????? ???

????? ???
Lake Baikal
????? ??? ; Lake Baikal
??????	????????? , ???
??????????	53°30′N 108°0′E ? / ? 53.500°N 108.000°E ?????????? : 53°30′N 108°0′E ? / ? 53.500°N 108.000°E
??? ??????	????? ???
???	??????? ??? , ????????? ??? , ???? ?????? ???
?????	?????? ???
????	560,000 ???? 2 (6.027789833 × 10 12 ???? ??)
???? ?? ???	??? ? ????????
?????? ?????	636 ???? (395 ???)
?????? ??????	79 ???? (49 ???)
??? ???????	31,500 ???? 2 (3.39 × 10 11 ???? ??)
??? ??????	744.4 ?? (2,442 ???)
?????? ??????	1,642 ?? (5,387 ???)
????	23,615.39 ???? 3 (5,670 ?? ???)
??????? ???	330 years
?????? ?? ????? 1	2,100 ???? (1,300 ???)
??? ?????	455.5 ?? (1,494 ???)
?? ????	????????
???	27 ( ?????? ??? )
?????	??????????????? , ????????????? , ????????? , ????-?????????
???????? ????? ????? ????
??????	?????????: vii, viii, ix, x
??????	754
????????????	1996 (20??? ???? )
???? (?????)	8,800,000 ???
	1 ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????

????? ??? ( ???????? : Baikal lake ) ???? ????? ??? ( ???? : о?зеро Байка?л ?????? ????? , ??????? ????: Байгал нуур ????? ???? ; ????: ??????? ? ???) ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? (????) ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????

????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? (Irkutsk Oblast) ? ?????????? (Buryatia) ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????

??? 23,615.39 ???? ³ (5,670 ?? ???) ???? ???? ? ???, ^[1] ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ???; ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? 22-23 % ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ^[4]^[5] ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? (????? ?????) ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ^[6] ? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ^[7] ???? ?????? 1,642 ?? (5,387 ???) ??? ^[1] ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???, ^[8] ???? ???? 25-30 ?????? ???? (?????-??? ????? ???) ???????? ??? ??? ??? ^[9]^[10] ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? 31,722 ???? ² (12,248 ???? ???) ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? (22,429 ???? ????????) ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ^[11] ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????) ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ^[12]

????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???, ?????, ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ^[13] ? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??, ^[14] ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?19 °C (?2 °F) ?? ????? ?? ?????? 14 °C (57 °F) ?? ?? ????? ^[15]

????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? (???, ????? ??? ?? ?????) ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ^[16] ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????-???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1996 ??? ????? ??? ???? ^[17]

?????? [ ?????? ???? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 "A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation" . Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25 . Retrieved 9 ????? 2009 .
↑ M.A. Grachev. "On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal" . Lymnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 ????? 2011 . Retrieved 9 ????? 2009 .
↑ "Unique aquarium on Lake Baikal" . Sputnik News. 23 ??? 2004 . Retrieved 10 ??? 2017 .
↑ Schwarzenbach, Rene P.; Philip M. Gschwend; Dieter M. Imboden (2003). Environmental Organic Chemistry (2 ed.). Wiley Interscience. p. 1052. ISBN 9780471350538 .
↑ Tyus, Harold M. (2012). Ecology and Conservation of Fishes . CRC Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-4398-9759-1 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link )
↑ Bright, Michael, ed. (2010). 1001 natural wonders : you must see before you die . preface by Koichiro Mastsuura (2009 ed.). London: Cassell Illustrated. p. 620. ISBN 9781844036745 .
↑ "Deepest Lake in the World" . geology.com . Retrieved 18 ????? 2007 .
↑ "Lake Baikal ? A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies" . United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 ????? 2016 .
↑ "Lake Baikal ? UNESCO World Heritage Centre" . Retrieved 5 ??????? 2012 .
↑ "Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem" . ScienceDaily . 26 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 16 ????? 2018 .
↑ "The Oddities of Lake Baikal" . Alaska Science Forum. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 ????? 2007 .
↑ Jung, J., Hojnowski, C., Jenkins, H., Ortiz, A., Brinkley, C., Cadish, L., Evans, A., Kissinger, P., Ordal, L., Osipova, S., Smith, A., Vredeveld, B., Hodge, T., Kohler, S., Rodenhouse, N. and Moore, M. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size" (PDF) . In Smirnov, A.I.; Izmest'eva, L.R. (eds.). Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk, Russia . pp. 131?140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15 . Retrieved 9 ????? 2009 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link )
↑ S. Hudgins (2003). The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East . Texas A&M University Press . Retrieved 9 August 2009 .
↑ M. Hammer; T. Karafet (1995). "DNA & the peopling of Siberia" . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 9 August 2009 .
↑ Fefelov, I.; Tupitsyn, I. (August 2004). "Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia" (PDF) . Wader Study Group Bulletin . 104 : 66?78 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 .
↑ Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Khenzykhenova, Fedora I.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda V. (2013-01-23). "Aridization of the Transbaikalia in the context of global events during the Pleistocene and its effect on the evolution of small mammals" . Quaternary International . Quaternary interconnections in Eurasia: focus on Eastern Europe SEQS Conference, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 21?26 June 2010 (???????? ???). 284 : 45?52. Bibcode : 2013QuInt.284...45E . doi : 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.024 . ISSN 1040-6182 .
↑ "Lake Baikal ? World Heritage Site" . World Heritage . Retrieved 13 January 2007 .

