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??????? ????? (??????????????) [2] [3]
?????????????? ?????????? , ??????????????

????????? ( ?????? : ???????? , ??????????:  Rama??n , [ra.ma.d?aːn] ; [note 1] ???????????????? Ramzan , Ramadhan ???? Ramathan ) ???? ???????????? ??? ???????????? [4] ???????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? , ??????, ??????????????????? ???????????????????? [5] ????????????????? ????????????????????????? , [6] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? [7] ????????????????????????????? 29 ???? 30 ??? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????? [8] [9]

???????????????????????????????????????????? ????? (??????) ?????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? , ???????, ??? , ?????????????????? , ??????? ??? ???????????? [10] ??????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????? [11] [12] ?????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? [13] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [14] [15] [16]

???????????????????? ( ????? ) ?????????????????????????????????????????????? [17] ????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? , ??????????? ??? ?????????????????? [18] [19] ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? [20] [21]

???????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????????? ????????????????????? R-M-? ( ?-?-? ‎) "???????" [22] ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? "?????????" ??????????????????? ????????????????????? "??????????????????" ???????????? ????? , [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] ?????? [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] ??? ????? [36]

?? ????????????? ????? ? ( ???? ) ???????????? /z/ ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????? , ??????? , ??????? , ???????? ??? ????? ???????? Ramazan ???? Ramzan ????? Romjan ???????? ????????? [37]

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????? 2 ????????? 185 ????????????

???????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????????? , ?????? , ????? , ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????????? 1, 6, 12, 13 (?????????????????? 18) [38] ??? 24 ????????????????? [39] ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [40]

???????????????????????????????????????? 2 ??? ????????? (?.?. 624) [41] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? [42] ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ( ?????????????????? ) [43] [ ?????????   2:183 ] ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????? 10 ????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ??????? [44] ????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? "????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????????? " ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???? Paul-Gordon Chandler ??????????? [45] [46] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? [47]

???????? [ ??? ]

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???????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????? 1938 ??? 2038

????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????; [48] ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [49]

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?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? [50] [51] ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? 10 ??????????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????? 23 ????????????????? [52] [53]

??? [ ??? ]

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??????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?.?. 1938

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? [55]

????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????: [56] [57] "??????????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????????" [58]

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????????????????????????????????????????????????, ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? [3] a????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????, ???????????, [59] ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ( ????? ) [60]

???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [61]

?????????????????????????????????????????, ????????????, ??????????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? [62]

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???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????? ??????????????????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????????? ????? [63] [64]

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??????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? [65] [66] ???????????????? ?????? [67]

?????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? [68]

?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????????; ???????? 1 ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????? [69] ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????? chickpea-studded rice pilaf. ????????????? ????????? , ??????? ???? ?????? [70]

???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? [71] ??? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? 30,000 ???????? [72] ??????? ?????????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? 12,000 ?? [73]

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??????????? ( ?????? : ?????? ) ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? [74]

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??????????????????????????????????? ????????? 30 ??? (????) ?? 30 ???????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????????? [75]

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??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? [76] [77] [78] ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? [79]

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??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? [99] [100] ????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? [101] ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????? [102] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.?. 2012 ??? ????????????????????????????? [103] [104] ??????????????????????????????????? " ??????????????? " [105]

???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????? 6 ????????????? ??? 36 ????????????????? ???????????? , ????? , ??????? ?????????????????????????? ? ??? [106]

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???????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? [111] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 10??? ??????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????? ???????????? (lipids profile), ????????????????????, ???????, ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [112] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? [113]

??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [114] ??????????????????????????????????

????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [107] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????, ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????? 2 [120] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????????????? [121]

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???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????????????? (????????????????? ???????? 60 ?????????/????) ???????? ????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????? [126]

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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????: ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( ????????? [127] ??? ????? [128] ) ??? ??????????????? ??????????????????????? [129] ????????????? 2005 ????? ???????????????????????????????, ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [130] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????, [131] ???????? , [132] [133] [134] ???????????????????????????, [135] ????? [136] ?????????? [137]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:

  • ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? [138] ????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? "??????????????????" [137]
  • ??????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? "??????????????????????????????????????????????" [129]
  • ?? ???????? , ????????????????? , ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? 7 ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? 7,500 ??? [134]
  • ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????? [136]

