????? ????

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هذه مقالةٌ جيّدةٌ، وتعد من أجود محتويات ويكيبيديا. انقر هنا للمزيد من المعلومات.
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  ≪????≫ ??????? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ???? (?????) .
  ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? (?????) .
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( ?????????? : Martin Luther )?  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1559) في ويكي بيانات
???? ??? 1533
??????? ?????
??? ??????? ( ?????????? : Martin Luder )?  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1477) في ويكي بيانات
??????? 10 ?????? 1483 ( 1483-11-10 )
?????? ? ???????????? ?????????
?????? 18 ?????? 1546 (62 ???)
?????? ? ???????????? ?????????
????????? 11 ?????? 1483  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1636) في ويكي بيانات
??????? ???????
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??????? ????????
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??????? ????? ???????? ????????
?????? ???? ???????
?????? ???????
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
???????? ?? ?????? ??????
??????? ???? ????? ?????? (???????: ??????? ) (1501?1505)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P69) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ????? [1] ?   ????? ????? [2] [1] ?   ?????? ????? ?  ?????    [???? ????] ‏ [3] [4] ?   ?????? ?   ?????? ?????? ??????     [???? ????] ‏?   ????? ??????     [???? ????] ‏ [5] ?   ????? ????? ?   ??????? [1] ?   ??? [1] ?   ????? [6] ?   ?????? ?   ????? ?   ????? [7]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P106) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ????????? ?   ??????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1412) في ويكي بيانات
???? ????? ????? ?   ?????? ?   ?????? ?????????? ?   ???? ?   ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P101) في ويكي بيانات
???? ?? ????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P108) في ويكي بيانات
??? ?????? ??????? ????????????
????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P800) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ?????? ????????? ?   ?????? ?????????? ?   ????????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P135) في ويكي بيانات
???????
???????
IMDB ????? ??? IMDB [8]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P345) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

????? ???? (10 ?????? 1483 - 18 ?????? 1546) ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? [9] ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ?? ??? 1517 ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ≪?????? ?????? ???????≫? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 1520 ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????????.

???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? [10] ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? [11] ??????? ??? ????? ???????. [12] ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? .

???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? [13] ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. [14] ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? [15] ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? . [16]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????.

??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 10 ?????? 1483 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? [17] ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 1484? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. [18] [19]

???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? 1497? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 1498. [20] ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ≪?????? ???????≫ ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? 1501 ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????. [21] [22] ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. [23] ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? 1505.

???? ?? ??????? ???????????.

????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 1505? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? [23] ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ≪???? ?????≫ ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? [24] ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??. [24]

??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? 2 ????? 1505? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???. [25] ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? 17 ????? 1505 [26] ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. [27]

??????? ??????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????. [28] ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. [29] [30] ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? -???? ???????- ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? 1507 ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? 1508 ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? [31] ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? 9 ???? 1508? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? 1509? [32] ??? 19 ?????? 1512 ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 21 ?????? 1512 ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. [33]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??????? ????? ????????
??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? 31 ?????? 1517? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? .

?? ??? 1516 ????? ????? ????? -?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????- ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? . [34] ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? -?? ?????? ?????- ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [35] ?? 31 ?????? 1517 ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? [36] ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? [37] ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? 86? ????? ????? ????: ≪ ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ≫. [37] ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. [38]

???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ≪???????? ???????≫ ???????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? 1518 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? [39] ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? 1519? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? -??? ??????? ????? ????????- ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ? [40] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 1520? ???: ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? .

???????? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???? ????

??? ???? 1510 ?1520 ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? -?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????- ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. [41] ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. [42]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 1525 ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? 1524 ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (8: 2-10) ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????? -??? ????- ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. [43] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ≪??? ???? ?? ????≫? ??? ??????? ≪???? ????≫ ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. [44] ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????: [45]

???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? (???? 3: 24-25)? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (????? 1: 29) ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? (?????? 6: 53)? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? (???? 3: 23-25)? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? .