[INTAS-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 "A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation" . Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25 . Retrieved 9 ????? 2009 .

[2] M.A. Grachev. "On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal" . Lymnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 ????? 2011 . Retrieved 9 ????? 2009 .

[SPN2014-3] "Unique aquarium on Lake Baikal" . Sputnik News. 23 ??? 2004 . Retrieved 10 ??? 2017 .

[4] Schwarzenbach, Rene P.; Philip M. Gschwend; Dieter M. Imboden (2003). Environmental Organic Chemistry (2 ed.). Wiley Interscience. p. 1052. ISBN 9780471350538 .

[5] Tyus, Harold M. (2012). Ecology and Conservation of Fishes . CRC Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-4398-9759-1 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link )

[6] Bright, Michael, ed. (2010). 1001 natural wonders : you must see before you die . preface by Koichiro Mastsuura (2009 ed.). London: Cassell Illustrated. p. 620. ISBN 9781844036745 .

[7] "Deepest Lake in the World" . geology.com . Retrieved 18 ????? 2007 .

[touchstone-8] "Lake Baikal ? A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies" . United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 ????? 2016 .

[unesco-9] "Lake Baikal ? UNESCO World Heritage Centre" . Retrieved 5 ??????? 2012 .

[ScienceDaily2017-10] "Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem" . ScienceDaily . 26 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 16 ????? 2018 .

[oddities-11] "The Oddities of Lake Baikal" . Alaska Science Forum. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 ????? 2007 .

[Jung2004-12] Jung, J., Hojnowski, C., Jenkins, H., Ortiz, A., Brinkley, C., Cadish, L., Evans, A., Kissinger, P., Ordal, L., Osipova, S., Smith, A., Vredeveld, B., Hodge, T., Kohler, S., Rodenhouse, N. and Moore, M. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size" (PDF) . In Smirnov, A.I.; Izmest'eva, L.R. (eds.). Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk, Russia . pp. 131?140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15 . Retrieved 9 ????? 2009 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link )

[animal-13] S. Hudgins (2003). The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East . Texas A&M University Press . Retrieved 9 August 2009 .

[14] M. Hammer; T. Karafet (1995). "DNA & the peopling of Siberia" . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 9 August 2009 .

[15] Fefelov, I.; Tupitsyn, I. (August 2004). "Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia" (PDF) . Wader Study Group Bulletin . 104 : 66?78 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 .

[16] Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Khenzykhenova, Fedora I.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda V. (2013-01-23). "Aridization of the Transbaikalia in the context of global events during the Pleistocene and its effect on the evolution of small mammals" . Quaternary International . Quaternary interconnections in Eurasia: focus on Eastern Europe SEQS Conference, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 21?26 June 2010 (???????? ???). 284 : 45?52. Bibcode : 2013QuInt.284...45E . doi : 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.024 . ISSN 1040-6182 .

[17] "Lake Baikal ? World Heritage Site" . World Heritage . Retrieved 13 January 2007 .

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