Louis XIV c?a Phap
(
Louis Dieudonne
;
5 thang 9
n?m
1638
–
1 thang 9
n?m
1715
), con đ??c g?i la
Louis đ?i đ?
(
Louis the Great
,
Louis le Grand
) hay
Vua M?t Tr?i
(
The Sun King
,
le Roi Soleil
), la m?t quan ch? thu?c
Nha Bourbon
, đa cai tr? v?i danh hi?u
Vua c?a Phap
va
Navarra
t? ngay 14 thang 5 n?m 1643 cho đ?n khi ong qua đ?i vao n?m 1715. Ong đ??c xem la m?t trong nh?ng nha chinh ph?t l?n trong
l?ch s?
.
[1]
Tri?u đ?i keo dai 72 n?m 110 ngay đa khi?n ong tr? thanh v? vua c?a m?t qu?c gia co ch? quy?n
t?i v? lau nh?t
trong l?ch s?.
[2]
[a]
Phap d??i th?i Louis XIV la bi?u t??ng c?a th?i đ?i
chuyen ch?
? chau Au.
Xung quanh nha vua la hang lo?t nhan v?t chinh tr?, quan s? va v?n hoa quan tr?ng, ch?ng h?n nh?
Mazarin
,
Colbert
,
Louvois
,
Grand Conde
,
Turenne
,
Vauban
,
Boulle
,
Moliere
,
Racine
,
Boileau
,
La Fontaine
,
Lully
,
Charpentier
,
Marais
,
Le Brun
,
Rigaud
,
Bossuet
,
Le Vau
,
Mansart
,
Charles Perrault
,
Claude Perrault
va
Le Notre
.
Ong len ngoi khi đ??c 4 tu?i, va đ??c m? la
Ana c?a Tay Ban Nha
nhi?p chinh
. Khi len 9 tu?i, sau nh?ng cu?c n?i lo?n, ong đ??c d?n đi ?n nau kh?i kinh đo
Paris
. Ong c?m th?y b? s? nh?c va nh?t quy?t mu?n t? ch?, khong đ? ai chi ph?i nh?
H?ng y Richelieu
đa chi ph?i cha ong va
H?ng y Mazarin
đa chi ph?i m? ong. C?ng t? đay tr? v? sau, ong co ac c?m v?i kinh đo Paris va khong bao gi? mu?n tr? l?i thanh ph? nay. N?m
1661
, khi đ??c 23 tu?i, Louis XIV m?i chinh th?c cai tr? v??ng qu?c sau cai ch?t c?a H?ng y Mazarin.
[5]
La m?t ng??i tuan th? khai ni?m v?
quy?n l?c th?n thanh
, Louis XIV ch? tr??ng thi?t l?p m?t tri?u đinh
chuyen ch?
, xoa b? tan d?
phong ki?n
phan quy?n đa ?nh h??ng sau s?c toan b? n??c Phap, va m?t trong nh?ng vi?c nay la ti?n hanh xay d?ng
đi?n Versailles
.
N?m
1666
, ong ch?n đ?a đi?m c?a cung đi?n cho rieng ong, cach Paris 20 kilomet v? h??ng tay, r?i ra l?nh thi cong. Ong huy đ?ng 36.000
cong nhan
, them 6.000
ng?a
đ? chuyen ch? v?t li?u xay d?ng. Th??ng vong c?a cong nhan kha cao. M?i đem, xe goong đi nh?t xac ch?t do tai n?n ngh? nghi?p. Hang ch?c ng??i ch?t m?i tu?n vi s?t ret. N?m
1682
,
đi?n Versailles
hoan thanh, tr? thanh m?t cung đi?n v? đ?i nh?t th? gi?i. đi?n Versailles khong co thanh l?y, v? vua đa xay cung đi?n tr? vi khong đ??c che ch?n, gi?a đ?ng tr?ng, đ? ch?ng t? m?t đ?ng quan v??ng đ? quy?n l?c khong c?n đ?n hao va t??ng thanh đ? b?o v?. Versailles tr? thanh bi?u t??ng c?a v? th? giau co va quy?n l?c c?a đ? ch? hung m?nh nh?t
chau Au
. Tren toan
l?c đ?a
, nh?ng quan v??ng khac ? k? c? ng??i đang co chi?n tranh v?i Phap ? th? hi?n tinh than h?u, long ganh t? va thach đ? h? b?ng cach xay cung đi?n theo m?u Versailles. M?i quan v??ng đ?u mu?n xay m?t Versailles cho rieng minh. Ngay c? nh?ng đ?i l? dai va hoanh trang ? th? đo
Washington, D.C.
c?a
M?