????????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????.?. 2010 ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 11 ??? 16 ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 22 ???????????????? ???? ?????.?. 2014 ????????????????, ??????????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ??????????????? 22 ??????? ???????????????????????, ???????????????? ???????????????? 11 ??????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? [14] [15] [16]

???????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? [139] [140]

???????????????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????; [141] [142] ???????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????? [143] [144] ????????????????????????????????????????????????? [145] ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? 35 ??? 50%. [146] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [147] ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [148]

??????? [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

  1. ↑ ????????????????????? ?????????????????????? [r?m??d??ːn, rama?d??ːn, ræmæ?d??ːn] ??????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clark, Malcolm (2003). Islam For Dummies (??????????). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-0764555039 .
  2. ↑ "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia" . ???? ????????????????? 11 ???????? 2011 . ??????????? 7 ?????? 2017 .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28" . aljazeera.com/ . ???? ????????????????? 27 ?????? 2017 . ??????????? 27 ?????? 2017 .
  4. ↑ BBC  ? Religions ???????? 28 ??????? 2012 ??? ?????????????? Retrieved 25 July 2012
  5. ↑ "Ramadan: Fasting and Traditions" . ???? ????????????????? 22 ?????? 2019 . ??????????? 6 ??????? 2019 .
  6. ↑ "Ramadan 2020: Date, importance, wishes, quotes, messages, and pictures" . India Today . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( ????? )
  7. ↑ " Schools ? Religions " . BBC . ???? ????????????????? 27 ??????? 2012 . ??????????? 25 ??????? 2012 .
  8. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124" . hadithcollection.com . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 13 ???????? 2012 . ??????????? 25 ??????? 2012 .
  9. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim ? Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378" . hadithcollection.com . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 15 ?????? 2013 . ??????????? 25 ??????? 2012 .
  10. ↑ Fasting (Al Siyam) ? ??????  ? p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
  11. ↑ Islam, Andrew Egan ? 2002 ? p. 24
  12. ↑ Dubai ? p. 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers ? 2010
  13. ↑ "Ramadan in the Farthest North" . Saudi Aramco World . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 4 ?????????? 2015 . ??????????? 16 ???????? 2015 .
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 See article "How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World" -Huffpost.com /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara "The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish" https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish ???????? 7 ??????? 2019 ??? ??????????????
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kassam, Ashifa (3 ??????? 2016). "Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge" . The Guardian . ???? ????????????????? 7 ??????? 2016 . ??????????? 6 ??????? 2016 .
  17. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125" . hadithcollection.com . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 15 ?????? 2013 . ??????????? 25 ??????? 2012 .
  18. ↑ Smith, Jane I. (2010). Islam in America . Columbia University Press . p. 15. ISBN   978-0231147101 . ??????????? 30 May 2017 .
  19. ↑ Hotaling, Edward (2003). Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future . Syracuse University Press. p.  57 . ISBN   978-0815607663 . ??????????? 30 May 2017 .
  20. ↑ Abu Dawud -Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud ? (The Book of Prayer) ? Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370" . Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California . ???? ????????????????? 15 ???????? 2012 . ??????????? 25 ??????? 2012 .
  21. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199" . hadithcollection.com . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 15 ?????? 2013 . ??????????? 25 ??????? 2012 .
  22. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim ? Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391" . hadithcollection.com . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 12 ???????? 2018 . ??????????? 25 ??????? 2012 .