?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. [46] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ≪????? ????????≫ ??????? ????? ???? ≪????? ????? ?? ???????≫ ???? ≪?? ????≫. [47] and he responded slowly, "with great care as is proper." [48] ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? . [49] ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. [50] ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1518 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [51] [52]

?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ?? ????? 1519 ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? 1519 ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? "???: (18: 16)" ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????.

?? 15 ????? 1520 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? 41 ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? -???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ≪???? ???????≫ ?? ??????- ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? 10 ?????? 1520. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 3 ????? 1521. [53]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???? ?????.

?? 18 ????? 1521 ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? -???? ??? ?? 28 ????? ???? ??? 25 ????- ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? . [???? 1]

???? ????? ??? -??????? ???????? ?? ??????????- ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ≪????? ???? ????≫? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????. [54] [55]

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? -???? ????? ???????? ???????- ?? 25 ???? 1521? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ≪??????? ??? ??????≫? [56] ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????.

?? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????.

??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????. [57] [58]

???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ?? 1 ????? 1521 ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????: ≪"?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????.≫ [59] ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? -???? ????? ?? ???? ???????- ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? "?? ??????? ?? ??????". [60] ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? -?????? ??? ??????- ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. [61]

?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????.

????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? 1521 ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. [62] ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. [63] [64]

?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 6 ???? 1522. ????: ≪???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????≫. [65] ??????? ?? ??? ????? 9 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ≪??????≫ . ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ≪????? ????????≫ ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. [66] ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????: ≪?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????≫. [67] ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. [67]

???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????.

??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????: ≪???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????! ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????≫. [68] ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????. [69]

???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? 1524-1525 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ? [70] ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? 1524? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. [71]

????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? 1525? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. [72] [73] ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ≪??? ?????? ????????≫. [74]

????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ≪ ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ≫? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? (13: 1-7) ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ≪??? ???? ??????? ????????????≫ ???? ??? ≪??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????≫? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????. [75]

??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 15 ???? 1525 ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. [76]

??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? 1523? ???????? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? 41 ?????. ????? ?? 13 ????? 1525. [77] [78]

??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. [79] ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????. [80] ??? ???? ?? 30 ?????? 1524 ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?≪?????? ?????≫? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????.

??? ???? ?? ????? ≪????? ??????≫? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? - ????? 1526? ????????? - ?????? 1527 ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? - 1529 ????? ????? ??? 1542? ?????? - 1531? ???? - ????? 1533? ???????? - 1534. [81] ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? 11 ????? 1526 ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ≪??? ????? ?????? ??????? ≫. [82]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????.

?? ????? 1526 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. [83] [84] ??? ???? 1525 ?1529 ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???. [85] ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? -???? ???? ????? ????- ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. [86] ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 1528 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? -???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????- ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????. [87]

??? ???? -?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????- ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1526? [88] ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????. [89] [90] ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ≪????? ????≫? [91] ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????. [92] ??? ??????? -???? ??? ?? ????? 1527- ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 1529 ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????. [93] [94] ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? -?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????- ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. [95] ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????. [96]

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? 1534.

??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? 1522? [97] ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 1534? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. [98] ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ≪????≫ ??? ???? ≪???????≫ ?? (????: 3: 28) ? [99] ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? -??? ????- ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????. [100]

?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? [101] ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? [102] ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? 1525? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. [103]

???????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? -???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????- ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????. [104] ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ( ?????????? : Ein neues Lied wir heben an) ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 1875. [105] [106]

?? ??? 1524 ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ( ?????????? : Wir glauben all an einen Gott) ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. [104] ??? ??? 1538 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. [107]

?? ??? 1523 ?????? ???? ?? ??????? 130 ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ( ??? ??????? : Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir) ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? 67 ???? ??????? 51? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. [108] ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? 1540 ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ( ??? ??????? : Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam) ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? [104] ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??????? .

?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? [109] [110] ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. [111] ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. [112] ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. [113] [114] ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. [115]

?? ?????? 1529 ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? [116] ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 14 ?? ??? 15 ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? - ?? ??????????? - ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. [117]

????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? [118] [119] ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???. [120] ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 1530 ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????. [121] [122]

?? ????? ????? 1537 ??? ?????? ??????? -??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????- ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. [123] ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? . [124] ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????. [125]

???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? . [126] ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? . ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? -??? ???? ???? ????- ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 4 ???? 1540 ?? ??????? ??? ??????. [127]

?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ≪?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????≫? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. [128]

???? ???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????????????? ????????

