???????

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	; ?????? , ??? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????
?????? ????
????	?????? ???????? ( ????? ??? ??? )
??????	8,848 ????? (29,029 ???)
????????	27°59′17″N 86°55′31″E / 27.98806°N 86.92528°E
?????
	????????? ?????????? ???????
???????	List ??????????? ; ????? ; ?????? ; ??? ; ???????? ; ????? ; ????????? ;

??????? ????????? ? ( ?????? : Himalaya Mountains ; pron.: / ? h ? m ? ? l e? . ? / ?? / h ? ? m ?ː l ? j ? / ; ^[1]^[2] ??????? : ???????? : ?????? ) , ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? '???' ??? '????' - ?? ???? ???? ???? '???????' ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? '???? ??'? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? , ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????

?????-????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[3]

????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? (??,??? ???)? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???? ?,??? ????? (??,??? ???) ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ^[4] ???????? ?, ??? ????? (??, ??? ???) ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????:

?????? ???????? - ?,??? ????? (29,029 ???)
????? ?????? (??2) - ?,??? ????? (28,251 ???)
??????????? - ?,??? ????? (28,169 ???)
?'??? - ?,??? ????? (27,940 ???)
?????? - ?,??? ????? (27,762 ???)

???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?, ??? ?????? (???? ????) ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? (?????? ???????-????????? ??????) ??? ?????? ( ?????? - ??????? ?????? ??????) ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??-????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ??? ???????? ( ??????? ) ??????? ?????????? ???? ????

???????, ?????????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? , ?????????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???-????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? (????? ?????? ????) ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????'??? ???? ???? ????? ^[5]

??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???-????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???-???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? '?'?' ???????? ???? '????'? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ^[6]^[7]

??-?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??-?????(????????? ?????) ?????? (?????????? ?????)-? ?????? ??? ???? ????

??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? '????? ???????'? ?????? ??????? ???, '?????-????????????? ?????' ??? '?????????? ?????'? ??????????? ????? ???? '????????? ??????'? (orogeny ) ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? 'fold mountain' ???? ????

?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????-????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???, ?? ?????-????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????-????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????

??????????? '?????-????????????? ?????' ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?????

??????'?'?? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????-?????????? ???????? '???????? ??????' ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ( ?????????? ), ???? ( ??????? ), ?????? ( ?????? ???????? ?????) ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????

???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????:

?????? ???? ???????? ?????? '?????? ???????' ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? '?????' ??? '???' ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????-???????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????: ?????, ????? , ??? ??? ?????? ?

???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? '????-??????????? ??? ???????'? ???? , ??????????? , ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? '??????? ????? ???'???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?-????? ???????? ???????? ^[8]

??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????????

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?,??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?’ (??? ???? ??????) ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????’? ?’(??? ???? ??????) ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? (???????? ???????)? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????’???? ???? (????? ???????), ????? ???? (???? ??? ???? ???????? ????) ??? ?????’ ???? (?????)? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?,??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ^[9]

???????? ???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? '???? ?????'? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? , ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ^[10]

??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????, ?????-?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??, ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?, ???? ???? ?.? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?.? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ^[11]

???????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

'????????', ???????? ???? '??????? ???????'? ???????? ?????????

??????? ???????? ????? ???, ????: ???? , ??????????? , ?????? , ?????? , ???? , ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? , ???????? , ????? , ??? , ???? , ????? , ???????? , ?????????? , ??????????? , ??????????? , ?????????????? , ??????????? , ??????????? , ???????? , ????????? , ??????????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????

??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????-????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? , ??? , ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???, ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???’ ??????? ???? ??? ??, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ^[12] ????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ^[13] ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ^[14] ????????, ????????, ????????, ?????, ??????????, ??????, ?????? ?????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ "Definition of Himalayas" . Oxford Dictionaries Online . http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0378930#m_en_gb0378930 ? ???? ??? ????: 2011-05-09 .
↑ "Definition of Himalayas" . Free Online Encyclopedia . http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Himalayas ? ???? ??? ????: 2011-05-09 .
↑ A site which uses this dramatic fact first used in illustration of "deep time" in John McPhee's book Basin and Range
↑ Yang, Qinye (2004). Himalayan Mountain System . ISBN 978-7-5085-0665-4 . http://books.google.com/?id=4q_XoMACOxkC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA23&dq=%22South+Tibet+Valley%22 ? ???? ??? ????: 2007-08-07 .
↑ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. 'Archaea'. eds. E.Monosson & C.Cleveland, Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC.
↑ Kala, Chandra Prakash Kala (2011). Medicinal Plants and Sustainable Development . ??????? New York: Nova Science Publishers. ??????. 280. ISBN 9781617619427 .
↑ Kala, C.P. (2012). Biodiversity, Communities and Climate Change . ??????? New Delhi: Teri Publications. ??????. 358.
↑ "Sunderbans the world’s largest delta" . gits4u.com . http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm .
↑ Drews, Carl. Highest Lake in the World "Highest Lake in the World" . http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html%7CThe Highest Lake in the World ? ???? ??? ????: 2010-11-14 .
↑ Devitt, Terry (3 May 2001). "Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau" . University of Wisconsin?Madison News . http://www.news.wisc.edu/6138 ? ???? ??? ????: 1 November 2011 .
↑ Gravgaard, Anna-Katarina (2009-12-13). "Nepalis note climate change" . Global Post . http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/091208/nepal-glaciers-climate-change .
↑ Pommaret, Francoise (2006). Bhutan Himlayan Mountains Kingdom (5th edition) . Odyssey Books and Guides. ??????. 136?7.
↑ Tibetan monks: A controlled life . BBC News. March 20, 2008.
↑ Mosques in Lhasa, Tibet . People's Daily Online. October 27, 2005.

