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????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ( ???? : Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar Ponte y Palacios Blanco , ????????: [si?mom bo?liβa?] ( ???????? ) ; 24 ??????? ?.?. 1783 ? 17 ??????? ?.?. 1830) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? , ?????????? , ????????? , ?????? , ???? ??? ???????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????????????????????

??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 16 ?? ???????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1808 ^[1] ??????????????????????? ????????? (?????????????) ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? 7 ??????? ?.?. 1819 ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1821 ???????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?.?. 1819 ????? ?.?. 1830 ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????, ???? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????????? (??????????? ??????????, ?????????, ?????? ????????????), ???? ??????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????

????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 19 ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? , ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? "??? ? ?? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????" ^[2] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? "???????????????! ????????????????????: ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????" ^[3]

???????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????? [ ??? ]

????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? "?????????????"

???????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?.?. 2345 ????????????????????? "?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????" ????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????

????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????? "??? ? ?? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????" ^[2] ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 27 ?????? ?.?. 1830 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[4]

????? 17 ??????? ?.?. 1830 ?????????????????????????? ?????? ????? 47 ?? ? ??????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ( ??????????????? ??????????) ???????????????????????? ??????? ???. ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?.?. 1856 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? 12 ?? ????????? ?.?. 1842 ?????????????????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?.?. 1876 ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?.?. 2010 ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[5]

????????????? ?.?. 2008 ???? ????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ^[6] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? "?????????????????????" ^[7] ????????????? ?.?. 2010 ??? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ^[8]^[9] ?????????????? ?.?. 2010 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[10] ?????????????? ?.?. 2011 ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ^[11]

??????? [ ??? ]

?????????? [ ??? ]

↑ ed, Thomas Riggs (2013). The literature of propaganda . Detroit [u.a.]: St. James Press. pp. 153?55. ISBN 978-1-55862-859-5 .
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Arana 2014 , p. 450.
↑ quoted in Jeremy Adelman , "Independence in Latin America" in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History , Jose C. Moya, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, p. 153.
↑ Arana 2014 , p. 435.
↑ Grant, Will (5 ??????? 2010). "Venezuela honors Simon Bolivar's lover Manuela Saenz" . BBC . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .
↑ Forero, Juan (23 ?????????? 2008). "Chavez, Assailed on Many Fronts, Is Riveted by 19th-Century Idol" . The Washington Post . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .
↑ "Bolivar and Chavez a Worthy Comparison" . Council on Hemispheric Affairs . 11 ??????? 2011. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 30 ?????? 2012 . ??????????? 9 ?????? 2012 .
↑ "Doctors Reconsider Health and Death of 'El Libertador,' General Who Freed South America" . Science Daily . 29 ?????? 2010 . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .
↑ Allen, Nick (7 ??????? 2010). "Simon Bolivar died of arsenic poisoning" . The Telegraph . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .
↑ James, Ian (16 ??????? 2010). "Venezuela opens Bolivar's tomb to examine remains" . MSNBC. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 20 ??????? 2010 . ??????????? 16 ??????? 2010 .
↑ Gupta, Girish (26 ??????? 2011). "Venezuela unable to determine cause of Bolivar's death" . Christian Science Monitor . ??????????? 29 ???????? 2013 .

???????????????? [ ??? ]

Arana, Marie. Bolivar: American Liberator . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.
Reza, German de la. "La invencion de la paz. De la republica cristiana del duque de Sully a la sociedad de naciones de Simon Bolivar", Mexico, Siglo XXI Editores, 2009. ISBN 978-607-03-0054-7
Bushnell, David. The Liberator, Simon Bolivar . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.
Bushnell, David (ed.) and Fornoff, Fred (tr.), El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolivar , Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-514481-9
Bushnell, David and Macaulay, Neill. The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century (Second edition). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-19-508402-3
Ducoudray Holstein, H.L.V. Memoirs of Simon Bolivar . Boston: Goodrich, 1829.
Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle For Independence, 1810?1830". John Murray, London (2000). ISBN 978-0-7195-5566-4
Lynch, John . Simon Bolivar and the Age of Revolution . London: University of London Institute of Latin American Studies, 1983. ISBN 978-0-901145-54-3
Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808?1826 (Second edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1986. ISBN 978-0-393-95537-8
Madariaga, Salvador de. Bolivar . Westport: Greenwood Press, 1952. ISBN 978-0-313-22029-6
Marx, Karl . "Bolivar y Ponte" in The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge , Vol. III. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1858.
Mijares, Augusto. The Liberator . Caracas: North American Association of Venezuela, 1983.
O'Leary, Daniel Florencio. Bolivar and the War of Independence/Memorias del General Daniel Florencio O'Leary: Narracion (Abridged version). Austin: University of Texas, [1888] 1970. ISBN 978-0-292-70047-5
Bastardo-Salcedo,JL (1993) Historia Fundamental de Venezuela UVC,Caracas.