, đ??c quy ho?ch 100 n?m sau, c?ng do m?t ki?n truc s? ng??i Phap thi?t k? t?ng th? theo m?u Versailles.
Sau khi hoan thanh đi?n Versailles, Louis XIV đa tri?u t?p cac nha quy t?c c?a Phap d?i đ?n trong tri?u đinh đ? đ?nh c?, lam d?u đi nh?ng s? phan tranh c?a t?ng l?p quy t?c, trong đo co nhi?u ng??i tham gia vao cu?c Bi?n lo?n
Fronde
khi ong con đang giai đo?n nhi?p chinh. B?ng cach nay, Louis XIV đa thi?t l?p m?t ch? đ? quan ch? chuyen ch? tuy?t đ?i c?a cac Vua Phap, đ??c duy tri mai t?n đ?n khi x?y ra cu?c
Cach m?ng Phap
.
Quan đ?i Phap
bao g?m 15 v?n binh s? vao th?i binh va 40 v?n quan tinh nhu? trong th?i chi?n. B?n than vua Louis XIV khong co kinh nghi?m chi?n tr??ng, nh?ng ong la nha chi?n l??c va qu?n ly quan s? tai ba. Kiem nhi?m ch?c v? B? tr??ng Chi?n tranh, nha vua ban lu?n v? v? mo chi?n l??c v?i cac t??ng l?nh day d?n tr?n m?c c?a ong, r?i ch? đ?o cac ho?t đ?ng cung ?ng quan nhu, tuy?n quan, hu?n luy?n, tinh bao quan đ?i... Theo th?i gian, uy tin c?a Louis XIV va c?a n??c Phap dang cao m?i n?m. Quan đ?i Phap tr? nen đang s? nh?t chau Au.
Turenne
- v? th?ng soai đ??c
Hoang đ?
Napoleon Bonaparte
ng?i ca la
V? t??ng Phap v? đ?i nh?t
- đa pho ta d??i tri?u vua Louis XIV.
[6]
Vao n?m
1672
, nha vua sai t??ng Turenne mang quan đi đanh
Ha Lan
nh?ng khong thanh, ph?i rut lui.
[7]
V? l?ng l?y c?a cung đi?n Versailles d?y len long ng??ng m? va ganh t? c?a th? gi?i.
Ti?ng Phap
tr? nen ngon ng? ph? c?p trong ngo?i giao, xa h?i va v?n h?c. D??ng nh? b?t k? vi?c gi ? m?i vi?c ? đ?u kh? thi, n?u d??i v?n b?n ch? th? co mang ch? ky cao to, ngu?ch ngo?c "Louis".
Nh?ng n?m cu?i c?a tri?u đ?i Louis XIV x?y ra nhi?u th?m h?a. Trong cu?c
Chi?n tranh K? v? Tay Ban Nha
, lien quan
Anh
-
Ao
-
Ph?
do
Cong t??c th? nh?t c?a Marlborough
,
Leopold I x? Anhalt-Dessau
va V??ng cong
Eugene de Savoie-Carignan
ch? huy đ?p tan tac Quan đ?i vua Louis XIV trong tr?n đanh l?n t?i
Blenheim
(
1704
)
[8]
- m?t đon đanh c?c k? đau vao quan Phap.
[9]
Sau chi?n b?i the th?m t?i Blenheim, Quan đ?i vua Louis XIV l?i b? Qu?n cong Marlborough đ?i pha trong tr?n đanh t?i
Ramilies
(
1706
).
