???????

???????

Ndjamena
??????? Ndjamena
	???
	??? ??????????
	??????? ??? ??????????
	??????: ??°?′??″ ????? ??°?′??″ ???? ? / ? ????????° ????? ????????° ????
????	???
?????	????-????????
??????
? ??????	???? ??? ?????????
?????
? ??	????? ??????? ???? (????? ???? ????)
?????	??? ??? (???? ??)
????? (????)
? ??	???????
????? ?????	??????? ?+ (UTC)

????????? (?? ??????? : Ndjamena ) ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ^[?]

??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????.

??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??. ^[?]

?? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ^[?] ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???.

??????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????-??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??. ^[?] ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??.

?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ^[?] ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ≪???? ????? ?????≫ ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????? ????????? ??? ? ?? ????? ??????? ??.

????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? (BAO) ???. ?? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ≪?????? ?????????? ???????? ≫? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ≪???????≫ ???. ??? ???? ?? ???? ≪??????????≫ ???.

??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ^[?] ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??. ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ^[?]

???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??: ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????.

????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ^[?]

?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???.

??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????.

????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ≪???? ???? ????? ?????????≫ ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? . ^[?]

??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ( ???? ???? ??????? ) ^[??]

???? [ ?????? ]

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ^[??] ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????:

????: ?????
????: ??????
????: ??????
????: ??????
????: ??????
????: ???????
????: ???????
????: ???????
????: ???????
????: ???????
????: ???????

?? ? ??? [ ?????? ]

?? ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.

??????? ?? ? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? (???) ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????.

??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ^[?]

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ "Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history" . Zurocha-Walske, Christine (2009). (?? ???????) . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .
↑ MESSERSCHMITT Bf 108 - 'TAIFUN'
↑ ^??? ^??? ????????? ?????: ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????. ? ???? ????.
↑ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture , ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 208
↑ Zeleza, Tiyambe; Dickson Eyoh (2003). Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history . Taylor & Francis. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-415-23479-5 . Archived from the original on 2016-05-19 . Retrieved 2015-11-15 .
↑ "N'Djamena (Chad)" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 .
↑ Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Chad , Scarecrow, 1987, pp. 229?230
↑ Robert Buijtenhuijs, Le Frolinat et les guerres civiles du Tchad , Karthala, 1987, pp. 67?175
↑ ???????? : UN condemns rebel attack in Chad ??????????? ?? ????-??-?? ???? Wayback Machine
↑ "Rebels clash with Chadian forces inside capital" . February 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008 . Retrieved February 3, 2008 .
↑ "Africa South of the Sahara 2004" . Europa Publications (?? ???????) . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

[1] "Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history" . Zurocha-Walske, Christine (2009). (?? ???????) . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .

[2] MESSERSCHMITT Bf 108 - 'TAIFUN'

[ReferenceA-3] ??? ^??? ????????? ?????: ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????. ? ???? ????.

[4] Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture , ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 208

[5] Zeleza, Tiyambe; Dickson Eyoh (2003). Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history . Taylor & Francis. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-415-23479-5 . Archived from the original on 2016-05-19 . Retrieved 2015-11-15 .

[6] "N'Djamena (Chad)" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 .

[7] Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Chad , Scarecrow, 1987, pp. 229?230

[8] Robert Buijtenhuijs, Le Frolinat et les guerres civiles du Tchad , Karthala, 1987, pp. 67?175

[9] ???????? : UN condemns rebel attack in Chad ??????????? ?? ????-??-?? ???? Wayback Machine

[10] "Rebels clash with Chadian forces inside capital" . February 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008 . Retrieved February 3, 2008 .

[11] "Africa South of the Sahara 2004" . Europa Publications (?? ???????) . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[??]

[??]