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? . [129] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? 1518 ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? . [130] ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 1526 ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ≪???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????≫. [131] [132]

??? 1542 ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? [133] ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ≪????????≫ ?? ≪???????≫. [134] ??? ??? ??? ??????? ≪????? ???????≫? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????: ≪???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????≫. [135] [136]

?????? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ???? ??????? ???????
??????? ???????: ???????? ??????? ??????
???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? .

??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. [137] [138] ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ? [139] ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????. [140] ?? ??? 1523 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. [141]

???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 60,000 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ( ??? ??????? : Von den Juden und Ihren Lugen) ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ( ??? ??????? : Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi) ??????? ???? ??? 1543 ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. [142] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ≪???? ???????≫? [143] [144] ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ???? ??? ?? ≪???? ?? ????? ??? ?????≫? ????? ?? ≪?? ????? ??? ?????≫. [145] ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? [146] ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ≪??????? ????????≫ ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? [147] [148] [149] [150] ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ????. [151] ??? 10 ?????? 1938 -??????? ?? ??? ????- ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? -??? ???? ??????- ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? -??? ???? ???? ?????- ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ≪?? ?????? ?????????≫. [152]

?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???????. [153] [154]

????? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ≪???????≫ ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????????. [155]

??????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? [156] ????? ?? ??? 1531 ???? 1546 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. [157] ?? ??? 1536 ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? 1544? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? . [157]

?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????.

????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????: ≪??? ??? ????? ??????≫. [158] ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 15 ?????? 1546? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. [159] ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???. [160] ?? 17 ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????: ≪?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????≫. ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? 31: 5? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ??? 1.00 ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????: ≪???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????≫? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????: ≪???≫. ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 2:45 ?????? ??? 18 ?????? 1546 ??? ?? ????? 62 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????. [161] [162] ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? - ???? ???? - ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. [162]

????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ≪ ??? ??????? ???? ????.≫ [163] [164]

????? ???? ???? ?? 18 ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? 31 ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