[10]
Cung n?m đo, lien quan Ao - Ph? c?a V??ng cong Leopold va V??ng cong Eugene đe b?p trong tr?n đanh t?i
Turin
.
[11]
Mai đ?n n?m
1712
, Quan đ?i Phap do
Th?ng ch?
Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars
th?ng l?nh m?i đanh tan tac lien quan Ao -
Ha Lan
c?a Eugene trong tr?n đanh nh? t?i
Denain
.
[12]
[13]
Song, ng??i con chinh th?c đ?c nh?t, ng??i k? v? ngai vang c?a nha vua, qua đ?i n?m
1711
. Con trai c?a ong, Qu?n cong c?a Bourgogne, hi?n than cho ni?m hy v?ng c?a n??c Phap trong t??ng lai, qua đ?i n?m 1711 vi
b?nh s?i
? tu?i 30. đ?a con trai tr??ng c?a Qu?n cong, chau n?i c?a Louis XIV, c?ng ch?t vi b?nh s?i it ngay sau.
Ch? con co m?t đ?a tr? thu?c dong doi k? v? ngai vang tr?c ti?p, m?i len 2, la chau keu Louis XIV b?ng ong c?. đ?a tr? nay c?ng m?c b?nh s?i, nh?ng thoat ch?t nh? ng??i b?o m?u nh?t kin c?u be va khong cho phep cac bac s? s? đ?n c?u v?i hai ban tay mang nh?ng b?c m?ng n??c. Hoang ton nay đ??c s?ng sot đ? tr? vi n??c Phap trong 59 n?m d??i hi?u la
Louis XV
. Tren gi??ng b?nh, Louis XIV tri?u ng??i ch?t len 5 tu?i đ?n va noi:
"Chau ?, m?t ngay chau s? la v? Quan ch? v? đ?i. đ?ng b?t ch??c tinh hi?u chi?n c?a ta. Hay luon hanh x? d?a theo Chua va khi?n cho th?n dan ph?i tr?ng v?ng Ng??i. Ta đau long ma th?y đa đ? cho th?n dan trong tinh tr?ng nh? th?."
[14]
Vua Louis XIV qua đ?i n?m
1715
sau khi tr? vi 72 n?m, th? 76 tu?i. Co l? ong la v? Vua v? đ?i nh?t c?a Phap
[14]
. Nh?ng v? vua k? t?c ong khong tham v?ng nh? ong, va huy?n tho?i v? m?t l?c l??ng Quan đ?i Phap b?t kh? chi?n b?i đa b? pha v? tan tanh v?i vi?c h? b?
Quan đ?i tinh nhu? Ph?
c?a vua
Friedrich II đ?i đ?
đe b?p trong tr?n đanh l?n t?i
Rossbach
(
1757
), va sau nay la đ?i b?i trong
Chi?n tranh B?y n?m
tr??c ng??i Anh, va m?t h?t lanh th? B?c M? vao tay
Anh
.
[15]
[16]
Louis XIV sinh vao ngay
5 thang 9
n?m
1638
, t?i Lau đai
Chateau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
, la con trai c?a
Louis XIII c?a Phap
va v??ng h?u
Ana c?a Ao
. Cha m? c?a ong đa k?t hon đ??c 23 n?m tr??c khi sinh ra ong. M? ong đa t?ng mang thai b?n l?n, nh?ng c? b?n l?n đ?u
b? h?ng
. Do đo, m?i ng??i coi ong nh? la m?t mon qua ma
Thien Chua
ban t?ng, va ngay sinh c?a ong la m?t phep l? c?a
Chua Tr?i
.
C?ng vi v?y ma ong đ??c đ?t ten
Louis-Dieudonne
(Louis Chua ban)
[18]
va s?m mang danh hi?u
Tr? quan
n??c Phap:
Dauphin
.
