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???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??; ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? - ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????
[??]
[??]
?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?.? ??????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
????????????? ???????
????????? ????????
????????? ???????
???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????,???? ???
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??? ???,
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??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? (?? ????? ???) ???? ?????????
[??]
?????????? ??? ?????????????????????? ????????
[
????????
]
?????????? ????????? ????
[
????????
]
?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????
[
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]
???? "????????????? ???????"-?? ???????????? ?????
[
????????
]
???????????????
[
????????
]
????????????
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????????
]
???????? ??????
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????????
]
????????? ????????
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]
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[
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????????? ????
[
????????
]
- ↑
Pinet, Paul R. (????)?
Invitation to Oceanography
?
Paleoceanography
?
30
? Jones & Barlett Learning? ?????? 220?
????????
978-0-7637-5993-3
?
- ↑
"Microsoft Word ? ext_abstr_East_sea_workshop_TLM.doc"
(
PDF
)
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
?
- ↑
"Researchers predict Mediterranean Sea level rise ? Headlines ? Research ? European Commission"
? Europa? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
?
- ↑
David Abulafia (????)?
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
?
Oxford University Press
?
- ↑
Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248?257 (
online
). London: The Grolier Society.
- ↑
Davidson, Tom (?? ?????? ????)?
"Archaeologists discover 3,600-year-old shipwreck that sunk in a storm"
?
mirror
? ???????? ????? ? ?? ????
?
- ↑
"Turkish archaeologists discover world's 'oldest' Bronze Age shipwreck off Antalya coast"
?
DailySabah
? ? ?????? ????
? ???????? ????? ? ?? ????
?
- ↑
"Turkey: 3,600-year-old shipwreck found in Mediterranean"
?
www.aa.com.tr
? ???????? ????? ? ?? ????
?
- ↑
Couper, Alastair (????)?
The Geography of Sea Transport
? ?????? 33?37?
????????
978-1-317-35150-4
?
- ↑
Balard, Michel (????)? Bull, Marcus Graham; Edbury, Peter; Phillips, Jonathan, ??????????
The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 ? Defining the Crusader Kingdom
? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 23?35?
????????
978-0-521-78151-0
?
- ↑
Housley, Norman
(????)?
Contesting the Crusades
? Blackwell Publishing? ??????
152
?54?
????????
978-1-4051-1189-8
?
- ↑
Brundage, James (????)?
Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
? Routledge? ?????? 273?
????????
978-1-135-94880-1
?
- ↑
Robert Davis (? ???????? ????)?
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500?1800
? Palgrave Macmillan?
????????
978-0-333-71966-4
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
? Bbc.co.uk
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
C.I. Gable ?
Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??????? ???? ?????? -
Boglewood Timeline
? 1998 ? Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ↑
"History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived"
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?
Sephardic Studies and Culture
? Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ↑
Robert Guisepi ?
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders
[???????????!]
? 1992 ?
History World International
? Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ↑
See: Brian Lavery "Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793?1815" (2013).
- ↑
Mary Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3 July 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal ? die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkampft" In: Neue Zurcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.
- ↑
"Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action"
?
Al Jazeera ? English
? ?? ??????? ????
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?
- ↑
"Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard
'
"
?
EUobserver
? ?? ??????? ????
? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
"Novruz Mammadov: The Mediterranean become a burial ground"
?
- ↑
"Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015"
?
UNHCR ? The UN Refugee Agency
? ?? ???????? ?????
- ↑
"What will Italy's new government mean for migrants?"
?
The Local Italy
? ?? ?? ?????
- ↑
"African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals"
?
Reuters
? ?? ????? ?????
- ↑
Vella, Andrew P. (????)?
"Mediterranean Malta"
(??????)
?
Hyphen
?
4
(5): 469?472? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
Harald Krachler "Alois Negrelli, der Suezkanalplaner" In: Wiener Zeitung 18 January 1999.
- ↑
Ryan, William B. F. (????)? "Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis"?
Sedimentology
?
56
(1): 95?136?
??????????
52266741
?
?????
:
10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01031.x
?
??????
:
2009Sedim..56...95R
?
- ↑
William Ryan (????)?
"Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis"
(??????)
?
Stratigraphy
?
5
(3?4): 229? ? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Estrada, F.; Jimenez-Munt, I.; Gorini, C.; Fernandez, M.; Verges, J.; De Vicente, R. (????)? "Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis"?
Nature
?
462
(7274): 778?781?
??????????
205218854
?
?????
:
10.1038/nature08555
?
????????
20010684
?
??????
:
2009Natur.462..778G
?