???????

???????
Монгол Улс
??????? Монгол Улс ;
????	???-??????
	????: Монгол улсын т?рийн дуулал ; ????? ???? ?????? ????? ; Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal ; ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ; ;
	Location of ??????? (green)
??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????	???? ?????
??????? ????????	??????
?????? ??????	?????? ??????? ; ?????? ????
???? ???? (2010)	96% ????? ; 4% ?????? ;
???	???? ??? (53%) ; ?????? ??? (4%) ; ????? (3%)
?????? ???	????? ; Mongolian ;
?????	?????? ???-????????? ??????
? ?????????	???????? ?????????
? ?????? ?????	?????????? ?????????
???????????	???? ???? ??????
??????
? ????? ??????	209 BC ???? ????
? ????? ??????	1206 ???? ????
? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????	29 ????? 1911
? Mongolian People's Republic established	26 ????? 1924
? ?????? ???????	13 ?????? 1992
????
? ????	1,566,000 km 2 (605,000 sq mi) ( 18??? )
? ?? (%)	0.43
?????
? 2016 ??????	3,081,677 ( 134??? )
? ????	1.97 /km 2 (5.1/sq mi) ( 238??? )
?????? ( ?????? )	2015 ??????
? ????	$36.6 ??? (36.6 ??????)
? ????? ??????	$11,024
?????? (??????)	2015 ??????
? ????	$12.5 ??? (12.5 ??????)
? ????? ??????	$4,353
???? (2011)	36.5 ; ????
??????? (2014)	0.727 ; ??? · 90th
?????	Togrog ( MNT )
???? ????	UTC +7/+8
? ?????? ( DST )	UTC +8/+9
???? ??????	yyyy.mm.dd ( CE )
???????? ????	right
?????? ???	+976
????? 3166 ???	MN
???????? ??????	.mn , .мон
	^ "Ulan Bator" ?? ????? ????? ??? ; ^ "????????" (????????) ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ;

??????? (English: / m ? ŋ ? ? o? l i ? / ( ???? ) ; ?????? : ??????
???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ) ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ???-??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? 36.76 ??.??. (22.84 ???) ??? ???

??????? ?? ???? ??????? 1,564,116 ??? ??.??. (603,909 ??? ???) ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? 18??? ??? '?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? 30 ??? (3 ??????) ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???-??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? 45% ????? ???? ???

????? ?? 30% ??????? ???????? ??? ???-???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? '? ????? ??? ??????? 1997 ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???

?? ????, ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??, '?? ???-??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? , ???????? , ???? , ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1206 ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? '?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????

16??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? 17??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? 19??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???-????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 1911 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 1921 ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? 1924 ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? 1989 ?? ????????-?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? 1990 ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???-????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???, 1992 ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????

???? [ ???? ]

?????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????? [ ???? ]

????? [ ???? ]

Bactrian camels by sand dunes in Gobi Desert.

??????? ?? ???? ??????? 15,64,116 ??? ??.??. ?? ??? ???? 15,53,556 ??? ??.??. ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 10,560 ??? ??.?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? 41° ?? 52° ???? ???????? ??? 87° ?? 120° ???? ???? ????? ???

??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? 250 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???-?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? 4,374 ???? (14,350 ????) ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????-???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 540 ???? ?? ????? '?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???

?????? [ ???? ]

???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??, ????? '? ?????? ?30 °C (?22 °F) ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??; ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? '?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? (????? '?? ?????? ???? ??)

?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ( ??????? ), ????? ???????? ( ?????????? ), ????? ??????? ( ?????????? ), ????? ????? (????), ????? ??? (??????? ???) '?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? '? ?????

??????? [ ???? ]

??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 8,220 ??.??. ?? ??? ?????? 4,677 ??.??. ??? ??? ??? 3,543 ??.??. ??? ??? ????? ??? ???-??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????

????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??????? [ ???? ]

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

????? [ ???? ]

??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 95% ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??-???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? , ????? ????? ???????? , ?????? ??????? ???