N?m
1643
, khi đang h?p h?i, Louis XIII đa chu?n b? t?t c? m?i th? đ? giup đ? con trai minh trong nh?ng n?m đ?u tren ngai vang. Ong l?p m?t
H?i đ?ng nhi?p chinh
, t?m quy?n thay cho Louis trong th?i gian con th? ?u. Trai ng??c v?i truy?n th?ng, ong khong cho v? Anne đ?c chi?m ch?c
nhi?p chinh
vi ong khong ch?c ch?n v? tai n?ng chinh tr? c?a ba. Nh?ng ong đa nh??ng b? v? vi?c b? nhi?m Anne tr? thanh ng??i đ?ng đ?u H?i đ?ng.
Quan h? gi?a Louis va m? ong đ??c xem la hi?m co vao th?i đi?m đo. Nhi?u ng??i đ??ng th?i cho r?ng, V??ng h?u Anne g?n nh? đa danh toan b? th?i gian v?i Louis. C? hai đ?u co nh?ng s? thich v?
?m th?c
va
ngh? thu?t san kh?u
. C?ng chinh thai h?u đa khi?n Louis v?ng tin th?c hi?n y ni?m ti?n hanh
quan ch? chuyen ch?
c?a minh.
Tu?i v? thanh nien va n?i chi?n
Fronde
[
s?a
|
s?a ma ngu?n
]
Ngay sau khi Louis XIII qua đ?i vao ngay 14 thang 5 n?m 1643, V??ng h?u Anne đa dung
Parlement de Paris
(m?t c? quan t? phap bao g?m ch? y?u la quy t?c va giao s? cao c?p) đ? tuyen b? h?y b? di chuc c?a ch?ng.
Hanh đ?ng nay đa bai b? h?i đ?ng nhi?p chinh va đ?a Anne tr? thanh Nhi?p chinh duy nh?t c?a Phap. Sau khi l?u đay m?t s? B? tr??ng than c?n c?a ch?ng, Anne đa đ? b?t Brienne lam B? tr??ng Ngo?i giao c?a minh.
Anne gi? v?ng đ??ng h??ng chinh sach ton giao trong tay cho đ?n n?m 1661. M?t trong nh?ng quy?t đ?nh chinh tr? quan tr?ng nh?t c?a ba la đ? c?
H?ng y Mazarin
lam Th? t??ng, ti?p t?c chinh sach c?a ng??i ch?ng qua c? va
H?ng y Richelieu
. đ? b?o v? Mazarin, Anne đa đay ?i nh?ng ai ma ba cho r?ng đang co am m?u ch?ng l?i ong ta nh?
Cong t??c Beaufort
va
Marie de Rohan
.
[24]
V??ng h?u c?ng la ng??i đ?a ra m?t s? đ?nh h??ng cho đ??ng l?i đ?i ngo?i c?a Phap. đi?u nay co th? c?m nh?n đ??c khi m?t đ?ng minh c?a Phap la Ha Lan đa đam phan v?i Tay Ban Nha v? m?t n?n hoa binh đ?c l?p vao n?m 1648.
N?m 1648, Anne va Mazarin đam phan thanh cong
Hoa ??c Westfalen
, k?t thuc
Chi?n tranh Ba M??i N?m
.
Cac đi?u kho?n c?a hoa ??c đ?m b?o s?
đ?c l?p c?a Ha Lan
kh?i
Tay Ban Nha
, trao m?t s? quy?n t? tr? cho cac hoang t? đ?c khac nhau c?a
đ? qu?c La Ma Th?n thanh
, va cho Th?y đi?n cac gh? trong H?i đ?ng Hoang gia c?ng nh? cac vung lanh th? đ? ki?m soat cac c?a
song Oder
,
Elbe
va
Weser
.
Tuy nhien, Phap đ??c h??ng l?i nhi?u nh?t t? vi?c dan x?p nay. Ao d??i s? cai tr? c?a Hoang đ?
Ferdinand III
đa nh??ng l?i t?t c? cac vung đ?t va tuyen b? ch? quy?n c?a nha
Habsburg
?
Alsace
cho Phap va th?a nh?n ch? quy?n
tren th?c t? c?a minh
đ?i v?i ba giao ph?n
Metz
,
Verdun
va
Toul
.
