?????? ?????????
(
??????
:
Ottoman Empire
) ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? '?????? ?????????'; ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????-??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????-?????? ????'?????? ??? ????? (???????? ????? ??????) ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????
Imperial Ottoman State
- ???? ???? ???????
- Devlet-i ?Al?ye-i ?Osm?n?ye
|
1299?1922
|
Coat of arms
(1882?1922)
|
Motto:
- ???? ??? ???
- Devlet-i Ebed-muddet
- "The Eternal State"
|
Anthem:
|
|
Status
|
Empire
|
Capital
|
- So?ut
- (
c.
1299?1331)
- Nicaea (?znik)
- (1331?1335)
- Bursa
- (1335?1363)
- Adrianople (Edirne)
- (1363?1453)
- Constantinople (present-day Istanbul)
- (1453?1922)
|
Common languages
|
- Ottoman Turkish (dynastic, official)
- Persian (diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, taught in state schools)
- Arabic (liturgical language; among Arabic-speaking citizens)
- Greek (some of the sultans and among Greek-speaking community)
- Chagatai (decrees in the 15th century)
- French (Foreign language among educated people in post-Tanzimat/the late empire)
- many others
|
Religion
|
- Sunni Islam (state)
- School: Hanafi
- Creed: Maturidi
|
Demonym(s)
|
Ottoman
Ottoman Turkish
|
Government
|
- Absolute monarchy (1299?1876; 1878?1908; 1920?1922)
- Caliphate (1517?1924)
- Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1876?1878; 1908?1920)
- Under an authoritarian one-party military dictatorship (1913?1918)
|
|
Sultans :
? c. 1299?1323/1324 (first)
|
Osman I
|
? 1918?1922 (last)
|
Mehmed VI
|
|
Caliphs:
? 1517?1520 (first)
|
Selim I
|
? 1922?1924 (last)
|
Abdulmejid II
|
|
Grqnd Vizier :
? 1320?1331 (first)
|
Alaeddin Pasha
|
? 1920?1922 (last)
|
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
|
Legislature
|
Imperial Council(until 1876; 1878?1908)General Assembly(1876?1878; 1908?1920)None, rule by decree(1920?1922)
|
? Unelected upper house
|
Chamber of Notables(1876?1878; 1908?1920)
|
? Elected lower house
|
Chamber of Deputies(1876?1878; 1908?1920)
|
History
|
|
|
? Founded
|
c.
?1299
|
? Interregnum
|
1402?1413
|
? Transformation to empire
|
1453
|
? 1st Constitutional
|
1876?1878
|
? 2nd Constitutional
|
1908?1920
|
? Raid on the Sublime Porte
|
23 January 1913
|
? Sultanate abolished
|
1 November 1922
|
? Republic of Turkey established
|
29 October 1923
|
? Caliphate abolished
|
3 March 1924
|
Area
|
1481
|
1,220,000 km
2
(470,000 sq mi)
|
1521
|
3,400,000 km
2
(1,300,000 sq mi)
|
1683
|
5,200,000 km
2
(2,000,000 sq mi)
|
1913
|
2,550,000 km
2
(980,000 sq mi)
|
Population
|
|
? 1912
|
24,000,000
|
Currency
|
Various: Akce, Para, Sultani, Kuru?, Lira
|
Preceded by
|
Succeeded by
|
|
Sultanate of Rum
|
|
Anatolian beyliks
|
|
Byzantine Empire
|
|
Kingdom of Bosnia
|
|
Second Bulgarian Empire
|
|
Despotate of Lovech
|
|
Serbian Despotate
|
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
|
Kingdom of Croatia
|
|
League of Lezhe
|
|
Mamluk Sultanate
|
|
Hafsid Kingdom
|
|
Aq Qoyunlu
|
|
Hospitaller Tripoli
|
|
Kingdom of Tlemcen
|
|
Empire of Trebizond
|
|
Principality of Samtskhe
|
|
Despotate of the Morea
|
|
Zeta
|
|
Principality of Theodoro
|
|
Turkey
|
|
Hellenic Republic
|
|
Caucasus Viceroyalty
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
|
Revolutionary Serbia
|
|
Albania
|
|
Kingdom of Romania
|
|
Principality of Bulgaria
|
|
Eastern Rumelia
|
|
Emirate of Asir
|
|
Kingdom of Hejaz
|
|
OETA
|
|
Mandatory Iraq
|
|
French Algeria
|
|
British Cyprus
|
|
French Tunisia
|
|
Italian Tripolitania
|
|
Italian Cyrenaica
|
|
Sheikhdom of Kuwait
|
|
Kingdom of Yemen
|
|
Sultanate of Egypt
|
|
|
??? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???, ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????'?? (???????
?????????
) ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???
??????
???? ?????????? ??????? ?????
???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???, ??????? ???????, ?'? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ( Khedivate of Egypt)? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ????????????? ????? (Aceh Sultanate) ??? ????? ?????? "??????"? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???, ????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ???????
????? ???????????
?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ????????
???????
???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????
?????? ????????
????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????