??????????????

?????????????????
????????????????? ; Ripablik blong Vanuatu (???????) ; Republic of Vanuatu (??????) ; Republique du Vanuatu (????????)
	?????? ??????????
	?????? : "????????????????????????" ; ( ??????? : Long God yumi stanap ; ; ?????? : With God we stand ; ; ???????? : Nous nous tenons devant Dieu )
	???????? : " ???? ???? ???? "
????????? ; ???????????????	????????? ; 17°S 168°E / 17°S 168°E
??????????	??????? ; ?????? ; ???????? ;
??????????????? (1999)	98.5% ??-???????? ; 1.5% ???? ? ;
????? (?.?. 2010)	93.3% ?????? ; ?35.0% ????????????? ; ?44.5% ??????????? ????????? ? ; ?13.8% ???????????? ; 4.1% ?????????????? ; 1.2% ????? ; 1.4% ???? ? ;
?????????	????????? ????????? ??????????
? ????????????	Nikenike Vurobaravu
? ????????????	Charlot Salwai
??????????????	??????
??????????
? ???????????????????????????	30 ??????? ?.?. 1980
? ???????????????? ??????????????	15 ??????? ?.?. 1981
???????
? ???	12,189 ????????????? (4,706 ?????????) ( ????????? 157 )
???????
? ?.?. 2020 ??????	307,815 ( ????????? 181 )
? ????????????? ?.?. 2016	272,459
? ???????????	19.7 ???????????????? (51.0 ????????????) ( ????????? 188 )
?????? ( ????????? )	?.?. 2018 (??????)
? ???	820 ???????????????? ( ????????? 178 )
? ??????	2,850 ???????????? ( ????????? 155 )
?????? (????????)	?.?. 2018 (??????)
? ???	957 ???????????????? ( ????????? 175 )
? ??????	3,327 ???????????? ( ????????? 124 )
???? (?.?. 2010)	37.6 ; ???????
??????? (?.?. 2019)	0.609 ; ??????? · ????????? 140
????????	???? ( VUV )
???????	UTC +11 (VUT ( ???????????????????? ))
?????????	??????
????????????	+678
??????????	.vu

???????? ( ??????? , ?????? ??? ???????? : Vanuatu , ????????????????????????????????? [vanuatu] ) ????????????????? ????????????????? ( ??????? : Ripablik blong Vanuatu ; ?????? : Republic of Vanuatu ; ???????? : Republique de Vanuatu ) ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? 1,750 ??. ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? 500 ??. ????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????? (New Hebrides)

???????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????? ?????? ("??????" ???? "????") ^[9] ???????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ^[a] ???????? ?? ??????? "????????" (??? POc * tuqur ). ^[10] ???????????????????????????????????????? ^[11]

????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? 2,000 ?????????????? ???????? ?.?. 1606 ??????????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? (Pedro Fernandez de Quiros) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 18 ????????????? ????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 2 ??????

????? ?.?. 1906 ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? " ???????????? " ?????????????? 1960 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? 30 ??????? ?.?. 1980 (?.?. 2523)

?????????????????? 1990 ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????? 83 ???? ?????????? ?????? 2 ???? ?????? ?????????? (Matthew) ??????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? (????????)

??????????????? 83 ???????? ?? 14 ???????????????????????? 100 ????????????? ??????

?????????????????? (Espiritu Santo) : 3,956 ?????????????
???????????? (Malakula) : 2041 ?????????????
?????????? (Efate) : 900 ?????????????
??????????????? (Erromango) : 888 ?????????????
??????????? (Ambrym) : 678 ?????????????
????????? (Tanna) : 555 ?????????????
???????????? (Pentecote) : 491 ?????????????
???????? (Epi) : 445 ?????????????
????????? (Ambae) ???? ????? (Aoba) : 402 ?????????????
????????????? (Vanua Lava) : 334 ?????????????
??????????????? (Santa Maria) : 328 ?????????????
?????????? (Maewo) : 304 ?????????????
???????? (Malo) : 180 ?????????????) ???
??????????? (Anatom) ???? ????????? (Aneityum) : 159 ?????????????

???????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? " ????????? " ???????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????

??????????????????????? ???????? Tabwemasana ????????? 1,879 ???? (6,158 ???) ??????????????????? ????? ????????????