H?n n?a, v?i mong mu?n t? gi?i phong kh?i ach th?ng tr? c?a Habsburg, cac qu?c gia nh? be c?a đ?c đa tim ki?m s? b?o v? c?a Phap. đi?u nay đa d?n đ?n s? hinh thanh c?a
Lien đoan song Rhine
n?m 1658, lam s? suy gi?m h?n n?a quy?n l?c c?a đ? qu?c.
Sau khi
Chi?n tranh Ba M??i N?m
k?t thuc, m?t cu?c n?i chi?n
Fronde
đa n? ra ?
Phap
. Cu?c n?i chi?n nay c?ng đa ki?m nghi?m kh? n?ng khai thac quy?n l?i t?
Hoa ??c Westfalen
c?a tri?u đinh Phap. Anne va Mazarin ch? y?u theo đu?i cac chinh sach c?a
đ?c H?ng Y Richelieu
, lam t?ng s?c m?nh c?a V??ng v? trong gi?i quy t?c va
Parlements
. V??ng Thai h?u Anne can thi?p nhi?u vao chinh sach đ?i n?i h?n la đ?i ngo?i; ba la m?t v??ng h?u r?t kieu hanh, ng??i kien đ?nh v?i cac
quy?n thieng lieng
c?a Vua n??c Phap.
T?t c? nh?ng đi?u nay đa khi?n ba tr? thanh m?t nha quy?t sach m?nh m? trong m?i v?n đ? lien quan đ?n quy?n l?c c?a Nha vua, theo cach c?p ti?n h?n nhi?u so v?i chinh sach do Mazarin đ? xu?t. H?ng y ph? thu?c hoan toan vao s? h? tr? c?a Anne va ph?i s? d?ng t?t c? ?nh h??ng c?a minh len V??ng h?u đ? ki?m ch? m?t s? hanh đ?ng c?p ti?n c?a ba. Anne s?n sang b? tu b?t k? ai k? c? gi?i quy t?c n?u h? thach th?c y chi c?a ba; m?c đich chinh c?a ba la chuy?n giao cho con trai minh m?t quy?n hanh tuy?t đ?i trong cac v?n đ? tai chinh va t? phap. M?t trong nh?ng lanh đ?o c?a Qu?c h?i Paris đa ch?t sau khi b? V??ng h?u b?t b? tu.
Trong b?i c?nh đo,
Frondeurs
? nh?ng ng??i th?a k? chinh tr? c?a t?ng l?p quy t?c phong ki?n ? đa c?c k? b?t man va tim m?i cach đ? b?o v? quy?n l?i bao đ?i nay c?a h? kh?i m?t tri?u đinh ngay cang t?p quy?n. Ben c?nh đo, m?t l?c l??ng m?i n?i len la
Noblesse de Robe
(quy t?c ao choang) đa d?n l?y đ??c s? tin t??ng c?a nh?ng ng??i đ?ng đ?u v??ng qu?c. Ni?m tin c?a tri?u đinh cang l?n, s? ph?n u?t c?a quy t?c cang gia t?ng.
N?m 1648, Anne va Mazarin c? g?ng đanh thu? cac thanh vien c?a
Parlement de Paris
(Qu?c h?i Paris). Cac thanh vien Qu?c h?i đa t? ch?i tuan th? va t? ra ph?n khang b?ng cach đ?t t?t c? cac s?c l?nh tr??c kia c?a nha vua. Tr??c s? kh?ng kh?ng c?a V??ng h?u Anne, Mazarin đa ti?n hanh b?t gi? m?t s? ng??i tham gia
Tr?n Lens
đ? pho tr??ng v? l?c sau chi?n th?ng c?a
Louis, duc d’Enghien
(sau nay đ??c g?i la
le Grand Conde
).
M?t trong nh?ng v? b?t gi? quan tr?ng nh?t trong m?t Anne lien quan đ?n
Pierre Broussel
, m?t trong nh?ng nha lanh đ?o quan tr?ng nh?t ?
Parlement de Paris
.
