a
dialect different from the surrounding rural area
.
[6]
In recent years, some have also classified the speech of Manchester as a separate
Mancunian
dialect, but this is a much less established distinction. Many of the dialect writers and poets in the 19th and early 20th century were from Manchester and surrounding towns.
[7]
Pronunciation
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
January 2023
)
|
Lancashire uses rhotic pronunciation.
[8]
Grammar
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
January 2023
)
|
History and research
[
edit
]
Dialect division in the 19th century
[
edit
]
Alexander John Ellis
, one of the first to apply phonetics to English speech, divided the county of Lancashire into four areas. Three of these four were considered North Midland in his categorisation of dialects, whereas the fourth (mostly the section that is in modern Cumbria, known as "Lancashire over the sands") was considered Northern. Dialect isoglosses in England seldom correspond to county boundaries, and an area of Lancashire could have a dialect more similar to an area of a neighbouring county than to a distant area of Lancashire.
Ellis expressly excluded the Scouse dialect of Liverpool from the areas below, although his Area 22 included some sites in modern Merseyside (e.g. Newton-le-Willows, Prescot).
[9]
Ellis often spoke of "the Lancashire U" in his work.
[10]
This was similar to the
?
in other Northern and North Midland dialects but was actually a more centralised
??
. In addition, the dialects he studied were all
rhotic
at the time of writing.
Dialect area number
|
Dialect area name
|
Distinctive characteristics
|
Sites in Lancashire
|
Areas of other counties in same dialect area
|
21
|
Southern North Midland
[11]
|
??
in MOUTH words.
?ŋk
for the present participle.
|
Bury
,
Failsworth
,
Manchester
,
Moston
,
Oldham
,
Patricroft
,
Royton
,
Rochdale
,
Stalybridge
|
Parts of
north-east Cheshire
and
north-west Derbyshire
|
22
|
Western North Midland
[12]
|
eː
in FACE words.
??
in GOAT words, although
??
occurs in words such as "coal" and "hole".
??
in some FLEECE words (e.g. "speak").
|
Blackburn
,
Bolton
,
Burnley
,
Clitheroe
,
Colne Valley
,
Earlestown
,
Farington
,
Halliwell
,
Haslingden
,
Higham
,
Hoddlesden
,
Leigh
,
Leyland
,
Mellor
,
Newton-le-Willows
,
Ormskirk
,
Penwortham
,
Prescot
,
Sabden
,
Samlesbury
,
Skelmersdale
,
Walton-le-Dale
,
Warrington
,
Westhoughton
,
Whalley
,
Wigan
,
Worsthorne
|
None. Ellis said that he considered including the Yorkshire sites of
Halifax
,
Huddersfield
,
Marsden
and
Saddleworth
in this area, but decided to include them in area 24 instead.
|
23
|
Northern North Midland
[13]
|
a?
in MOUTH words.
??
in PRICE words.
|
Abbeystead
,
Blackpool
,
Garstang
,
Goosnargh
,
Kirkham
,
Poulton-le-Fylde
,
Preston
,
Wyresdale
|
Isle of Man
|
31
|
West Northern
[14]
|
ia in FACE words. e? in FLEECE words. a? in PRICE words. i? in GOOSE words. ?u in MOUTH words.
|
Broughton-in-Furness
,
Cark-in-Cartmel
,
Caton
,
Cockerham
,
Coniston
,
Dalton
,
Heysham
,
High Nibthwaite
,
Hornby
,
Lancaster
,
Lower Holker
,
Morecambe
,
Newton-in-Furness
,
Quernmore
,
Skerton
,
Ulverston
|
All of
Westmorland
,
south and central Cumberland
,
south Durham
and
northwest Yorkshire
|
[notes 1]
Dialect glossaries
[
edit
]
A number of dialect glossaries were published in the 18th and 19th Centuries, often by
philologists
who were interested in the old words retained in certain dialects.