??????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

Aitken, Bill , 'Footloose in the Himalaya', Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. ISBN 81-7824-052-1
Berreman, Gerald Duane, 'Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change', 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997.
Bisht, Ramesh Chandra, 'Encyclopedia of the Himalayas', New Delhi, Mittal Publications, c2008.
'Everest', the IMAX movie (1998) . ISBN 0-7888-1493-1
Fisher, James F., 'Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal', 1990. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990. ISBN 0-520-06941-2
Gansser, Augusto , Gruschke, Andreas , Olschak, Blanche C., 'Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples', New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. ISBN 0-8160-1994-0 and New Delhi: Bookwise, 1987.
Gupta, Raj Kumar, 'Bibliography of the Himalayas', Gurgaon, Indian Documentation Service, 1981
Hunt, John , 'Ascent of Everest', London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. ISBN 0-89886-361-9
Isserman, Maurice and Weaver, Stewart, 'Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes'. Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-11501-7
Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, 'The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation'. London / New York, Routledge, 1989. ISBN 0-415-01157-4
Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., 'The Himalaya, Aspects of Change'. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1981. ISBN 0-19-561254-X
Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., 'Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya', Almora, GBPIHED, 2006.
Palin, Michael , 'Himalaya', London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Illustrated, 2004. ISBN 0-297-84371-0
Swami Sundaranand , 'Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu'. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (August 2001) . ISBN 81-901326-0-1
Swami Tapovan Maharaj , 'Wanderings in the Himalayas', English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust, 1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai.
Tilman, H. W. , 'Mount Everest, 1938', Cambridge University Press, 1948.
‘The Mighty Himalaya: A Fragile Heritage, ’ National Geographic , 174:624-631 (November 1988) .

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

The Digital Himalaya research project at Cambridge and Yale
The making of the Himalaya and major tectonic subdivisions
Geology of the Himalayan mountains
Birth of the Himalaya
Some notes on the formation of the Himalaya
Pictures from a trek in Annapurna (film by Ori Liber)
Geology of Nepal Himalaya
South Asia's Troubled Waters Journalistic project at the Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting

???????? : 28°00′N 82°00′E / 28°N 82°E / 28; 82

[1] "Definition of Himalayas" . Oxford Dictionaries Online . http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0378930#m_en_gb0378930 ? ???? ??? ????: 2011-05-09 .

[2] "Definition of Himalayas" . Free Online Encyclopedia . http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Himalayas ? ???? ??? ????: 2011-05-09 .

[3] A site which uses this dramatic fact first used in illustration of "deep time" in John McPhee's book Basin and Range

[4] Yang, Qinye (2004). Himalayan Mountain System . ISBN 978-7-5085-0665-4 . http://books.google.com/?id=4q_XoMACOxkC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA23&dq=%22South+Tibet+Valley%22 ? ???? ??? ????: 2007-08-07 .

[5] C.Michael Hogan. 2010. 'Archaea'. eds. E.Monosson & C.Cleveland, Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC.

[6] Kala, Chandra Prakash Kala (2011). Medicinal Plants and Sustainable Development . ??????? New York: Nova Science Publishers. ??????. 280. ISBN 9781617619427 .

[7] Kala, C.P. (2012). Biodiversity, Communities and Climate Change . ??????? New Delhi: Teri Publications. ??????. 358.

[8] "Sunderbans the world’s largest delta" . gits4u.com . http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm .

[9] Drews, Carl. Highest Lake in the World "Highest Lake in the World" . http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html%7CThe Highest Lake in the World ? ???? ??? ????: 2010-11-14 .

[10] Devitt, Terry (3 May 2001). "Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau" . University of Wisconsin?Madison News . http://www.news.wisc.edu/6138 ? ???? ??? ????: 1 November 2011 .

[11] Gravgaard, Anna-Katarina (2009-12-13). "Nepalis note climate change" . Global Post . http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/091208/nepal-glaciers-climate-change .

[Pommaret-12] Pommaret, Francoise (2006). Bhutan Himlayan Mountains Kingdom (5th edition) . Odyssey Books and Guides. ??????. 136?7.

[13] Tibetan monks: A controlled life . BBC News. March 20, 2008.

[14] Mosques in Lhasa, Tibet . People's Daily Online. October 27, 2005.

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