B?t đ?u co s? phan nan trong dan chung khi quy?n l?c c?a v??ng th?t ngay cang m? r?ng, m?c thu? t?ng cao va quy?n l?c c?a
Parlement de Paris
b? c?t gi?m. D??i ap l?c d? d?i sau khi Paris n? ra b?o lo?n, Anne bu?c ph?i tr? t? do cho Broussel. Vao đem 9-10 thang 2 n?m 1651, khi Louis ch? m?i 12 tu?i, m?t đam đong ng??i Paris đa xong vao cung đi?n va yeu c?u đ??c g?p m?t nha vua. Sau khi đ??c nhin th?y Louis trong tinh tr?ng gi? v? ng?, đam đong đa đ??c xoa d?u va ch?p nh?n r?i đi.
Ngay sau đo, k?t lu?n c?a
Hoa ??c Westfalen
đa cho phep quan đ?i c?a Conde quay tr? l?i đ? tr? giup Louis va v??ng th?t. Vao th?i đi?m đo, gia đinh Conde co m?i quan h? c?c k? t?t v?i Anne, va ong đa đ?ng y h? tr? V??ng h?u gianh l?i quy?n l?c c?a nha vua.
Quan đ?i c?a V??ng h?u v?i s? đ?ng đ?u c?a Conde đa t?n cong vao quan n?i d?y Paris. Sau m?t vai tr?n chi?n, c? hai ben đa đ?t đ??c m?t th?a hi?p chinh tr?,
Hoa ??c Rueil
đ??c ky k?t.
Khong may cho Anne la chi?n th?ng m?t ph?n nay c?a ba ph? thu?c ph?n l?n vao Conde ? m?t ng??i co da tam ki?m soat V??ng h?u va tri?t tieu s?c ?nh h??ng c?a Mazarin. Chinh ch? gai c?a Conde la ng??i đa thuc đ?y anh quay l?ng l?i v?i V??ng h?u. Sau khi đ?t đ??c th?a thu?n v?i ng??i b?n c?
Marie de Rohan
, Anne đa ra l?nh b?t gi? Conde cung v?i m?t s? ng??i than c?a ong ta g?m
Armand de Bourbon, Hoang t? x? Conti
va ch?ng c?a
Anne Genevieve de Bourbon
,
N? cong t??c x? Longueville
. Tinh tr?ng nay c?ng khong keo dai, đ?c bi?t vi?c Mazarin khong đ??c long dan đa d?n đ?n s? hinh thanh c?a m?t lien minh do Marie de Rohan va N? cong t??c Longueville đ?ng đ?u. Lien minh quy t?c nay đ? m?nh đ? gi?i phong cac v??ng t?, đay ?i Mazarin va ap đ?t đi?u ki?n qu?n thuc t?i gia đ?i v?i V??ng h?u Anne.
Louis đa ch?ng ki?n t?t c? nh?ng s? vi?c nay, c?ng t? đay ma ong ngay cang m?t long tin đ?i v?i Paris va t?ng l?p quy t?c.
Theo m?t ngh?a nao đo, th?i th? ?u c?a Louis đa k?t thuc v?i s? bung n? c?a Fronde. No khong ch? khi?n cu?c s?ng tr? nen b?t an va kho ch?u ma Louis con ph?i tin t??ng vao s? tin t??ng c?a m? va Mazarin c?ng nh? nh?ng v?n đ? chinh tr? va quan s? ma ong khong th? hi?u sau s?c".
Nh?ng n?m Fronde đa gieo vao Louis long c?m thu Paris va h?u qu? la quy?t tam r?i kh?i c? đo cang s?m cang t?t, khong bao gi? quay tr? l?i.
- ^
Christopher Duffy,
Siege Warfare: The fortress in the early modern world, 1494-1660
, trang 247
- ^
“Louis XIV”
.
MSN Encarta
. 2008.
B?n g?c
l?u tr? ngay 28 thang 10 n?m 2009
. Truy c?p ngay 20 thang 1 n?m 2008
.
- ^
Buchanan, Rose Troup (ngay 29 thang 8 n?m 2015).
“Longest serving rulers ever”
.
The Independent
. Truy c?p ngay 4 thang 7 n?m 2017
.