- Glossary of provincial words used in the neighbourhood of Ashton-under-Lyne
, Mr. Barnes, 1846.
- Glossary of provincial words used in the neighbourhood of Ormskirk
, W Hawkstead Talbot, 1846.
- The Dialect of South Lancashire, or Tom Bobbin's Tummus and Meary; with his rhymes and an enlarged glossary of words and phrases, chiefly used by the rural population of the manufacturing districts of South Lancashire
,
Samuel Bamford
, 1854.
- A Glossary of the Dialect of the Hundred of Lonsdale, North and South of the Sands, in the County of Lancaster; together with an essay on some leading characteristics of the dialects spoken in the six northern counties of England (ancient Northumbria)
, JC Atkinson, 1869.
- A Glossary of the Words and Phrases of Furness (North Lancashire)
, RB Peacock, London Phil. Soc. Trans., 1869.
- A Glossary of Rochdale-with-Rossendale Words and Phrases
, H Cunliffe, 1886.
- A Blegburn Dickshonary
, J Baron, 1891.
- A Grammar Of The Dialect Of Adlington (Lancashire)
, Karl Andrew Hargreaves, 1904.
- A Grammar Of The Dialect Of Oldham (Lancashire)
, Karl Georg Schilling, 1906.
Of these, only the works on Oldham and Adlington contain any phonetic notation, and this was in a slightly different code to the modern
IPA
.
Dialect
|
Reference
|
Short vowels
|
Long vowels
|
Diphthongs
|
Triphthongs
|
Adlington
|
Hargreaves, 1904
[15]
|
a ? e ? ? ? o ?
|
aː ?: eː ?ː iː ?: uː oː ?ː
|
a?ː aːe eiː iː? ?? ??ː ??ː u? ?iː
|
a??
|
Oldham
|
Schilling, 1906
[16]
|
a e ? ? ? o ?
|
aː eː iː ?: uː oː ?ː
|
a? e? ?? a? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? u? ??
|
|
Survey of English Dialects and related research
[
edit
]
Led by
Harold Orton
at the
University of Leeds
, the
Survey of English Dialects
surveyed 313 sites across England, the Isle of Man and some bordering areas of Wales in the 1950s and early 1960s. The Survey recorded the dialect used in fourteen sites in Lancashire. These sites were mostly rural. A second phase, researching more urban areas, had been planned from the outset but financial problems meant that this second phase never occurred and the Survey's coverage was mostly confined to rural parts of England.
[17]
The fieldworkers for the sites were
Stanley Ellis
and Peter Wright.
[18]
The latter was a native of Fleetwood and wrote his PhD on the dialect, using his father as the principal informant.
[19]
In 1981, Wright published a book
The Lanky Twang: How it is spoke
that explained the dialects of Lancashire through a series of illustrations, often humorous.
[20]
The table below shows the sites as reported in Book 1 of the Survey's outputs for the northern counties.