  23. ↑ Al-Bayhaqi , Abu Bakr. Sunnan al-Kubra (??????????). p. Vol. 4, Book 11, Ch. 6, Nu. 7904. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????: ??? ?????????? ≪?????????≫ ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫
  24. ↑ Al-Tabari , Muhammad ibn Jarir. Tafsir al-Tabari (??????????). p. Vol. 3, Pg. 187. ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ≪?????????≫? ?????????: ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????: ≪?????? ?????????≫
  25. ↑ Al-Razi , Fakhr al-Din. Tafsir al-Kabir (??????????). p. Vol. 5, Pg. 251. ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????: ??? ?????????? ≪????? ?????????≫ ??≪?????? ?????????≫ ????????? ???????? ≪????? ?????? ?????????≫ ??≪?????? ?????? ?????????≫ ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????.
  26. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzi , Abdul Rahman. Al-Mawdu'at (??????????). p. Vol. 2, Pg. 187. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????: ??? ?????????? ≪?????????≫ ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫
  27. ↑ Ibn Abu Hatim, Abdul Rahman. Tafsir Ibn Abu Hatim (??????????). p. Vol. 1, Pg. 310, Nu. 1648. ??? ?????????? ≪?????????≫? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫
  28. ↑ Al-Dimashqi, Tamam. Fawa'id al-Tamam (??????????). p. Vol. 1, Pg. 104, Nu. 241. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????: ??? ?????????? ?????????? ≪?????? ?????????≫? ??≪?????? ?????????≫? ????? ≪???????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????≫? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????
  29. ↑ Ibn al-Saqri, Abu Tahir. Mashyakhah (??????????). p. Vol. 1, Pg. 126, Nu. 52. ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????: ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ≪?????????≫ ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????
  30. ↑ Al-Kulayni , Muhammad ibn Ya'qub. Al-Kafi (??????????). p. Book 14 (the Book of Fasting), Ch. 4. ????? ????? ???????? (???????? ??????????): ??? ?????????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ????? ≪????? ?????????≫ ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????
  31. ↑ Ibn Babawayh , al-Saduq. Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih (??????????). p. Vol. 2, Pg. 182. ????? ??????? ?????????????? (???????? ??????????): ??? ?????????? ≪?????????≫ ????????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????
  32. ↑ Al-Hurr Al-Amili , Muhammad. Wasa'il al-Shia (??????????). p. Vol. 10, Ch. 19. ??????? (???????? ??????????) ?????: ??? ?????????? ≪?????????≫ ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ≪?????? ?????????≫
  33. ↑ Al-Majlisi , Muhammad-Baqir. Bihar al-Anwar (??????????). p. Vol. 93, Ch. 48.
  34. ↑ Ibn Tawus , Sayyid. Al-Iqbal Bil-Amal (??????????). p. Vol. 1, Pg. 29.
  35. ↑ Al-Nouri Al-Tabarsi, Husayn. Mustadrak al-Wasa'il (??????????). p. Vol. 7, Ch. 12, Hadith 1, Nu. 8609.
  36. ↑ Al-Shajari, Yahya bin Hussein. Al-Amali Al-Khamisiyah (??????????). p. Vol. 1, Pg. 380, Nu. 1355. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????: ??? ?????????? ≪?????????≫ ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????: ≪?????? ?????????≫
  37. ↑ Daniyal, Shoaib (20 June 2015). "Why Indian Muslims are using the Arabic word "Ramadan" instead of the traditional "Ramzan" " (??????????). Quartz . ??????????? 26 April 2020 .
  38. ↑ Aliyev, Rafig Y. (2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody . Trafford Publishing. ISBN   978-1490705217 .
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  86. ↑ Ramadan 2015: Facts, History, Dates, Greeting And Rules About The Muslim Fast ???????? 10 ??????? 2015 ??? ?????????????? , Huffington Post , 15 June 2015
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  88. ↑ "Breaking Pakistan's Ramadan Fasting Laws Has Serious Consequences" . NPR.
  89. ↑ "Not so fast! Ramadan laws in Arab countries make you think twice before digging in" . Albawaba News.
  90. ↑ " Egypt's tourism minister 'confirms' alcohol prohibition on Islamic holidays beyond Ramadan ???????? 11 ??????? 2013 ??? ?????????????? ," Al-Ahram , 22 July 2012.
  91. ↑ "Press release by Kuwait Ministry Of Interior" . ???? ????????????????? 9 ?????? 2016 . ??????????? 10 ??????? 2019 .
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  95. ↑ Ramadan in numbers ???????? 12 ??????? 2017 ??? ?????????????? , 10 July 2013, The Guardian
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  98. ↑ Salama, Samir (16 ??????? 2009). "New penalty for minor offences in UAE" . Gulf News . Dubai, UAE: Al Nisr Publishing LLC. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 1 ?????? 2010 . ??????????? 17 ????????? 2009 .