?????
????? ?????????? 		????? ??????? ??????? ?????
?????? ?? ??????? ???????
Eynn Sermon von dem Ablasz unnd Gnade 		1518 ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.
??? ???? ?? ?????
Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott 		1529 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.
??? ????? ?? ???????
Vom Kriege wider die Turken 		1528 ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.
??????? ?????? 1529 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????.
????? ?????? ?????? 1534 ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??????.
?? ?????? ???????
De Servo Arbitrio 		1525 ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.
?? ?????? ????????
Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen 		1520 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? "???? ????? ???? ".
??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? 1520 ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? . ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? .
??????? ??????
Der Kleine Katechismus 		1529 ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????.
????? ???????
Vom Anbeten des Sakraments des heiligen leichnams Christi 		1523 ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? .
??? ?? ??? ??? ??????- ?? ?????????
Sakrament des Leibes and Blutes Christi wider die Schwarmgeister 		1526 ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????. "?????????" ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???.
????? ??????
Theologia Crucis 		1518 ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????.
??????? ????? ????????
Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum 		1517 ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????.
??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation 		1520 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
Vom Abendmahl Christi, Bekenntnis 		1528 ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????.
??????? ??? ?????????
Zwei-Reiche-Lehre 		1528 ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.
???? ??????
Formula missae 		1523 ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????.
?????? ????????
Deutsche Messe 		1526 ???? ???? ??? ?????????? .
?? ??????
Wider die rauberischen und morderischen Rotten der Bauern 		1526 ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.
?????? ??? ???????
Schmalkaldische Artikel 		1537 ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????.
?? ?????? ?????????
Von den Juden und iren Lugen 		1543 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? .
?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????
Vom Schem Hamphoras 		1543 ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????.
?? ??????? ??????? 1539 ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ????? ?????? ??????? ? QID : Q10855166
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  3. ^ Martin Luther (???????????), QID : Q5375741
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  5. ^ http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-luther.html#sw-hymn . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
  6. ^ Charles Dudley Warner , ed. (1897), Library of the World's Best Literature (???????????), QID : Q19098835
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  10. ^ Ewald M. Plass, What Luther Says , 3 vols., (St. Louis: CPH, 1959), 88, no. 269; M. Reu, Luther and the Scriptures , Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press, 1944), 23.
  11. ^ Luther, Martin. Concerning the Ministry (1523), tr. Conrad Bergendoff, in Bergendoff, Conrad (ed.) Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1958, 40:18 ff.
  12. ^ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther . New York: Penguin, 1995, p. 223.
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  15. ^ Bainton, Roland     [???? ????] ‏. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther . New York: Penguin, 1995, 269.
  16. ^ Hendrix, Scott H. "The Controversial Luther" ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ., Word & World 3/4 (1983), Luther Seminary, St. Paul, MN, p. 393. Also see Hillerbrand, Hans. "The legacy of Martin Luther" ???? ?????? 16 ????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ., in Hillerbrand, Hans & McKim, Donald K. (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Luther . Cambridge University Press, 2003. "???? ??????" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-01-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-24 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  17. ^ ????? ??. ????? . Martin Luther . Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 1.
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  19. ^ ????? ??. ????? . Martin Luther . Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 3.
  20. ^ Rupp, Ernst Gordon     [???? ????] ‏. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed 2006.
  21. ^ ????? ??. ????? . Martin Luther . Viking Penguin, 2004, pp. 2?3.
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  23. ^ ? ? ????? ??. ????? . Martin Luther . Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 5.
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  25. ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther . tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?93, 1:48.