[21]
Code
|
Site
|
Date survey administered
|
Number of informants
|
Fieldworker
|
Tape recording made
|
La13
|
Bickerstaffe
, west Lancashire
|
28 June ? 1 July 1955
|
2
|
Stanley Ellis
|
No
|
La2
|
Cartmel
, modern south Cumbria
|
28 May ? 6 June 1954
|
3
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, not survey respondent
|
La1
|
Coniston
, modern south Cumbria
|
20?25 April 1955
|
2
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La4
|
Dolphinholme
, near
Lancaster
|
21?25 May 1954
|
3
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La11
|
Eccleston
, near Chorley
|
23?26 March 1954
|
3
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La5
|
Fleetwood
|
1954 intermittently
|
4
|
Peter Wright
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La14
|
Halewood
, near Liverpool
|
29 March ? 3 April 1954
|
3
|
Stanley Ellis
|
No
|
La12
|
Harwood
, near
Bolton
|
16?23 February 1954
|
2
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La10
|
Marshside
,
Southport
|
8?13 April 1954
|
4
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La6
|
Pilling
, Fylde coast
|
24?29 January 1952
|
3
|
Peter Wright
|
No
|
La9
|
Read
, near
Burnley
|
3?7 March 1954
|
2
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La8
|
Ribchester
, between
Blackburn
and
Preston
|
11?17 March 1954
|
4
|
Stanley Ellis
|
Yes, survey respondent
|
La7
|
Thistleton
, on
the Fylde
near
Blackpool
|
19?23 January 1952
|
4
|
Peter Wright
|
No
|
La3
|
Yealand
, near
Lancaster
|
20?25 April 1955
|
2
|
Stanley Ellis
|
No
|
There were several other monographs written by dialectologists by Harold Orton's department at the University of Leeds, including some urban areas such as
Bury
,
Middleton
,
St. Helens
and
Southport
. These are now contained in the Archive of Vernacular Culture at the Brotherton Library in Leeds.
[22]
Modern research
[
edit
]
Bolton area
[
edit
]
Graham Shorrocks, a linguist from
Farnworth
, conducted a series of research projects on the dialect of the Bolton area. These were consolidated into two linked books named
A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area
, published in 1998 and 1999.
In addition, the Harwood area of Bolton, which had been a site in the Survey of English Dialects, was made into a site for the Europe-wide linguistic project
Atlas Linguarum Europae
.
[23]
John C. Wells
, who grew up in
Up Holland
,
[24]
[25]
made some passing comments on Lancastrian speech (mostly on the southern parts of the county) in his 1982 series of books,
Accents of English
.
- In central Lancashire, words such as
coal
and
hole
are pronounced with the
??
vowel, giving
k??l
and
??l
.
[26]
- In southern parts of Lancashire such as the Bolton and Oldham areas, the MOUTH vowel is
??
or
??
. This can be heard clearly in the pronunciation of the word 'roundabout' in these areas.
[27]
- In much of the area around Manchester, the GOOSE vowel is fronted
?:
.
[27]
- The lexical sets for NURSE and SQUARE are both realised with the same vowel
?:
.
[28]
This is known as the
square?nurse merger
, although (as in most of the North of England) many NURSE words are pronounced with a short schwa
?
so that
curse
is pronounced
k?s
in non-rhotic areas.
[29]
- The final vowel in words such as
happy
and
city
is a short
?
rather than the
i:
of most other English dialects.
[30]
- The word
one
is usually pronounced
w?n
rather than the
w?n
of Received Pronunciation or the
w?n
in other parts of Northern England.
[30]
- In the southern half of Lancashire, there is no
NG-coalescence
, so words such as
finger
and
singer
rhyme.
[31]
- Rhoticity
persists residually in some areas of Lancashire, though non-rhoticity certainly characterises the more urban areas around Liverpool, Manchester or Wigan.
[32]
Rhoticity in Lancashire has been increasingly giving way to non-rhoticity since the second half of the 20th century.
[33]
- The consonants
p,
t,
k
are usually not post-aspirated (as they are in most other dialects) in the Pennine valleys, for example around Burnley.
[34]
The Dialects of England
regions
[
edit
]
The linguist
Peter Trudgill
specified a "Central Lancashire" dialect region, defined particularly by its rhoticity, around Blackburn, Preston and the northern parts of Greater Manchester. He classified the county of Merseyside, excluding the St Helens borough and Southport as another dialect region, grouped most of Greater Manchester in the "Northwest Midlands" region, and grouped the non-rhotic northern parts of Lancashire in with Cumbria and most of Yorkshire in the "Central North" region.
[35]
BBC Voices Survey
[
edit
]
In 2005 and 2006,
[36]
the BBC, working with the
University of Leeds
, undertook a survey of the speech of the country.
[37]
The recordings are now available on the British Library's website.