???-?????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? 1994 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???-????? '? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? '? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ^[13] ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ^[14]

?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??, ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????-???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? 1000 ?????? ????? ?????? 10 ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ^[15]

???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ????, ?? ???? ??-???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????-???? ???

??? [ ???? ]

??????? ???? ???
(15 ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????) ^[16]
???	???????	???? %
???-??????	7,35,283	38.6
??????	11,70,283	61.4
???? ???	10,09,357	53.0
?????	57,702	3.0
????? ???	55,174	2.9
???? ???	41,117	2.1
???? ???	6,933	0.4
????	19,05,566	100.0

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↑ "Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script" . UB Post. June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011 . Retrieved 2010-07-11 . {{ cite web }}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "???????" . ???? ???????? . CIA. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29 . Retrieved 9 ???? 2015 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF) . Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies . United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2008 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )
↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF) . French Politics . 3 (3). Palgrave Macmillan Journals: pp. 323?351. doi : 10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 ???? 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia , Poland, and Senegal. {{ cite journal }}: |pages= has extra text ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan (12 February 2016). "Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy" . ConstitutionNet . International IDEA . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.
↑ Official landuse balanse data (2007) ^{[
permanent dead link
]}^{[
????? ???
]}
↑ "National Statistical Office of Mongolia" . UBSEG.GOV.MN . Archived from the original on 2016-04-15 . Retrieved 2016-10-19 .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ?????? 2016
↑ "Gini Index" . World Bank . Retrieved March 2, 2011 .
↑ "2015 Human Development Report Statistical Annex" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015. p. 9 . Retrieved December 14, 2015 .
↑ "Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7" . Time Temperature.com . Retrieved 2007-09-30 .
↑ "Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia" . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2015-03-27 .
↑ Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (2006). Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An Internationdkznal Handbook of the Science of Language and Society . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1 .
↑ "Mongolia: Essential information" . guardian.co.uk . London. November 22, 2006 . Retrieved March 27, 2010 .
↑ Han, Jae-hyuck (May 5, 2006). "Today in Mongolia: Everyone can speak a few words of Korean" . Office of the President, Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-08-17 . {{ cite news }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ 2010 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia. Data recorded in Brian J. Grim et al. Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2014 . BRILL, 2014. p. 152

[1] "Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script" . UB Post. June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011 . Retrieved 2010-07-11 . {{ cite web }}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[cia-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "???????" . ???? ???????? . CIA. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29 . Retrieved 9 ???? 2015 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[Draft-3] Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF) . Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies . United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2008 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= ( help )

[Dual-4] Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF) . French Politics . 3 (3). Palgrave Macmillan Journals: pp. 323?351. doi : 10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 ???? 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia , Poland, and Senegal. {{ cite journal }}: |pages= has extra text ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[IDEA-5] Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan (12 February 2016). "Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy" . ConstitutionNet . International IDEA . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.

[6] Official landuse balanse data (2007) ^{[
permanent dead link
]}^{[
????? ???
]}

[7] "National Statistical Office of Mongolia" . UBSEG.GOV.MN . Archived from the original on 2016-04-15 . Retrieved 2016-10-19 .

[Apr_2016-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ?????? 2016

[wb-gini-9] "Gini Index" . World Bank . Retrieved March 2, 2011 .

[HDI-10] "2015 Human Development Report Statistical Annex" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015. p. 9 . Retrieved December 14, 2015 .

[11] "Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7" . Time Temperature.com . Retrieved 2007-09-30 .

[12] "Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia" . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2015-03-27 .

[13] Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (2006). Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An Internationdkznal Handbook of the Science of Language and Society . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1 .

[14] "Mongolia: Essential information" . guardian.co.uk . London. November 22, 2006 . Retrieved March 27, 2010 .

[15] Han, Jae-hyuck (May 5, 2006). "Today in Mongolia: Everyone can speak a few words of Korean" . Office of the President, Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-08-17 . {{ cite news }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[Religion2010-16] 2010 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia. Data recorded in Brian J. Grim et al. Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2014 . BRILL, 2014. p. 152

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