????? ???

????? ???
( ?????????? : Thomas Mann )?
??????? ?????
??? ???????	??? ????? ???
???????	6 ????? 1875 ; ????? ? ???????
??????	6 ????? 1955 (80 ???) ; ????? ? ??????
??? ??????	?? ????
??????	???????
???????	???????
??? ??	?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ‏? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ‏
??????	????? ??? (?12 ????? 1955)
???????	????? ??? ; ????? ??? ; ?????? ??? ; ??????? ???
????	????? ????? ??????? ??? ‏
???? ??????	??????? ???
?????? ???????
????? ??????	????? ???
??????	1896?1954
?????	??? ??????
????????	?????
??????? ????	????? ?????? ??????????? ; ????? ????? ???????
??????	???? ? ?????
?????	????? ?????????? ????????
????? ????	?????????
??????	?????????
???? ?????	????? ? ????
???? ??	????? ????????
????? ?????	??? ?? ????????
???????
	????? ???? ?? ????? 1929
???????
???????
IMDB	????? ??? IMDB
	????? ?????
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ????? ??? ( ?????????? : Thomas Mann ) ???? ?????? ??? ?? 6 ????? 1875 ????? ?? 6 ????? 1955 ?? ????? . ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 1929. ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? 1971 ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ^[3]

???? ????? ??? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ≪?? ????????≫.

?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1929 ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? "????????" ????? "?????" ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????: ≪??? ????? ???.≫ ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ≪????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.≫ ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? 26 ????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? Buddenbrooks ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??. ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 40 ???.

?????? ?? ???????? [ ??? ]

Bildunterschrift: Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift: ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1918? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ≪??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????.≫ ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 1922 ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ≪????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.≫ ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ≪????????? ?????????≫. ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????.

?????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? 1930 ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? "??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1933 ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? 1936. ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????.

????? ??? ??? ???? [ ??? ]

Bildunterschrift: Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift: ???? ????? ??? ≪????? ??????≫

??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? (Goethe). ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????: ≪??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.≫

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ https://www.tum.de/die-tum/aktuelles/pressetermine/detail/article/30502/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "????? ??? ?????? ????" (???????????). nobelprize. Archived from the original on 2 ????? 2018 . Retrieved 24 ?????? 2013 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( help )
^ Kurzke, Hermann (2002). Thomas Mann: Life as a work of art: A biography. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07069-5 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? .
????? ??? ??? ???? IMDb (??????????)
????? ??? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
????? ??? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)
????? ??? ??? ???? MusicBrainz (??????????)
????? ??? ??? ???? Internet Broadway Database (??????????)
????? ??? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)
????? ??? ??? ???? Discogs (??????????)
????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (??????????)

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ???

????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:

[wikidata-00cc467847f757b749c4535ac1d0db063f1a0eaa-1] ttps://www.tum.de/die-tum/aktuelles/pressetermine/detail/article/30502/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[2] "????? ??? ?????? ????" (???????????). nobelprize. Archived from the original on 2 ????? 2018 . Retrieved 24 ?????? 2013 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( help )

[3] Kurzke, Hermann (2002). Thomas Mann: Life as a work of art: A biography. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07069-5 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

? ? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???
??????	????????. ??? ?????? ????? (1901) ??????? (1903) ????? ????? (1903) ????? ?? ???????? (1913) ????? ?????? (1918) ????? ??????? (1930) ???? ?????? (1933-1948) ???? ?? ?????? (1939) ????? ??????? (1947) ??????? (1951) ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? (1954) ?????? ??????? (1954)
??? ?????	????? ??????? ?????? (1898) ?????? (1898)
??????	?????? ?????? ?????? (1915) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? (1918) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (1949)
????? ????	????? ?????? ??????????? (1938) ????? (???????!) (1943) ??????? ???????? (1945)
????? \| ?????

? ? ? ??? ????? ?????????
???? ????	???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? .
????? 16	???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
????? 17	???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? .
????? 18	????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????
????? 19	?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????
????? 20	?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????

? ? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????
1901?1925	???? ???? ?????? (1901) ?????? ????? (1902) ???????????? ???????? (1903) ?????? ??????? / ????? ????????? (1904) ????? ????????? ( 1905 ) ?????? ???????? (1906) ??????? ?????? (1907) ????? ???? ( 1908 ) ???? ??????? (1909) ??? ??? ???? (1910) ????? ???????? (1911) ?????? ???????? (1912) ?????????? ????? (1913) ????? ????? (1915) ???? ??? ????????? (1916) ???? ??????? / ????? ?????????? (1917) ???? ?????? (1919) ???? ????? (1920) ?????? ????? (1921) ??????? ????????? (1922) ?????? ???? ???? (1923) ????????? ?????? (1924) ???? ?????? ?? (1925)
1926?1950	??????? ?????? (1926) ???? ?????? (1927) ?????? ?????? (1928) ????? ??? (1929) ?????? ???? (1930) ???? ???? ??????? (1931) ??? ??????? (1932) ????? ????? (1933) ????? ????????? (1934) ????? ????? (1936) ???? ?????? ?? ??? (1937) ???? ??? (1938) ????? ????? ??????? (1939) ?????? ????? ???? (1944) ???????? ??????? (1945) ????? ???? (1946) ?????? ??? (1947) ?. ?. ????? (1948) ?????? ????? (1949) ???????? ???? (1950)
1951?1975	??? ????????? (1951) ?????? ?????? (1952) ?????? ????? (1953) ????? ??????? ( 1954 ) ?????? ?????? (1955) ???? ????? ??????? (1956) ????? ???? (1957) ????? ???????? (1958) ????????? ????????? (1959) ??? ??? ???? (1960) ???? ??????? (1961) ??? ???????? (1962) ???????? ????? (1963) ??? ??? ????? (??? ???????) (1964) ??????? ??????? (1965) ?????? ???? ????? / ???? ???? (1966) ???? ???? ???????? (1967) ???????? ??????? (1968) ????? ????? (1969) ??????? ?????????? (1970) ????? ?????? (1971) ??????? ??? (1972) ?????? ???? (1973) ????? ?????? / ???? ???????? (1974) ??????? ??????? (1975)
1976?2000	??? ???? (1976) ?????? ?????????? (1977) ???? ???? (1978) ?????? ?????? (1979) ??????? ????? (1980) ????? ?????? (1981) ??????? ?????? ?????? ( 1982 ) ?????? ?????? (1983) ???????? ????? (1984) ???? ????? (1985) ???? ?????? (1986) ???? ??????? (1987) ???? ????? (1988) ?????? ????? ???? (1989) ??????? ??? (1990) ????? ???????? (1991) ???? ?????? (1992) ???? ??????? (1993) ???????? ??? (1994) ????? ???? (1995) ??????? ????????? (1996) ????? ?? (1997) ????? ???????? (1998) ????? ???? (1999) ??? ????????? (2000)
2001? ??? ????	??????? ??????????? ????? (2001) ????? ?????? (2002) ??? ??????? ?????? ( 2003 ) ??????? ?????? (2004) ?????? ???? (2005) ?????? ????? (2006) ????? ?????? (2007) ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? (2008) ????? ???? (2009) ????? ?????? ???? (2010) ????? ?????????? (2011) ?? ??? (2012) ???? ????? (2013) ?????? ??????? (2014) ???????? ??????????? (2015) ??? ???? (2016) ????? ???????? (2017) ????? ????????? (2018) ???? ?????? (2019) ???? ???? (2020) ??? ?????? ???? (2021) ??? ???? ( 2022 ) ??? ???? (2023)