[38]
An accompanying book,
Talking for Britain: a journey through the voices of a nation
, was published in 2005; the author noted that the speech of Lancashire in 2005 differed markedly from "the impenetrable tracts of rural Lancastrian that the Survey of English Dialects found in the 1950s".
[39]
Other research
[
edit
]
Academic analysis of the corpus of Lancashire dialect writing and poetry has continued into the 21st century. Areas of research include identifying the
syntax
of the dialect,
[40]
[41]
[42]
methods of oral performance,
[43]
[44]
the
lexicography
of dialect words,
[45]
and the relationship between dialect and
social class in the United Kingdom
.
[46]
[47]
Culture
[
edit
]
Poetry and other literature
[
edit
]
Graham Shorrocks wrote that Lancashire has been the county with the strongest tradition of dialect poetry since the mid-19th century.
[48]
Many of these gave commentaries on the poverty of the
working class
at the time and occasional political sentiments: for example, the ballad
Joan of
Grinfilt
portrayed an unemployed handloom worker who would rather die as a soldier in a foreign war than starve at home.
[49]
Vicinus argued that, after 1870, dialect writing declined in quality owing to "cliches and sentimentality".
[50]
Writing in 1999, Shorrocks argues that "Many dialect writers nowadays cannot speak dialect, or cannot speak it in any convincing fashion, and much of what is written seems exhausted, poor, and, crucially, detached from living speech.
[51]
Lancashire dialect writing, at least in the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, often drew on
Lancashire folklore
.
The Lancashire Authors Association was founded in 1909 and still exists for writers in the dialect, producing an annual paper called
The Record
.
[51]
Some dialect poets include:
- Benjamin Brierley
(often known as Ben Brierley) (1825?1896) was a writer in Lancashire dialect; he wrote poems and a considerable number of stories of Lancashire life. He began to contribute articles to local papers in the 1850s and in 1863 he definitely took to journalism and literature, publishing in the same year his
Chronicles of Waverlow
.
- John Collier, writing under the name
Tim Bobbin
, published more than 100 editions of "A View of the Lancashire Dialect".
- Sam Fitton of Rochdale (1868?1923)
- Nicholas Freeston
(1907?1978) was an English poet who spent most of his working life as a weaver in cotton mills near his home in Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire. He published five books of poetry, occasionally writing in Lancashire dialect, and won 15 awards including a gold medal presented by the president of the United Poets' Laureate International.
[52]
- Samuel Laycock
(1826?1893) was a dialect poet who recorded in verse the vernacular of the Lancashire cotton workers.
- Joseph Ramsbottom (1831?1901)
- Margaret Rebecca Lahee
(10 May 1831 ? 14 June 1895), was an Irish Lancashire dialect writer from the 19th century who wrote in prose rather than verse.
[53]
- Thomas Thompson
was a Lancashire dialect author and BBC broadcaster. Born in Bury in 1880, he lived there all his life until his death in 1951. He published 16 books on Lancashire people and their communities, published by
George Allen and Unwin
. In 1950, he was awarded an honorary master's degree by Manchester University for his scholarly contribution to dialect literature.
- Edwin Waugh
whose most famous poem was "Come whoam to thi childer an' me", written in 1856.
[54]
- Michael Wilson of Manchester (1763?1840) and his sons Thomas and Alexander.
[55]
Dialect poets have occasionally appeared on the BBC since its establishment. Sam Smith featured on the radio in the 1920s.
[56]
In the 2010s, BBC radio programmes analysed the Manchester Ballads (which featured dialect)
[57]
and reported on contemporary poets that kept the tradition of dialect poetry alive.
[58]
[59]
In April 2011,
Pendle Borough Council
printed phrases from local dialect poems on stone-cube artworks in the area.
[60]
In November 2016, Simon Rennie from Exeter University announced his collection of Lancashire dialect poetry from the time of the
Lancashire Cotton Famine
of 1861?65.
