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↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? pop ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? poplive ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
↑ ≪????????? ?????????≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ??? ???? .
↑ ?? ????. (????) ≪' ????? ??????? ???? ????'≫ , Kingfisher Publications. p. ??. ISBN 0-7534-5569-2 .
↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? autogenerated1 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
↑ Kimbel, William H. & Yoel Rak & Donald C. Johanson. (????) ≪????? ?????????????? ????????≫? Oxford University Press US. ???? ‎????????????? .
↑ Tudge, Colin. (????) ≪???? ?? ????≫ ', Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860426-2 .
↑ Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa , Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2 .
↑ Sertima, Ivan Van. (????) ???: ????? ?????? /S V?? (Ppr) , Transaction Publishers. pp. 324-325. ISBN 1-56000-792-3 .
↑ Mokhtar, G. (????)? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???: ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? University of California Press. ISBN 0-85255-092-8 .
↑ Eyma, A. K. & C. J. Bennett. (????) ≪????? ???? (? ???) ?? ???: ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?≫ , Universal Publishers. p. ???. SBN 1-58112-564-X.
↑ ≪The Deadliest War In The World - TIME≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? .
↑ [?]
↑ ≪????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????≫. ????. ?????. Accessed September 23 2019. [?] .
↑ ≪African Religion on the Internet≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? .
↑ Continental regions as per UN categorizations/map .
↑ ≪USCensusBureau:Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2009≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .
↑ Spanish ????? ????? ? of which ??? ?????? are ????? ???? (???????) are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to ????? and ????? ???? ; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ The Spanish exclave of ????? is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ ??? is generally considered a ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the ????? ???? .
↑ The Portuguese ?????? are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ The Spanish exclave of ?????? is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
↑ The territory of ????? ???? is claimed by the ?????? ????????? ???? ???? and ????? . The ?????? ????????? ???? ???? is recognized as a sovereign state by the ??????? ?????? . ????? claims the entirety of the country as its Southern Provinces . Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.
↑ ????????? is the judicial capital of South Africa, while ???????? is its legislative seat, and ??????? is the country's administrative seat.
↑ ????????? is the official capital of ???? ??? ? while ?????? is the ?????? seat.

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allAfrica.com ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? (??????)
????? ????????: ?? ??? ?????? ????: ???? ???? ??????[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011214440/http://yaleeconomicreview.com/issues/spring2006/africa_history.php ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????: ??????? ?????? ???????? [http:\parytory.blogfa.com]
????≫

?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.

Afrika.no ???
????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ^{^{[
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Africa Action ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????.
??????? ??????
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??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? Wayback Machine ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????

??????? [ ?????? ]

[?]

[pop-1] ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? pop ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).

[poplive-2] ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? poplive ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).

[3] ≪????????? ?????????≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ??? ???? .

[Hoare-4] ?? ????. (????) ≪' ????? ??????? ???? ????'≫ , Kingfisher Publications. p. ??. ISBN 0-7534-5569-2 .

[autogenerated1-5] ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref>? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? autogenerated1 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).

[6] Kimbel, William H. & Yoel Rak & Donald C. Johanson. (????) ≪????? ?????????????? ????????≫? Oxford University Press US. ???? ‎????????????? .

[7] Tudge, Colin. (????) ≪???? ?? ????≫ ', Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860426-2 .

[Sayre-8] Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa , Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2 .

[9] Sertima, Ivan Van. (????) ???: ????? ?????? /S V?? (Ppr) , Transaction Publishers. pp. 324-325. ISBN 1-56000-792-3 .

[10] Mokhtar, G. (????)? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???: ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? University of California Press. ISBN 0-85255-092-8 .

[11] Eyma, A. K. & C. J. Bennett. (????) ≪????? ???? (? ???) ?? ???: ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?≫ , Universal Publishers. p. ???. SBN 1-58112-564-X.

[12] ≪The Deadliest War In The World - TIME≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? .

[13] [?]

[14] ≪????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????≫. ????. ?????. Accessed September 23 2019. [?] .

[15] ≪African Religion on the Internet≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? .

[16] Continental regions as per UN categorizations/map .

[uscen-17] ≪USCensusBureau:Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2009≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .

[18] Spanish ????? ????? ? of which ??? ?????? are ????? ???? (???????) are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to ????? and ????? ???? ; population and area figures are for 2001.

[19] The Spanish exclave of ????? is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.

[20] ??? is generally considered a ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the ????? ???? .

[21] The Portuguese ?????? are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.

[22] The Spanish exclave of ?????? is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.

[Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic-23] The territory of ????? ???? is claimed by the ?????? ????????? ???? ???? and ????? . The ?????? ????????? ???? ???? is recognized as a sovereign state by the ??????? ?????? . ????? claims the entirety of the country as its Southern Provinces . Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.

[24] ????????? is the judicial capital of South Africa, while ???????? is its legislative seat, and ??????? is the country's administrative seat.

[25] ????????? is the official capital of ???? ??? ? while ?????? is the ?????? seat.

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