? ? ? ???? ??????
?????	???? ?????? ?? ????? (????) (1862-63) ???????? (????) (1863) ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? (1886) ??? ???? ??????? (?????) (1887) ???? ?????? (????) (1889) ????? ???? (1896) Verklarte Nacht (1899) Le bonheur de vivre (1905-1906) ????? ????? (1907) ???? ????? (1910) Afternoon of a Faun ^{[???? ????]}‏ (1912) ??? ???? ????? ??? 2 (1912) ????? ?? ????? ??????? (?????) (1913?1927) ????? (?????) (1915) Fountain (1917) ?????? ??????? ???????? (1920) ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? (1921) ????? (?????) (1922) ????? ?????? (1922) ????? ?????? (1924) ??????? ??????? (????) (1925) ?? ???? ????? (1926) The Threepenny Opera (1928) ??? ?????? (1929) ???? ????? (1931) ?????? ?????? (1936) ??? ?????? (1936) ?? ?????? ???? (1953)
Literature	???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??. ??. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????
????? ???????	??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? Luca Caragiale ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?. ?. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? F. S. Flint ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
?? ????	????? ????? ??? ??? Balthus ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? Charles Camoin ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? Othon Friesz ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? Pyotr Konchalovsky ?????? ?????? Andre Lhote ?????? ????? ?????? ???? Albert Marque Ilya Mashkov ??? ?????? (????) ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? Colin McCahon ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? (????) ?????? ???? ???? ????? (????) ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? Henri Ottmann Francis Picabia ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? Odilon Redon ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? Rene Schutzenberger ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? Henriette Tirman ???? ????? ????? Louis Valtat ?????? ????? ????? ???
??????	George Antheil ?????? ????? Jean Barraque ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? Harry Partch ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? Luigi Russolo ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? Edgard Varese ????? ????? ???? ??? Iannis Xenakis
????	?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? Erwin Piscator ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????
?????	?????? ?????? Anton Giulio Bragaglia ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? Viking Eggeling ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? Isidore Isou ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? Marcel L'Herbier ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? Georg Wilhelm Pabst Vsevolod Pudovkin ??? ?????? Walter Ruttmann ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? Robert Wiene
??? ????	???? ???????? ????? ????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ Clotilde von Derp Sergei Diaghilev ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? Hanya Holm ????? ????? Leonide Massine ?????? ???????? Alwin Nikolais Alexander Sakharoff ??? ??? Anna Sokolow ??? ???? ????? Helen Tamiris Charles Weidman ???? ??????
????? ???????	????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? Hans Poelzig ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????
?????? ??????	????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ???? ???? ?????? Ashcan School ?????? ??????? ??? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? Die Brucke ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? Fourth dimension in art Fourth dimension in literature ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? Late modernity Lettrism List of art movements List of avant-garde artists List of modernist poets ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? Neo-Dada ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? Postminimalism ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? Second Viennese School Structural film ??????? ????? Synchromism Tonalism

? ? ? ????? ????? ????
1927?1940	????? ????? (1927) ????? ??????? (1928) ??????? ????? (1929) ??????? ????? (1930) ??????? ???? (1931) ?????? ???????? (1932) ?????? ???? (1933) ???? ??????? (1934) ?????? ??????? (1935) ???? ????? (1936) ????? ????? ????????? (1937) ???? ?????? (1938) ???? ??? (1939) ????? ????? (1940)
1941?1964	?????? ???? (1941) ?????? ??? (1942) ???? ????? (1945) ????? ???? (1946) ???? ?????? (1947) ????? ??? ????? (1948) ????? ??? (1949) ???? ???????? (1952) ?????? ????? (1954) ???? ???? (1955) ???? ??????? ??? ??????? (1958) ????? ????? (1960) ????? ??????? (1961) ???? ???????? (1964)
1967?2005	????? ???? (1967) ???? ????? (1970) ???? ????? (1973) ?????? ?????? (1976) ????? ???? (1979) ????? ????? (1982) ???? ??? (1985) ???? ????? (1988) ??????? ????????? (1991) ????? ???????? (1994) ???? ???? (1997) ??????? ??? (1999) ?????? ??????? (2002) ????? ??? (2005)
2008???? ????	???? ???? (2008) ?????? (2011) ???? ??? ??? (2014) ????? ??????? (2017) ???? ??? ??? (2020)