  26. ^ Schwiebert, E.G. Luther and His Times . St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950, 136.
  27. ^ ????? ??. ????? . Martin Luther . Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 7.
  28. ^ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther . New York: Penguin, 1995, 40?42.
  29. ^ Kittelson, James. Luther The Reformer . Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986), 53.
  30. ^ Kittelson, James. Luther The Reformer . Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986, 79.
  31. ^ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther . New York: Penguin, 1995, 44?45.
  32. ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther . tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?93, 1:93.
  33. ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther . tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?93, 1:12?27.
  34. ^ " ????? ???? ?" Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007.
  35. ^ (Trent, l. c., can. xii: "Si quis dixerit, fidem justificantem nihil aliud esse quam fiduciam divinae misericordiae, peccata remittentis propter Christum, vel eam fiduciam solam esse, qua justificamur, a.s.")
  36. ^ (cf. Trent, Sess. VI, cap. iv, xiv)
  37. ^ ? ? Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation," Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007.
  38. ^ Thesis 55 of Tetzel's One Hundred and Six Theses . These "Anti-theses" were a reply to Luther’s ??????? ????? ???????? and were drawn up by Tetzel’s friend and former Professor, Konrad Wimpina . Theses 55 & 56 (responding to Luther's 27th Theses) read: "For a soul to fly out, is for it to obtain the vision of God, which can be hindered by no interruption , therefore he errs who says that the soul cannot fly out before the coin can jingle in the bottom of the chest." In, The reformation in Germany , Henry Clay Vedder , 1914, Macmillon Company, p. 405. [1] Animam purgatam evolare, est eam visione dei potiri, quod nulla potest intercapedine impediri. Quisquis ergo dicit, non citius posse animam volare, quam in fundo cistae denarius possit tinnire, errat . In: D. Martini Lutheri, Opera Latina: Varii Argumenti , 1865, Henricus Schmidt, ed., Heyder and Zimmer, ????????? & Erlangen, vol. 1, p. 300. ( ????? ??? ??? edition: Nabu Press , 2010, ISBN 1-142-40551-6 ISBN 978-1-142-40551-9 ). [2] See also:   "Johann Tetzel" . ???????? ??????????? . ???????: ???? ????? ???????. 1913. "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-24 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  39. ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther . tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?93, 1:204?205.
  40. ^ Spitz, Lewis W. The Renaissance and Reformation Movements , St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987, 338.
  41. ^ Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in The Cambridge Companion to Luther . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88?94.
  42. ^ Bouman, Herbert J. A. "The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions" , Concordia Theological Monthly , 26 November 1955, No. 11:801. ???? ?????? 22 ???? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  43. ^ Dorman, Ted M., " Justification as Healing: The Little-Known Luther" , Quodlibet Journal : Volume 2 Number 3, Summer 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2007. ???? ?????? 22 ???? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  44. ^ "Justification by Faith: The Lutheran-Catholic Convergence" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-29.
  45. ^ Luther, Martin. "The Smalcald Articles," in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions . Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 289, Part two, Article 1.
  46. ^ Michael A. Mullett, Martin Luther , London: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-0-415-26168-5 , 78; Oberman, Heiko, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil , New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-10313-1 , 192?93.
  47. ^ Richard Marius, Luther , London: Quartet, 1975, ISBN 0-7043-3192-6 , 85.
  48. ^ Papal Bull Exsurge Domine , 15 June 1520.
  49. ^ Mullett, 68?69; Oberman, 189.
  50. ^ Mullett, 81?82.
  51. ^ Mullett, 92?95; Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther , New York: Mentor, 1955, OCLC 220064892 , 81. ???? ?????? 4 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  52. ^ G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe: 1517?1559 , London: Collins, 1963, OCLC 222872115 , 177. ???? ?????? 4 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  53. ^ Brecht, Martin. (tr. Wolfgang Katenz) "Luther, Martin," in Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.) Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation . New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 2:463.
  54. ^ Brecht, 1:460.
  55. ^ Wilson, 153, 170; Marius, 155.
  56. ^ Bratcher, Dennis. " The Diet of Worms (1521) ," in The Voice: Biblical and Theological Resources for Growing Christians . Retrieved 13 July 2007. ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  57. ^ Reformation Europe: 1517?1559, London: Fontana, 1963, 53; Diarmaid MacCulloch , Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490?1700, London: Allen Lane, 2003, 132.