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Simon Bolivar on In Our Time at the BBC . ( listen now )
???????????? ???????? ???????? 2004-12-13 ??? ??????????????
The Life of Simon Bolivar ???????? 2004-07-23 ??? ??????????????
The Louverture Project : Simon Bolivar ? Information about the support Bolivar received from Haiti.
In Profile: Simon Bolivar ? The Liberator ???????? 2012-09-30 ??? ??????????????
About the surname Bolibar/Bolivar, in Spanish ???????? 2019-08-05 ??? ??????????????
Paternal ancestors of the Liberator, in Spanish ???????? 2019-09-30 ??? ??????????????
Coats of arms of the Bolibars, in Spanish ???????? 2019-08-06 ??? ??????????????
Maternal ancestors of the Liberator (Palacios family), in Spanish ???????? 2019-10-27 ??? ??????????????
(????) Glrbv.org ???????? 2009-07-12 ??? ?????????????? : Biography
Beside Bolivar: The Edecan Demarquet ? About C. E. Demarquet, one of Bolivar's principal aides
"Building a New History by Exhuming Bolivar" Simon Romero, The New York Times , 3 August 2010
"Bolivar: American Liberator" Lecture by Marie Arana, The John W. Kluge Center, The Library of Congress , 6 June 2013
????? ???????? ??? ??????????

??????:???????????????????? ??????:???????????????? ??????:??????????????????????

?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[LITofPROP-1] , Thomas Riggs (2013). The literature of propaganda . Detroit [u.a.]: St. James Press. pp. 153?55. ISBN 978-1-55862-859-5 .

[FOOTNOTEArana2014450-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Arana 2014 , p. 450.

[3] quoted in Jeremy Adelman , "Independence in Latin America" in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History , Jose C. Moya, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, p. 153.

[FOOTNOTEArana2014435-4] Arana 2014 , p. 435.

[5] Grant, Will (5 ??????? 2010). "Venezuela honors Simon Bolivar's lover Manuela Saenz" . BBC . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .

[WaPo_Forero_23_February_2008-6] Forero, Juan (23 ?????????? 2008). "Chavez, Assailed on Many Fronts, Is Riveted by 19th-Century Idol" . The Washington Post . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .

[COHAforum-7] "Bolivar and Chavez a Worthy Comparison" . Council on Hemispheric Affairs . 11 ??????? 2011. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 30 ?????? 2012 . ??????????? 9 ?????? 2012 .

[2010PAresearch-8] "Doctors Reconsider Health and Death of 'El Libertador,' General Who Freed South America" . Science Daily . 29 ?????? 2010 . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .

[The_Telegraph_Allen_7_May_2010-9] Allen, Nick (7 ??????? 2010). "Simon Bolivar died of arsenic poisoning" . The Telegraph . ??????????? 17 ??????? 2010 .

[msnbc_James_16_July_2010-10] James, Ian (16 ??????? 2010). "Venezuela opens Bolivar's tomb to examine remains" . MSNBC. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 20 ??????? 2010 . ??????????? 16 ??????? 2010 .

[11] Gupta, Girish (26 ??????? 2011). "Venezuela unable to determine cause of Bolivar's death" . Christian Science Monitor . ??????????? 29 ???????? 2013 .

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