한자로

???? ???
( ????? ??? : Hartmut Michel )


??????? ?????
??????	18 ??????? 1948? (76 ???) ^[1]^[2] ????????
?????	????? ????? ?????
???	???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????
???? ?????
????_?????	Max Planck Institute for Biophysics
???? ????	????????? ?? ???????
????	????? ????? ??? ^[3]? ???????? ^[3]
???? ????? ????	????
???? ???	????? ?????
??????	????? ????????? ????????
???????
???? ????? ????? ????? (1988) ^[4]^[5]
??? ????
??? ????	??????? ??? ????


????? - ?????

???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? 1988? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????

???? ?????? [ ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????

??? ????

????? ??? [ ????? ]

↑ Hartmut Michel Biographical ? ??? ??? ??????: 4 ????? 2021 ? ????: ???? ????????
↑ ?? ??? ?? ??? ??: https://d-nb.info/gnd/13040361X ? ??? ??? ??????: 28 ??? 2020
↑ ?? ??? ?? ??? ??: https://d-nb.info/gnd/13040361X ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ??? 2020
↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 ? ??? ??? ??????: 4 ????? 2021 ? ????: ???? ????????
↑ Table showing prize amounts ? ??? ??? ??????: 4 ????? 2021 ? ????: ???? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??: ????? 2019
↑ "Professor Hartmut Michel ForMemRS" ? London: Royal Society ? 26 ?????? 2015 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???

? ? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
1901?1925	?????? ???????? ???? ??? (1901) ???? ???? ??? (1902) ????? ????? ?????? (1903) ?? ???? ????? (1904) ?????? ??? ???? (1905) ???? ?????? (1906) ??????? ????? (1907) ?????? ??????? (1908) ????? ???????? (1909) ???? ????? (1910) ???? ????? (1911) ??? ?????? / ????? ???????? (1912) ????? ???? (1913) ??????? ???? ????? (1914) ???? ??????? (1915) ???? ???? (1918) ?????? ????? (1920) ?????? ???? (1921) ?????????? ?????? (1922) ???? ????? (1923) ???? ????? ??????? (1925)
1926?1950	?????? ??????? (1926) ?????? ??? ?????? (1927) ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? (1928) ????? ????? / ???? ??? (1929) ???? ??? (1930) ???? ??? / ?????? ?????? (1931) ????? ?????? (1932) ????? ??? (1934) ?????? ????? / ????? ????? ????? (1935) ?????????? (1936) ????? ?????? / ???? ??? (1937) ???? ???? (1938) ???? ???????? / ??????????? (1939) ???? ?? ????? (1943) ???? ??? (1944) ?????? ????? ????? (1945) ???? ?? ??? / ??? ???? ??????? / ???? ??????? ?????? (1946) ????? ?????? (1947) ???? ?????? (1948) ???? ???? (1949) ????????? / ??? ???? (1950)
1951?1975	????? ????? / ???? ?? ?? ???? (1951) ???? ???? ????? ????? / ???? ?????? ?????? ???? (1952) ???? ???????? (1953) ???? ????? (1954) ????? ??? ?????? (1955) ????? ????? ?????? / ????? ?????? (1956) ????????? ??? (1957) ?????? ???? (1958) ???????? ??????? (1959) ????? ???? (1960) ???? ????? (1961) ???? ?????? / ??? ??????? (1962) ???? ????? / ????? ???? (1963) ??????? ??????? (1964) ????? ??? ????? (1965) ????? ??? ????? (1966) ?????? ???? / ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? / ???? ????? (1967) ???? ?????? (1968) ????? ?????? / ??? ??? (1969) ???? ???????? ?????? (1970) ????????? ??? (1971) ????? ?? ??????? / ???????? ???? / ???? ???? ???? (1972) ????? ???? ???? / ?????? ?????? (1973) ???? ????? (1974) ??? ???????? / ??????? ?????? (1975)
1976?2000	???? ???????? (1976) ???? ??????? (1977) ???? ?? ???? (1978) ????? ?? ????? / ???? ?? (1979) ???? ??? / ????? ????? / ?????? ???? (1980) ????? ?????? / ?????? ??? ??? (1981) ???? ??? (1982) ???? ????? (1983) ???? ???????? (1984) ????? ?? ???????? / ????? ????? (1985) ?????? ?? ????? / ???? ?? ?? / ???? ??????? (1986) ?????? ?? ???? / ??? ???? ???? / ????? ?? ?????? (1987) ???? ???????? / ????? ???? / ???? ??? (1988) ???? ??? ??? / ????? ??? (1989) ????? ???? (1990) ???? ?? ????? (1991) ????? ?? ????? (1992) ???? ????? / ? (1????? ????993) ???? ????? (1994) ???? ??. ????? / ????? ??. ?????? / ????? ?????? (1995) ????? ??? / ????? ????? / ???? ????? (1996) ???? ??. ???? / ???? ??. ????? / ??? ??????? ??? (1997) ????? ???? / ???? ???? (1998) ???? ???? (1999) ???? ?? ???? / ???? ??????? / ??????????? (2000)
2001??????	???? ?????? ????? / ????? ????? / ???? ???? ??????? (2001) ???? ??? / ?????? ????? / ??? ????? (2002) ???? ???? / ????? ??????? (2003) ???? ??????? / ?????? / ???? ??? (2004) ????? ???. ???? / ???? ??. ???? / ??? ???? (2005) ???? ??. ???? ??? (2006) ?? ???? ???? (2007) ?????? ??????? / ????? ????? / ???? ???? . ???? (2008) ????? ???? ???????? / ????? ??. ????? / ??? ?? ?????? (2009) ???? ??? ??? / ????? ?????? / ?? ???? ????? (2010) ??? ???? ??? (2011) ????? ???????? / ????? ?????? (2012) ????? ?????? / ?????? ???? / ???? ????? (2013) ????? ????? / ?????? ??? / ???? ?? ????? (2014) ???? ???? / ??? ??? ????? / ???? ????? (2015) ??? ???? ????? / ????? ???????? / ?? ????? (2016) ??? ?????? / ????? ????? / ???? ??????? (2017) ?????? ????? / ???? ???? / ??????? ???? (2018) ??? ??????? / ??????? ?????? / ????? ?????? (2019) ???????? ????????? / ?????? ???? (2020) ?????? ??? / ???? ??? ??? (2021) ??????? ?????? / ????? ?????? / ???? ???? ??????? (2022) ????? ?????? / ???? ???? / ?????? ??????? (2023)

??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????

??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????