[61]
He said, "It's fascinating how people turned to and used poetry, in their local languages, to express the impact events so far away were having on them."
[61]
Organizations and media
[
edit
]
The Lancashire Dialect Society was founded in 1951;
The Journal of the Lancashire Dialect Society
has included articles on the Survey of English Dialects and on the dialects of Germany, Switzerland and the United States.
[62]
The society collected a library of publications relating to dialect studies which was kept at the John Rylands University Library of Manchester from 1974 onwards.
[63]
This collection was afterwards taken away and deposited at the Lancashire County Library in Preston.
The Lancashire Authors' Association
is devoted to the study of Lancashire literature, history, traditions and dialect.
[64]
The
Association’s library collection
was founded in Horwich in 1921 and contains dialect works by authors including
Edwin Waugh
,
Samuel Laycock
and Teddy Ashton. The collection has been housed at public libraries across Lancashire, and was moved to the
University of Bolton
Library in 2021.
[65]
Various newspapers in Lancashire and the magazine
Lancashire Life
have included content relating to the Lancashire dialect. R. G. Shepherd contributed many articles interesting both for their philosophy and their excursions into local dialect to
The West Lancashire Gazette
and
The Fleetwood Chronicle
. Dialect has also featured in
The Bolton Journal
,
The Leigh Reporter
and
The Lancashire Evening Post
as well as in "Mr. Manchester's diary" in
The Manchester Evening News
.
[66]
Between 1979 and 2015, the
North West Sound Archive
contained a range of records in Lancashire dialect (as well as Cumberland and Westmorland dialect). The Archive closed owing to financial reasons in 2015, and its materials were relocated to the
Manchester Central Library
,
Liverpool Central Library
, and the
Lancashire Archives
.
[67]
In film
[
edit
]
Films from the early part of the 20th century, particularly those produced by
Mancunian Films
, often contain Lancashire dialect: the films of
George Formby
,
Gracie Fields
and
Frank Randle
are some examples.
[68]
The 2018 film
Peterloo
used reconstructed Lancashire dialect from the early 19th century, based on the works of Samuel Bamford, who was portrayed in the film.
[69]
In music
[
edit
]
Similarly, in music, the Lancashire dialect is often used in regional folk songs. The folk song "Poverty Knock"
[70]
is one of the best-known songs of such nature, describing life in a Lancashire cotton mill.
[71]
The
Houghton Weavers
is a band formed in 1975 that continues to sing in Lancashire dialect.
[72]
In 1979, the Houghton Weavers presented a series on local folk music on BBC North West entitled
Sit thi deawn
.
[73]
The band
the Lancashire Hotpots
, from
St Helens
, have also used the Lancashire dialect in their work, particularly for humor.
[74]
Notes and references
[
edit
]
- ^
Ellis was writing before the
lexical sets
devised by
John C. Wells
, but these sets are used here for comparisons with other articles on Wikipedia. Ellis's equivalent was a system of letters as represented in early West Saxon speech.
- ^
Gibb, Robert (2005).
Greater Manchester: a panorama of people and places in Manchester and its surrounding towns
. Myriad. p. 13.
ISBN
1-904736-86-6
.
- ^
George, D. (1991)
Lancashire
- ^
Local Government Act 1972. 1972, c. 70
- ^
Knowles, Gerard (1973).
Scouse: the urban dialect of Liverpool
. p. 17.
- ^
Crosby, Alan (2000).
The Lancashire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore
. pp. xviii?xix.
- ^
a
b
Robinson, William (1997).
The Cumbrian Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore
. Smith Settle. p. xiii.
ISBN
1858250668
.
- ^
Crosby, Alan (2000).
The Lancashire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore
. p. xiv.
- ^
Set out below in the Modern Research section
- ^
Knowles, Gerard (1973).
Scouse: the urban dialect of Liverpool
. p. 18.
- ^
Ellis, Alexander John (1889).