  99. ↑ Leo Paul Dana. When Economies Change Paths: Models of Transition in China, the Central Asian Republics, Myanmar & the Nations of Former Indochine Francaise . p. 162.
  100. ↑ James Minahan. The Former Soviet Union's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook . p. 133.
  101. ↑ Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures . Marshall Cavendish. p. 165.
  102. ↑ "In Albania, Ramadan under lockdown revives memories of communism" . Arab News . 2020-04-25.
  103. ↑ "China region bans Muslims from fasting during Ramadan" . 2012-08-01.
  104. ↑ "China bans Muslims from fasting Ramadan in Xinjiang" . Al-Jazeera English .
  105. ↑ Shohret Hoshur ; Joshua Lipes (14 May 2020). "Residents of Uyghur-Majority County in Xinjiang Ordered to Report Others Fasting During Ramadan" . Radio Free Asia . ?????? Elise Anderson; Alim Seytoff . ??????????? 17 May 2020 .
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  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Abolaban, H.; Al-Moujahed, A. (2017). "Muslim patients in Ramadan: A review for primary care physicians" . Avicenna J Med . 7 (3): 81?87. doi : 10.4103/ajm.AJM_76_17 . PMC   5525471 . PMID   28791239 .
  108. ↑ El-Bahay El-Kholi. Al Siyam, "Fasting" . The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Arab Republic of Egypt . p. 36.
  109. ↑ "Is it better for a pregnant woman to fast or not to fast?" .
  110. ↑ "Are Pregnant Women Exempt from Fasting in Ramadan?" . 8 May 2020.
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  114. ↑ BAHAMMAM, Ahmed (2004). "Effect of fasting during Ramadan on sleep architecture, daytime sleepiness and sleep pattern". Sleep and Biological Rhythms . 2 (2): 135?143. doi : 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2004.00135.x . ISSN   1446-9235 .
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  119. ↑ Faris, Mo'ez Al-Islam E.; Al-Holy, Murad A. (1 April 2014). "Implications of Ramadan intermittent fasting on maternal and fetal health and nutritional status: A review". Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism . 7 (2): 107?118. doi : 10.3233/MNM-140011 .
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  128. ↑ "Crime rate drops over Ramadan" . Turkish Daily News. 16 ????????? 2002. ???? ????????????????? 27 ???????? 2015 . ??????????? 24 ???????? 2015 .
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 "Eastern Province crime falls 40% during Ramadan" . 28 ??????? 2013. ???? ????????????????? 27 ??????? 2014 . ??????????? 16 ??????? 2014 .
  130. ↑ "The effect of Ramadan on crime rates in Saudi Arabia, Hattab Ben Thawab Al-Sobaye" (PDF) . Naif Arab University for Social Sciences, Thesis publication . 23 ?????? 2011. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 9 ??????? 2014 . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2014 .
  131. ↑ "129 women killed in six months in Turkey, lawmaker says" . Hurriyet Daily News . 11 ??????? 2014. ???? ????????????????? 13 ??????? 2014 . ??????????? 12 ??????? 2014 .
  132. ↑ "Crime rates increase during Ramadhan" . Jakarta Post . 19 ??????? 2011. ???? ????????????????? 16 ??????? 2014 . ??????????? 15 ??????? 2014 .
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  138. ↑ " Ramadan and lower crime rates: The Ayatollah says that during Ramadan the number of criminal cases in the Judiciary diminish by a great degree " . 11 ??????? 2013. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 26 ??????? 2014 . ??????????? 16 ??????? 2014 .
  139. ↑ A Guideline of Performing Ibadah at the International Space Station (ISS)
  140. ↑ Donadio, Rachel (2007-12-09). "Interstellar Ramadan" . The New York Times (?????????????????????). ISSN   0362-4331 . ??????????? 2019-12-05 .
  141. ↑ "Ramadan 2019: Why is it so important for Muslims?" . www.aljazeera.com . ??????????? 2019-08-06 .
  142. ↑ Gilfillan_1, Scott (2019-05-03). "Supporting Muslim colleagues during Ramadan" . TUC (??????????) . ??????????? 2019-08-06 .
  143. ↑ "Ramadan working hours announced in Oman" . Times of Oman . 22 ???????? 2014. ???? ????????????????? 24 ???????? 2016 . ??????????? 17 ???????? 2016 .
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  145. ↑ "The Working Muslim in Ramadan" (PDF) . Working Muslim. 2011. ???? (PDF) ????????????????? 7 ?????? 2016 . ??????????? 30 ???????? 2016 .
  146. ↑ Hasan, Rumy (3 July 2015). "The costs of Ramadan need to be counted" . The Guardian .
  147. ↑ "Businesses want more working hours in Ramadan" .
  148. ↑ Cook, Erin (19 June 2017). "The Ramadan Productivity Drop And How To Overcome It" . Indonesia Expat .

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