計算자

計算자 또는 計算尺 (計算尺)은 機械式 아날로그 컴퓨터 이다. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] 英語로는 슬라이드 룰 ( slide rule )이라고 하며, 美國에서는 口語的으로 瑟립스틱 ( slipstick )으로 부른다. ^[6]^[7] 計算자는 主로 곱셈 과 나눗셈 을 위해 使用되며 거듭제곱 , 루트 , 로그 , 三角法 과 같은 函數를 위해서도 使用되지만 더하기나 빼기에 對해서는 一般的으로 쓰이지 않는다. 標準자와 이름과 모습이 비슷하지만 計算자는 길이를 재거나 直線을 그리기 위해 使用되도록 考案되지는 않았다.

計算자는 다양한 스타일로 存在하며 一般的으로 線型 또는 原形의 모습을 보인다.

歷史 [ 編輯 ]

존 네이피어 가 로그 槪念을 出刊한 直後計算자는 1620~1630年 즈음에 發明되었다. 1620年에 옥스퍼드의 에드먼드 건터는 單純한 代數計算者를 갖춘 計算器를 開發했다. 追加的인 測定道具와 함께 곱하기와 나누기를 하기 위해 使用이 可能했다. ^[8] 1622年頃에 케임브리지의 윌리엄 오트레드 는 2個의 携帶用 건터子 를 한데 합쳐 現代의 計算자로 認識되는 裝置를 開發하였다. ^[9]

같이 보기 [ 編輯 ]

위키미디어 共用 에 關聯된
미디어 分類가 있습니다.

計算자

各州 [ 編輯 ]

↑ Roger R. Flynn (June 2002). 《Computer sciences》 1 . Macmillan. 175쪽. ISBN 978-0-02-865567-3 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . The slide rule is an example of a mechanical analog computer...
↑ Swedin, Eric G. ; Ferro, David L. (2007年 10月 24日). 《Computers: The Life Story of a Technology》 . JHU Press. 26쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8774-1 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . Other analog mechanical computers included slide rules, the differential analyzer built by Vannevar E. Bush (1890?1974) at the ...
↑ Peter Grego (2009). 《Astronomical cybersketching》 . Springer. 12쪽. ISBN 978-0-387-85351-2 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . It is astonishing to think that much of the routine mathematical work that put people into orbit around Earth and landed astronauts on the Moon in the 1960s was performed using an unassuming little mechanical analog computer ? the 'humble' slide rule.
↑ Ernst Bleuler; Robert Ozias Haxby (2011年 9月 21日). 《Electronic Methods》 . Academic Press. 638쪽. ISBN 978-0-08-085975-0 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . For example, slide rules are mechanical analog computers
↑ Harry Henderson (2009年 1月 1日). 《Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Revised Edition》 . Infobase Publishing. 13쪽. ISBN 978-1-4381-1003-5 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . Another analog computer, the slide rule, became the constant companion of scientists, engineers, and students until it was replaced ... logarithmic proportions, allowing for quick multiplication, division, the extraction of square roots, and sometimes the calculation of trigonometric functions.
↑ Berrey, Lester V.; van den Bark, Melvin (1953). 《American Thesaurus of Slang: A Complete Reference Book of Colloquial Speech》 2板. Crowell. OCLC 319462 .
↑ Petroski, Henry (2011). 《An Engineer's Alphabet: Gleanings from the Softer Side of a Profession》 . Cambridge University Press. 46?47쪽. ISBN 9781139505307 . 2017年 3月 21日에 確認함 .
↑ Smith, David E. (1958). 《History of Mathematics》 (英語). Courier Corporation. 205쪽. ISBN 9780486204307 .
↑ Applebaum, Wilbur (2003年 12月 16日). 〈Slide Rule〉 . 《Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton》 (英語). Routledge. ISBN 9781135582555 .

外部 링크 [ 編輯 ]

〈 Slide rule 〉. 《新國際事前》. 1905.
〈 Slide-rule 〉. 《 아메리카나 百科事典》. 1920.

[Flynn2002-1] Roger R. Flynn (June 2002). 《Computer sciences》 1 . Macmillan. 175쪽. ISBN 978-0-02-865567-3 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . The slide rule is an example of a mechanical analog computer...

[SwedinFerro2007-2] Swedin, Eric G. ; Ferro, David L. (2007年 10月 24日). 《Computers: The Life Story of a Technology》 . JHU Press. 26쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8774-1 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . Other analog mechanical computers included slide rules, the differential analyzer built by Vannevar E. Bush (1890?1974) at the ...

[Grego2009-3] Peter Grego (2009). 《Astronomical cybersketching》 . Springer. 12쪽. ISBN 978-0-387-85351-2 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . It is astonishing to think that much of the routine mathematical work that put people into orbit around Earth and landed astronauts on the Moon in the 1960s was performed using an unassuming little mechanical analog computer ? the 'humble' slide rule.

[BleulerHaxby2011-4] Ernst Bleuler; Robert Ozias Haxby (2011年 9月 21日). 《Electronic Methods》 . Academic Press. 638쪽. ISBN 978-0-08-085975-0 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . For example, slide rules are mechanical analog computers

[Henderson2009-5] Harry Henderson (2009年 1月 1日). 《Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Revised Edition》 . Infobase Publishing. 13쪽. ISBN 978-1-4381-1003-5 . 2013年 3月 30日에 確認함 . Another analog computer, the slide rule, became the constant companion of scientists, engineers, and students until it was replaced ... logarithmic proportions, allowing for quick multiplication, division, the extraction of square roots, and sometimes the calculation of trigonometric functions.

[6] Berrey, Lester V.; van den Bark, Melvin (1953). 《American Thesaurus of Slang: A Complete Reference Book of Colloquial Speech》 2板. Crowell. OCLC 319462 .

[petroski-7] Petroski, Henry (2011). 《An Engineer's Alphabet: Gleanings from the Softer Side of a Profession》 . Cambridge University Press. 46?47쪽. ISBN 9781139505307 . 2017年 3月 21日에 確認함 .

[8] Smith, David E. (1958). 《History of Mathematics》 (英語). Courier Corporation. 205쪽. ISBN 9780486204307 .

[9] Applebaum, Wilbur (2003年 12月 16日). 〈Slide Rule〉 . 《Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton》 (英語). Routledge. ISBN 9781135582555 .

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