  58. ^ Luther, Martin. "Letter 82," in Luther's Works . Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald and Helmut T. Lehmann (eds), Vol. 48: Letters I, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1999, c1963, 48:246; Mullett, 133. ????? ??????? ? author of ??? ? had been exiled on the island of Patmos.
  59. ^ Brecht, 2:27?29; Mullett, 133.
  60. ^ Brecht, 2:18?21.
  61. ^ Marius, 163?64.
  62. ^ Mullett, 135?36.
  63. ^ Wilson, 192?202; Brecht, 2:34?38.
  64. ^ Bainton, Mentor edition, 164?65.
  65. ^ Letter of 7 March 1522. Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV ? Brecht, 2:57. ???? ?????? 23 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  66. ^ Brecht, 2:60; Bainton, Mentor edition, 165; Marius, 168?69.
  67. ^ ? ? Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV . ???? ?????? 23 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  68. ^ Marius, 169.
  69. ^ Mullett, 141?43.
  70. ^ Michael Hughes, Early Modern Germany: 1477?1806 , London: Macmillan, 1992, ISBN 0-333-53774-2 , 45.
  71. ^ A. G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther , London: Edward Arnold, 1974, ISBN 0-7131-5700-3 , 132?33.
  72. ^ Hughes, 45?47.
  73. ^ Hughes, 50.
  74. ^ Jaroslav J. Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, Luther's Works , 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Pub. House and Fortress Press, 1955?1986), 46: 50?51.
  75. ^ Mullett, 166.
  76. ^ Andrew Pettegree, Europe in the Sixteenth Century , Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-20704-X , 102?103.
  77. ^ Wilson, 232.
  78. ^ Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch V , rpt. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 17 May 2009; Bainton, Mentor edition, 226. ???? ?????? 23 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  79. ^ Scheible, Heinz (1997). Melanchthon. Eine Biographie (??????????). Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 147. ISBN : 3-406-42223-3 .
  80. ^ Lohse, Bernhard, Martin Luther: An Introduction to his Life and Work, , translated by Robert C. Schultz, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1987, ISBN 0-567-09357-3 , 32; Brecht, 2:196?97.
  81. ^ Oberman, 278?80; Wilson, 237; Marty, 110.
  82. ^ Bainton, Mentor edition, 228; Schaff, "Luther's Marriage. 1525." ? Brecht, 2: 204. ???? ?????? 07 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  83. ^ MacCulloch, 164.
  84. ^ Bainton, Mentor edition, 243.
  85. ^ Mullett, 186?87; Brecht, 2:264?65, 267.
  86. ^ Brecht, 2:260?63, 67; Mullett, 184?86.
  87. ^ Brecht, 2:268.
  88. ^ Brecht, 2:251?54; Bainton, Mentor edition, 266.
  89. ^ Mullett, 183; Eric W. Gritsch, A History of Lutheranism , Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8006-3472-1 , 37.
  90. ^ Brecht, 2:256; Mullett, 183.
  91. ^ Brecht, 2:256; Bainton, Mentor edition, 269?70.
  92. ^ Mullett, 186. Quoted from Luther's preface to the Small Catechism , 1529; MacCulloch, 165.
  93. ^ Marty, 123.
  94. ^ Marty, 123; Wilson, 278.
  95. ^ Luther, Martin. Luther's Works . Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, 50:172?73; Bainton, Mentor edition, 263.
  96. ^ Brecht, 2:277, 280.
  97. ^ Mullett, 145; Lohse, 119.
  98. ^ Mullett, 148?50.
  99. ^ Mullett, 148; Wilson, 185;
  100. ^ Lindberg, Carter. "The European Reformations: Sourcebook". Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2000. pg. 49. Original sourcebook excerpt taken from "Luther's Works". St. Louis: Concordia/Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955?86. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, vol. 35. pgs. 182, 187?189, 195.
  101. ^ Marius, 162.
  102. ^ Lohse, 112?17; Wilson, 183; Bainton, Mentor edition, 258.
  103. ^ Daniel Weissbort and Astradur Eysteinsson (eds.), Translation?Theory and Practice: A Historical Reader , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-871200-6 , 68.
  104. ^ ? ? ? Christopher Boyd Brown, Singing the Gospel: Lutheran Hymns and the Success of the Reformation. (2005)
  105. ^ For a short collection see online hymns ???? ?????? 16 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  106. ^ "Flung to the heedless winds" . Hymntime . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-10-07 .
  107. ^ Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns." Lutheran Quarterly 1998 12(1): 79?88, 89?98.
  108. ^ Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns: 5. Baptism." Lutheran Quarterly 1998 12(2): 160?169, 170?180.
  109. ^ Psychopannychia (the night banquet of the soul), manuscript Orleans 1534, Latin Strasbourg 1542, 2nd.ed. 1545, French, Geneva 1558, English 1581.
  110. ^ Liber de Anima 1562
  111. ^ D. Franz Pieper Christliche Dogmatik , 3 vols., (Saint Louis: CPH, 1920), 3:575
  112. ^ Sermons of Martin Luther: the House Postils , Eugene F. A. Klug, ed. and trans., 3 vols., (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1996), 2:240.
  113. ^ "Smalcald Articles, Part II, Article II, paragraph 12" . Bookofconcord.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-15 .
  114. ^ "Smalcald Articles, Part II, Article II, paragraph 28" . Bookofconcord.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-15 .
  115. ^ Gerhard Loci Theologici, Locus de Morte , § 293 ff. Pieper writes
  116. ^ Mullett, 194?95.
  117. ^ Brecht, 2:325?34; Mullett, 197.
  118. ^ Wilson, 259.
  119. ^ ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 26, 442; Luther's Works 37, 299?300.