?????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? "?????????????" ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????? (Australasia ecozone) ??????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????

???????? [ ??? ]

??????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? 52 ?? ???????????????????????????????????? 4 ?? ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? 5 ?? ???????????????????????????????? 6 ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????? 6 ??????? (province) ??????

?????????????? (Malampa)
????????????? (Penama)
???????????? (Sanma)
??????????? (Shefa)
????????????? (Tafea)
????????????? (Torba)

???????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????? 65% ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? (??????? ?.?. 1997 ????????????????????? 50,000 ??) ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 12.5% ?????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1999 ?????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 2002 ?????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????? 3% ???????? 1990 ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? 2005 ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? : 202,609 ?? (??????? 2547)

???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????

???? ?????????????????????????????? 3 ???? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????? 100 ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? (?????????????????????? 2,000 ????? 1 ????) ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? Presbyterian ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? 1 ?? 3 ?????????????????

?????? ??????????? (Cargo) ????????????????????????????????????????????

???????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? 3 ?????????

???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????)
??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????

???????? [ ??? ]

↑ ?????? ????? ???????????????????? * banua ? ?? Reuter 2002 , p. 29; ??? Reuter 2006 , p. 326

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Vanuatu Daily Post, Harrison Selmen (17 ??????? 2011). "Santo chiefs concerned over slow pace of development in Sanma" . ???? ????????????????? 25 ?????? 2012 . ??????????? 29 ??????? 2011 .
↑ Lynch & Pat 1996 , p. 319.
↑ "Religions in Vanuatu | PEW-GRF" . globalreligiousfutures.org . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 5 ?????? 2022 . ??????????? 11 ?????? 2020 .
↑ "Vanuatu Population (2020) ? Worldometer" . worldometers.info . ??????????? 11 ?????? 2020 .
↑ "2016 Post-TC Pam Mini-Census Report" . vnso.gov.vu . Government of Vanuatu. 21 ??????? 2017. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 20 ?????? 2019 . ??????????? 29 ??????? 2017 .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 12 ?????? 2019 .
↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)" . World Bank . ??????????? 12 ?????? 2019 .
↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 ??????? 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 ??????? 2020 .
↑ Hess 2009 , p. 115.
↑ See "Entry *tuqu" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 24 ?????? 2020. ?? the Polynesian Lexicon Project .
↑ Crowley 2004 , p. 3.

?????????? [ ??? ]

Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (2008). "Northern Vanuatu as a Pacific Crossroads: The Archaeology of Discovery, Interaction, and the Emergence of the "Ethnographic Present" ". Asian Perspectives . UP Hawaii. 47 (1): 95?120. doi : 10.1353/asi.2008.0003 . hdl : 10125/17282 . JSTOR 42928734 . S2CID 53485887 .
Census of Agriculture 2007 Vanuatu , Vanuatu National Statistics Office (2008)
Crowley, Terry (2000). "The language situation in Vanuatu" . ?? Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (?.?.). Language Planning and Policy in the Pacific: Fiji, the Philippines and Vanuatu . Vol. 1. ISBN 978-1-85359-921-7 .
Crowley, Terry (2004). Bislama reference grammar . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-2880-6 .
Francois, Alexandre (2012). "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages" . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . De Gruyter. 2012 (214): 85?110. doi : 10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022 . S2CID 145208588 . .
Francois, Alexandre; Stern, Monika (2013). Musiques du Vanuatu: Fetes et Mysteres ? Music of Vanuatu: Celebrations and Mysteries . Maison des Cultures du Monde (CD album, released with liner notes and ebook). Paris: Inedit. W260147.
Harris, Richard (2006). "Tales from the South Pacific ? diving medicine in Vanuatu" . Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society . 36 (1): 22?23. eISSN 2209-1491 . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 15 ??????? 2013 . ??????????? 10 ?????? 2013 .
Hess, Sabine C. (2009). Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and the Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu . Berghahn. ISBN 978-1-84545-599-6 .
Lynch, John; Pat, Fa'afo, ?.?. (1996). Proceedings of the first International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics (1993) . International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Port Vila, Vanuatu: Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-85883-440-8 .
Reuter, Thomas Anton (2002). Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-2450-1 .
Reuter, Thomas Anton (2006). Sharing the Earth, Dividing the Land: Land and Territory in the Austronesian World . ANU E Press. ISBN 978-1-920942-69-4 .
Shears, Richard (1980). The Coconut War: the Crisis on Espiritu Santo . North Ryde, NSW: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-7269-7866-1 .
Sprackland, Robert George (1992). Giant Lizards . Neptune, NJ: TFH. ISBN 978-0-86622-634-9 .
Trompf, Garry W., ?.?. (1987). The Gospel Is Not Western: Black Theologies from the Southwest Pacific . Orbis. ISBN 978-0-88344-269-2 .
Wilson, Edward Osborne (1994). Naturalist (1st ed.). Shearwater. ISBN 978-1-55963-288-1 .