On Early English Pronunciation Volume V
. p. 10.
- ^
Ellis, Alexander John (1889).
On Early English Pronunciation Volume V
. pp. 315?329.
- ^
Ellis, Alexander John (1889).
On Early English Pronunciation Volume V
. pp. 329?351.
- ^
Ellis, Alexander John (1889).
On Early English Pronunciation Volume V
. pp. 351?363.
- ^
Ellis, Alexander John (1889).
On Early English Pronunciation Volume V
. pp. 537?637.
- ^
Hargreaves, Karl Andrew (1904).
A Grammar Of The Dialect Of Adlington (Lancashire)
. p.
2
.
- ^
Schilling, Karl Georg (1906).
A Grammar Of The Dialect Of Oldham (Lancashire)
. Darmstadt, G. Otto's hof-buchdruckerei. p.
15
.
- ^
Frees, Craig (1991).
"The Historiography of Dialectology"
(PDF)
.
Lore and Language
.
10
(2): 71?72
. Retrieved
11 February
2018
.
- ^
Orton, Harold (1962).
Survey of English Dialects: Introduction
. Leeds: EJ Arnold & Son. p. 33.
- ^
Orton, Harold; Halliday, Wilfrid J (1962).
Survey of English Dialects: Volume 1 Basic Material, Six Northern Counties and Man: Part 1
. Leeds: EJ Arnold & Son. pp. 21?22.
- ^
Wright, Peter (1981),
The Lanky Twang: How it is spoke
, Lancaster: Dalesman
- ^
Orton, Harold; Halliday, Wilfrid J (1962).
Survey of English Dialects: Volume 1 Basic Material, Six Northern Counties and Man: Part 1
. Leeds: EJ Arnold & Son. pp. 20?25.
- ^
"Student Research Papers"
. University of Leeds
. Retrieved
19 January
2020
.
- ^
Shorrocks, Graham (1980).
A Grammar of the Dialect of Farnworth and District
(PDF)
. p. 35.
- ^
"J C Wells - personal history"
. Archived from
the original
on 5 December 2008
. Retrieved
14 August
2008
.
- ^
Wells, John (16 March 2012).
"John Wells's phonetic blog: English places"
.
- ^
Wells, John C. (1982),
Accents of English 2: The British Isles
, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 358,
ISBN
0-521-29719-2
- ^
a
b
Wells, John C. (1982),
Accents of English 2: The British Isles
, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 359,
ISBN
0-521-29719-2
- ^
Wells, John C. (1982),
Accents of English 2: The British Isles
, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 361,
ISBN
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Boardman, Harry & Lesley, eds. (1973)
Folk Songs & Ballads of Lancashire
. London: Oak Publications
ISBN
0-86001-027-9
- Kershaw, Harvey (1958)
Lancashire Sings Again: a collection of original verses
. Rochdale: Harvey Kershaw
- Pomfret, Joan, ed. (1969)
Lancashire Evergreens: a hundred favourite old poems
. Brierfield, Nelson: Gerrard
ISBN
0-900397-02-0
- Pomfret, Joan, ed. (1969)
Nowt So Queer: new Lancashire verse and prose
. Nelson: Gerrard
- Just Sithabod: dialect verse from "Lancashire Life"
. Manchester: Whitethorn Press, 1975 (dedicated to "Lancastrians learning English as a second language")
- The Journal of the Lancashire Dialect Society
(no. 15, January 1966, contains an index to no. 1?14)
[1]
- Holcroft, Fred (November 1997).
Lancashire English
. London: Abson Books.
ISBN
0-902920-97-9
.
- Elmes, Simon (September 2006).
Talking for Britain
. Penguin.
ISBN
978-0-14-102277-2
.
Sound recordings
[
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]
External links
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The society was founded in 1951 at Manchester by George Leslie Brook, professor of English language and medieval English literature (The Journal, no. 10).