  120. ^ Oberman, 237.
  121. ^ Brecht 2:329.
  122. ^ Oberman, 238.
  123. ^ Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal: Martin Luther's Complete Antinomian Theses and Disputations, ed. and tr. H. Sonntag, Minneapolis: Lutheran Press, 2008, 23?27. ISBN 978-0-9748529-6-6
  124. ^ Cf. ibid., 11?15.
  125. ^ Cf. Luther's Works 41, 113?114, 143?144, 146?147.
  126. ^ Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther , tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?93, 3: 206.
  127. ^ Oberman, Heiko, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil , New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, 294.
  128. ^ Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther , tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?93, 3:212.
  129. ^ Mallett, 198; Marius, 220.
  130. ^ Andrew Cunningham, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,. 2000, ISBN 0-521-46701-2 , 141; Mullett, 239?40; Marty, 164. ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  131. ^ From On War against the Turk , 1529, quoted in William P. Brown, The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness , Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004, ISBN 0-664-22323-0 , 258; Lohse, 61; Marty, 166. ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  132. ^ Brecht, 2:365; Mullett, 239.
  133. ^ Brecht, 3:354.
  134. ^ Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-45908-7 , 109; Mullett, 241; Marty, 163. ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  135. ^ From On war against the Turk , 1529, quoted in Roland E. Miller, Muslims and the Gospel , Minneapolis: Kirk House Publishers, 2006, ISBN 1-932688-07-2 , 208. ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  136. ^ Brecht, 3:355.
  137. ^ Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 109; Mullett, 242.
  138. ^ Edwards, Mark. Luther's Last Battles . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 121.
  139. ^ Brecht, 3:341?43; Mullett, 241; Marty, 172.
  140. ^ Rupp, Gordan . Martin Luther and the Jews . London:? 1972, 9.
  141. ^ Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1?2; Mullett, 246.
  142. ^ Brecht, 3:341?47.
  143. ^ Luther, On the Jews and their Lies , quoted in Michael, 112.
  144. ^ Luther, Vom Schem Hamphoras , quoted in Michael, 113.
  145. ^ Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies , Luthers Werke . 47:268?271.
  146. ^ Gritsch, 113?14; Michael, 117.
  147. ^ Wallmann, 72?97.
  148. ^ Siemon-Netto , The Fabricated Luther , 17?20.
  149. ^ Siemon-Netto , "Luther and the Jews," Lutheran Witness 123 (2004) No. 4:19, 21.
  150. ^ Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Buttner (ed), Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich , p.265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997)
  151. ^ Berger, Ronald. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002), 28; Johnson, Paul . A History of the Jews (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1987), 242; ????? ???? . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960).
  152. ^ ???? ?????? ??? . Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner . Princeton University Press, 1990. Cited in Berger, Ronald. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach . New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002, 28.
  153. ^ Synod deplores and disassociates itself from Luther’s negative statements about the Jewish people and the use of these statements to incite anti-Lutheran sentiment , from a summary of Official Missouri Synod Doctrinal Statements [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 12 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  154. ^ Lull, Timothy Martin Luther's Basic Theological Writings, Second Edition (2005), p. 25
  155. ^ Roper? Lyndal (????? 2010). "Martin Luther's Body: The 'Stout Doctor' and His Biographers". American Historical Review . ?. 115 ?. 2: 351?362. DOI : 10.1086/ahr.115.2.351 .
  156. ^ Iversen OH (1996). "[Martin Luther's somatic diseases. A short life-history 450 years after his death]". Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. (??????????). 116 (30): 3643?46. PMID : 9019884 .
  157. ^ ? ? Edwards, 9.
  158. ^ Spitz, 354.
  159. ^ Die Beziehungen des Reformators Martin Luther zu Halle buergerstiftung-halle.de ???? ?????? 07 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  160. ^ Luther, Martin. Sermon No. 8, "Predigt uber Mat. 11:25, Eisleben gehalten," 15 February 1546, Luthers Werke , Weimar 1914, 51:196?197.
  161. ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther . tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?93, 3:369?79.
  162. ^ ? ? McKim? Donald K. (2003). The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther . Cambridge companions to religion. Cambridge University Press. ?.  19 . ISBN : 0-521-01673-8 .
  163. ^ Kellermann, James A. (translator) "The Last Written Words of Luther: Holy Ponderings of the Reverend Father Doctor Martin Luther" . 16 February 1546. ???? ?????? 04 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  164. ^ Original German and Latin of Luther's last written words is: "Wir sein pettler. Hoc est verum." Heinrich Bornkamm, Luther's World of Thought , tr. Martin H. Bertram (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1958), 291.

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