????????? [ ??? ]

Bolton, Lissant (2003). Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women's Kastom in Vanuatu . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-2535-5 .
Bonnemaison, Joel; Huffman, Kirk; Tryon, Darrell; Kaufmann, Christian, ?.?. (1998). Arts of Vanuatu . UP Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-1956-9 .
Bowdey, Bob; Beaty, Judy; Ansell, Brian (1995). Diving and Snorkelling Guide to Vanuatu . Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-55992-080-3 .
Bregulla, Heinrich L. (1992). Birds of Vanuatu . Nelson. ISBN 978-0-904614-34-3 .
Doughty, Chris; Day, Nicolas; Plant, Andrew (1999). The Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia . Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-4690-0 .
Ellis, Amanda; Manuel, Clare; Cutura, Jozefina; Bowman, Chakriya (2009). Women in Vanuatu: Analyzing Challenges to Economic Participation . World Bank Group. ISBN 978-0-8213-7909-7 .
Eriksen, Annelin (2007). Gender, Christianity and Change in Vanuatu: An Analysis of Social Movements in North Ambrym . Anthropology and Cultural History in Asia and the Indo-Pacific. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7546-7209-8 .
Harewood, Jocelyn (23 ????????? 2020). Vanuatu Adventures: Kava and Chaos in the Sth Pacific . ISBN 978-0-9874293-6-0 .
Jolly, Margaret (1993). Women of the Place: Kastom, Colonialism and Gender in Vanuatu . Studies in anthropology and history. Vol. 12. Harwood Academic. ISBN 978-3-7186-5453-6 .
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??????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????
???????? ???????????????????: ?????????????? (????????????)
Vanuatu ???????? 2021-01-09 ??? ?????????????? . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
Vanuatu ??? UCB Libraries GovPubs
?????????????? ??????????? Curlie
Wikimedia Atlas of Vanuatu
Vanuatu Tourism Portal, the official website of the Vanuatu National Tourism Office
Herbarium of Vanuatu (PVNH), which houses a collection of about 20,000 specimens . Pl@ntNet .
Drones sacrificed for spectacular volcano video . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 16 ??????? 2016.

[10] ?????? ????? ???????????????????? * banua ? ?? Reuter 2002 , p. 29; ??? Reuter 2006 , p. 326

[1] Vanuatu Daily Post, Harrison Selmen (17 ??????? 2011). "Santo chiefs concerned over slow pace of development in Sanma" . ???? ????????????????? 25 ?????? 2012 . ??????????? 29 ??????? 2011 .

[FOOTNOTELynchPat1996319-2] Lynch & Pat 1996 , p. 319.

[3] "Religions in Vanuatu | PEW-GRF" . globalreligiousfutures.org . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 5 ?????? 2022 . ??????????? 11 ?????? 2020 .

[4] "Vanuatu Population (2020) ? Worldometer" . worldometers.info . ??????????? 11 ?????? 2020 .

[5] "2016 Post-TC Pam Mini-Census Report" . vnso.gov.vu . Government of Vanuatu. 21 ??????? 2017. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 20 ?????? 2019 . ??????????? 29 ??????? 2017 .

[imf2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 12 ?????? 2019 .

[wb-gini-7] "GINI index (World Bank estimate)" . World Bank . ??????????? 12 ?????? 2019 .

[UNHDR-8] Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 ??????? 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 ??????? 2020 .

[FOOTNOTEHess2009115-9] Hess 2009 , p. 115.

[11] See "Entry *tuqu" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 24 ?????? 2020. ?? the Polynesian Lexicon Project .

[FOOTNOTECrowley20043-12] Crowley 2004 , p. 3.

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