Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire (1594?1632)
Gottfried Heinrich
Graf
zu Pappenheim
(29 May 1594 – 17 November 1632) was a
field marshal
of the
Holy Roman Empire
in the
Thirty Years' War
. A supporter of the
Catholic League
, he was mortally wounded during the
Battle of Lutzen
fighting the Protestant forces under Swedish king
Gustavus Adolphus
.
Biography
[
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]
Pappenheim was born in the little town of
Treuchtlingen
, a secondary seat of his family, the ruling Lords of
Pappenheim
on the
Altmuhl
in
Bavaria
, a free lordship of the empire
(see:
Pappenheim (state)
)
, from which the ancient family to which he belonged derived its name. He was the second son of Veit zu Pappenheim, Lord of Treuchtlingen and Schwindegg, and his second wife Maria Salome von Preysing-Kopfsburg. He was educated at
Altdorf
and
Tubingen
, and subsequently traveled in southern and central Europe, mastering the various languages, and seeking knightly adventures. His stay in these countries led him eventually to adopt the
Roman Catholic
faith in 1614, to which he devoted the rest of his life. At the outbreak of the great war he abandoned the legal and diplomatic career on which he had embarked, and in his zeal for the faith took service in
Poland
.
The experience gained serving in the Polish army (especially in the way of fighting cavalry) was to his advantage in fighting on the side of the
Catholic League
.
He soon became a lieutenant-colonel, and displayed great courage and ability at the
battle of the White Mountain
near
Prague
(8 November 1620), where he was left for dead on the field. In the following year he fought against
Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld
in western Germany, and, in 1622, became colonel of a regiment of
cuirassiers
. In 1623, as an ardent friend of Spain, the ally of his sovereign and the champion of his faith, he raised troops for the Italian war and served with the Spaniards in
Lombardy
and the
Grisons
. It was his long and heroic defence of the post of
Riva
on the
Lake Mezzola
which first brought him conspicuously to the front. In 1626,
Maximilian I of Bavaria
, the head of the League, recalled him to Germany and entrusted him with the suppression of a
peasant rebellion
which had broken out in
Upper Austria
. Pappenheim swiftly carried out his task, encountering a most desperate resistance, but always successful; and in a few weeks he had crushed the rebellion with ruthless severity (i.e.
Gmunden
,
Vocklabruck
and
Wolfsegg
, 15?30 November 1626).
After this he served with
Tilly
against
Christian IV of Denmark
, and besieged and took
Wolfenbuttel
. His hopes of obtaining the sovereignty and possessions of the evicted prince of
Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel
were, after a long intrigue, definitively disappointed. In 1628 he was made a count of the empire. The
siege and storm
of
Magdeburg
followed, and Pappenheim, like Tilly, has been accused of the most savage cruelty in this massacre. So much could not be said of his tactics at the
battle of Breitenfeld
, the loss of which was not a little due to the impetuous cavalry general, who was never so happy as when leading a great charge of horse. The retreat of the imperialists from the lost field he covered, however, with care and skill, and subsequently he won great glory by his operations on the lower
Rhine
and the
Weser
in rear of the victorious army of
Gustavus Adolphus
. Much-needed reinforcements for the king of Sweden were constantly detained by Pappenheim's small and newly raised force in the northwest.
His operations were far-ranging and his restless activity dominated the country from
Stade
to
Kassel
, and from
Hildesheim
to
Maastricht
. Being now a
field marshal
in the imperial service, he was recalled to join
Wallenstein
, and assisted the generalissimo in
Saxony
against the Swedes; but, was again despatched towards
Cologne
and the lower Rhine. In his absence a great battle became imminent, and Pappenheim was hurriedly recalled. He appeared with his horsemen in the midst of the
battle of Lutzen
(16 November 1632). His furious attack was for the moment successful. As
Rupert
at
Marston Moor
sought
Cromwell
as his worthiest opponent, so now Pappenheim sought Gustavus. At about the same time as the king was killed, Pappenheim received a mortal wound in another part of the field.
He died later the same day or early the next morning en route to
Leipzig
, where his body was embalmed at the
Pleissenburg
fortress.
Legacy
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]
- The form of rapier called the
Pappenheimer
, is reportedly named after him.
[4]
- In Polish military terminology, "pappenheimer" refers to a type of helmet worn by heavy cavalry during the Thirty Years' War.
[5]
- In German the phrase "I know my Pappenheimer" (Ich kenne meine Pappenheimer) referring to a person acting as expected in a negative sense. Originating from Schillers Wallenstein plays, though there meant in positive way.
[6]
Gallery
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Notes
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Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
Graf
was a title, translated as
Count
, not a first or middle name. The female form is
Grafin
. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
References
[
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]
Sources
[
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]
- Kriegsschriften von baierischen Officieren I. II. V.
(Munich, 1820);
- Hess,
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim
(Leipzig, 1855);
- Ersch
and
Gruber
,
Allgem. Encyklopadie
, III. II (Leipzig, 1838);
- Wittich
, in
Allgem. deutsche Biographie
, Band 25 (Leipzig, 1887), and works there quoted.
-
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain
:
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911). "
Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, Count of
".
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 739?740.
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