Kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139?1910)
The
Kingdom of Portugal
[3]
was a
monarchy
in the western
Iberian Peninsula
and the predecessor of the modern
Portuguese Republic
. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
after 1415, and as the
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the
Portuguese Empire
, the realm's overseas colonies.
The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the
County of Portugal
, established in the 9th century as part of the
Reconquista
, by
Vimara Peres
, a vassal of the
King of Asturias
. The county became part of the
Kingdom of Leon
in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the
battle of Sao Mamede
. The kingdom was ruled by the
Afonsine Dynasty
until the
1383?85 Crisis
, after which the monarchy passed to the
House of Aviz
.
During the 15th and 16th century,
Portuguese exploration
established a vast
colonial empire
. From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in
personal union
with
Habsburg Spain
.
After the
Portuguese Restoration War
of 1640?1668, the kingdom passed to the
House of Braganza
and thereafter to the
House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony,
Brazil
. After the
independence of Brazil
, Portugal sought to establish itself
in Africa
, but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the
1890 British Ultimatum
, eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the
5 October 1910 revolution
and the establishment of the
First Portuguese Republic
.
Portugal was an
absolute monarchy
before 1822. It alternated between absolute and
semi-constitutional monarchy
from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall.
History
[
edit
]
Origins
[
edit
]
The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the
County of Portugal
(1096?1139). The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the
Kingdom of Leon
. Independence from Leon took place in three stages:
- The first on 26 July 1139 when
Afonso Henriques
was acclaimed
King of the Portuguese
[4]
internally.
- The second was on 5 October 1143, when
Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile
recognized Afonso Henriques as king through the
Treaty of Zamora
.
- The third, in 1179, was the
Papal Bull
Manifestis Probatum
, in which Portugal's independence was recognized by
Pope Alexander III
.
Once Portugal was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of the
Portuguese House of Burgundy
, would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links.
Medieval history (1139?1415)
[
edit
]
Renaissance and early modern history (1415?1777)
[
edit
]
Modern history (1777?1910)
[
edit
]
Fall of the Monarchy
[
edit
]
With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and the influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the
Lisbon Regicide
on 1 February 1908. While returning from the
Ducal Palace
at
Vila Vicosa
,
King Charles
and the
Prince Royal
Luis Filipe
were assassinated in the
Terreiro do Paco
, in
Lisbon
. With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son would become monarch as
King Manuel II
. Manuel's reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with the
5 October 1910 revolution
, sending Manuel into exile in the
United Kingdom
and giving way to the
Portuguese First Republic
.
On 19 January 1919, the
Monarchy of the North
was proclaimed in
Oporto
. The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since.
After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of the empire became overseas provinces of the
Portuguese Republic
until the late 20th century, when the last overseas territories of Portugal were handed over. Most notably in
Portuguese Africa
which included the overseas provinces of
Angola
and
Mozambique
of which the handover took place in 1975, and finally in Asia the handover of
Macau
in 1999.
Rulers
[
edit
]
Gallery
[
edit
]
Flags
[
edit
]
-
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1495?1521)
-
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521?1578)
-
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521?1640)
-
Secondary flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1616?1640)
-
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1640?1667)
Coat of arms
[
edit
]
Shields
[
edit
]
-
Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1185?1248)
-
Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1248?1385)
-
Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1385?1481)
-
Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1481?1495)
See also
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
J. Havighurs, Robert (1969).
Society and Education in Brazil
. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 142.
ISBN
978-0822974079
.
Catholicism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Portugal
- ^
a
b
Reilly, Bernard F. (1993).
The Medieval Spains
. Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
ISBN
978-0521397414
. Retrieved
11 October
2019
.
The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometers by 1300 [...] Portugal swollen to 90,000 square kilometers and perhaps 800,000 inhabitants [...]
- ^
(
Latin
:
Regnum Portugalliae
;
Portuguese
:
Reino de Portugal
)
- ^
Wilner, Hero, Weiner, p. 190
References
[
edit
]
- Joaquim Verissimo Serrao,
Historia de Portugal: Do mindelo a regeneracao (1832?1851)
.
- Jose Mattoso, Antonio Manuel Hespanha,
Historia de Portugal 4: O Antigo Regime (1620?1807)
, (1998)
ISBN
972-33-1311-1
.
- Simao Jose da Luz Soriano,
Historia da Guerra Civil e do estabelecimento do governo parlamentar em Portugal: comprehedendo a historia diplomatica, militar e politica d'este reino desde 1777 ate 1834
Volume 9 (1893).
- Jacinto de Sao Miguel (Frei), Martinho Augusto Ferreira da Fonseca,
Mosteiro de Belem: Relacao da insigne e real casa de Santa Maria de Belem
(1901).
- Mark Willner, George Hero, Jerry Weiner,
Global History Volume I: The Ancient World to the Age of Revolution
(2006)
ISBN
978-0-7641-5811-7
.
- Douglas L. Wheeler,
Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910?1926
(1998)
ISBN
978-0-299-07454-8
.
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1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent
invasion by Indonesia
. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
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