- ^
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Louis XIV and His World
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. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
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The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company
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Louis XIV and the French Monarchy
. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
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Oranje tegen de Zonnekoning: De strijd van Willem III en Lodewijk XIV om Europa
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The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667?1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)
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The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles
(?n b?n 2012). New York Review of Books.
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Medievalist Enlightenment: From Charles Perrault to Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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“Force, Order, and Diplomacy in the Age of Louis XIV”
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. Greenwood Press.
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The Sun King and His Loves
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. University of Michigan Press.
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.
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The Age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy
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Der Westfalische Friede: Diplomatie?Politische Zasur?Kulturelles Umfeld?Rezeptionsgeschichte
. Munchen: Oldenberg Verlag GmbH.
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- Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016).
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715
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- Sturdy, David J. (1998).
Louis XIV
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.
- Wilson, Peter H. (2000).
Absolutism in Central Europe
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.
- Wolf, John B. (1968).
Louis XIV
. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
: a standard scholarly biography;
- Young, William (2004).
International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great
. iUniverse.
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.
- Ashley, Maurice P.
Louis XIV And The Greatness Of France
(1965)
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- Beik, William. (2000)
Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents (The Bedford Series in History and Culture) 1st Edition
- Beik, William. "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration."
Past & Present
2005 (188): 195?224.
online at
Project MUSE
Project MUSE
Project MUSE
- Bluche, Francois,
Louis XIV
, (Franklin Watts, 1990)
- Buckley, Veronica
.
Madame de Maintenon: The Secret Wife of Louis XIV
. London: Bloomsbury, 2008
- Burke, Peter.
The Fabrication of Louis XIV
(1994)
excerpt and text search
- Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 5 The Age Of Louis XIV
(1908), old, solid articles by scholars;
complete text online
- Campbell, Peter Robert.
Louis XIV, 1661?1715
(London, 1993)
- Church, William F., ed.
The Greatness of Louis XIV
. (1972).
- Cowart, Georgia J.
The Triumph of Pleasure: Louis XIV and the Politics of Spectacle
(U of Chicago Press, 2008) 299 pp; focus on opera and ballet
- Cronin, Vincent
.
Louis XIV
. London: HarperCollins, 1996 (
ISBN 0002720728
)
- Dunlop, Ian.
Louis XIV
(2000), 512pp
excerpt and text search
- Erlanger, Philippe,
Louis XIV
(Praeger 1970)
- Fraser, Antonia.
Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King
. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006 (hardcover,
ISBN 0-297-82997-1
); New York: Nan A. Talese, 2006 (hardcover,
ISBN 0385509847
)
- Goubert, Pierre.
Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen
(1972), social history from
Annales School
- Jones, Colin.
The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon (1715?1799)
(2002)
- Lewis, W. H.
The Splendid Century: Life in the France of Louis XIV
(1953)
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; also
online complete edition
- Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel.
The Ancien Regime: A History of France 1610?1774
(1999), survey by leader of the
Annales School
excerpt and text search
- Lynn, John A. (1999)
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714 1st Edition
- Mitford, Nancy.
The Sun King
(1995), popular
excerpt and text search
- Nolan, Cathal J.
Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650?1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
. (2008) 607pp; over 1000 entries;
ISBN 978-0-313-33046-9
- Rowlands, Guy.
The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV: Royal Service and Private Interest, 1661?1701
(2002)
online edition
- Rubin, David Lee, ed.
Sun King: The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XIV
. Washington: Folger Books and Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 1992.
- Shennan, J. H.
Louis XIV
(1993)
online edition
- Thompson, Ian.
The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, Andre Le Notre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles
. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006
ISBN 1582346313
- Treasure, Geoffrey.
Louis XIV
(London, 2001).
- Wilkinson, Rich.
Louis XIV
(2007)
- Wolf, John B.
Louis XIV
(1968), the standard scholarly biography
online edition
L?u tr?
2012-04-20 t?i
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c? hai
- p
Philippe tr? thanh Qu?c v??ng h? Bourbon đ?u tien c?a Tay Ba Nha, v??ng t?c hi?n t?i c?a qu?c gia.
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