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	??? ???? ?????? ; ????? ???? ; 16 ????? 27 ??? ??????? ? 19 ????? 14 ??????
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????? ??????	16 ????? 27 ??? ???????
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????? ??????	17 ????? 395 ?????? (????????????)? ; 22 ????? 480 ?????? (???????)? ; 29 ???? 1453 ?????? (???????)
	???????? ?????? ‏
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? (???? ???? ?? ????? 27 ??? ???????). ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????: ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? (IMPERATOR) (?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? empereur ????????)? ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???????) ^[1]? ????? princeps ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????? - 476 ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? 1453.

????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????. ^[2] ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ^[3] ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????.

??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ^[4] ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ≪??????≫ ?????: ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ^[5] ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? (???? ?????? ???????? ???????) ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????.

??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? 330 ??? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 476. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 480? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? . ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? (≪???? ???????≫)? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ≪???????? ???????≫ (?????? βασιλε?? ?ωμα?ων ??????????)? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? . ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? 1453.

?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 629 ???????? ????? ???????? ≪??????????≫ ??? ???????? βασιλε?? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ≪?????≫ ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? . ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? r?gas. ^[6]

?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????.

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????. ?? ??? 1453 ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? 1922? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ≪???? ????≫? ^[7] ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????.

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? 500 ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? (510 ?. ? - ????? ????? ??? ??????? ) ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???????????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? 44 ?. ? ? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ( 32 ?????? 31 ??? ??????? )? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (????? ??????) ?? ( 16 ????? 27 ?. ? ).

????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????.

?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.

???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? (??????? ????) ?? 45 ??? ??????? ???? ≪ ????????? ???????? ≫ ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????.

?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????.

?? ??? 27 ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? (?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????). ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????. ????? ≪?????≫ ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????.

?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? . ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ≪?????????? ????????≫. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????????.

???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ^[8] ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? (???? ???? ??????) ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? (???? ???? ??????? ). ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? 382 ??? ???????.

???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ( ???????? ) ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ( ??????? ????? ) ?????? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? ) ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ( ??????? )? ?????? ( ?????????? ) ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? . ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? (??????? ????????)? ??? ????? ??????.

?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???). ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? (???? ?????????)? ??? ??? ???? ????? ≪????? ?????????≫.

??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ≪??????≫? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????.

?????? ??????? ??????? (????? ≪????? ????? ?? ???? ??????≫)? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? (??? ????????) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? . ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????.

???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? . ^[9] ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? 189 ??? ???????. ^[9] ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ^[10]

?? 38 ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? (??????????) ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????.

???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ????? ≪?????≫? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? (?????????) ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? (??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ≪????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????≫).

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ≪?????????? ????????≫ (??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ≪???????? ???????≫)

≪?????????? ????????≫ ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ≪??????? ?????≫ ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????.

???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????.

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Pope Kirollos ???? ?????? 08 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Galinsky 2005 ? ????? 13?14
^ Alston 1998 ? ???? 39
^ Williams 1997 ? ???? 147
^ Heather 2005 ? ???? 28
^ Kazhdan 1991 ? ???? 264
^ ?lber Ortaylı, "Buyuk Constantin ve ?stanbul", Milliyet, 28 May 2011.
^ Murray? John (1875). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities . ????? ?????? . ?. 260?266. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-04.
^ ^? ^? The Oxford Classical Dictionary , entry 'Imperator', Third Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.
^ Cassius Dio, 43.44.2.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???????? ??????

[PK-1] Pope Kirollos ???? ?????? 08 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] Galinsky 2005 ? ????? 13?14

[3] Alston 1998 ? ???? 39

[4] Williams 1997 ? ???? 147

[5] Heather 2005 ? ???? 28

[6] Kazhdan 1991 ? ???? 264

[7] ?lber Ortaylı, "Buyuk Constantin ve ?stanbul", Milliyet, 28 May 2011.

[8] Murray? John (1875). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities . ????? ?????? . ?. 260?266. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-06-04.

[OCD-9] ? ^? The Oxford Classical Dictionary , entry 'Imperator', Third Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.

[10] Cassius Dio, 43.44.2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

? ? ? ?????? ??????? ???????????
??? ??????? 27 ? ? ? 235 ?	????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????
???? ????? ?????? 235?284	?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
??? ??????? 284?395	??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? Severus ???????? Maximinus Daia ???????? ?? Valerius Valens ?Martinianus ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? Vetranio ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????
???????????? ????????? ??????? 395?480	???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Joannes ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? Glycerius ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????
???????????? ????????? 395?1204	???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? Zoe ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????
?????????? ????? 1204?1261	??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????
???????????? ????????? 1261?1453	??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???