???????????????

????????? ^[a]
????????? ; Eire (?????) ; Ireland (??????)
	?????? ??????????
	???????? : " ????????????? "
	?????????? ??????????????? ( ????????? ) ? ?? ????????? ( ????? & ??????? ) ; ? ?? ?????????? ( ????? )
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??????????	????? , ??????
??????????????? (?.?. 2016 )	92.4% ???????? ; 2.1% ?????? ; 1.3% ??????? ; 1.5% ???? ? ; 2.6% ??????? ;
????? (?.?. 2016 )	85.1% ?????? ; ?78.3% ???????????? ; ?2.6% ?????????????????????? ; ?4.2% ????????? ? ; 10.1% ????? ; 2.0% ???? ? ; 2.8% ??????? ;
?????????	????????? ?????????????????????????
? ????????????	?????? ??. ????????
? ??????	????? ???????
? ?????????	?????? ???????
? ???????????????	????? ??????????
??????????????	????????
? ??????	?????
? ???????	???
?????? ??? ?????????????
? ??????????????????????	24 ?????? ?.?. 1916
? ???????????????????	21 ?????? ?.?. 1919
? ???????????????-?????	6 ??????? ?.?. 1921
? ?????????? ?.?. 1922	6 ??????? ?.?. 1922
? ?????????? ?.?. 1937	29 ??????? ?.?. 1937
? ???????????????????	18 ?????? ?.?. 1949
???????
? ???	70,273 ????????????? (27,133 ?????????) ( ????????? 118 )
? ???????? (%)	2.0%
???????
? ?.?. 2021 ??????	5,011,500 ( ????????? 122 )
? ????????????? ?.?. 2016	4,761,865
? ???????????	71.3 ???????????????? (184.7 ????????????) ( ????????? 113 )
?????? ( ????????? )	?.?. 2021 (??????)
? ???	561,000 ??????????? ( ????????? 44 )
? ??????	111,360 ??????? ( ????????? 3 )
?????? (????????)	?.?. 2021 (??????)
? ???	516,000 ??????????? ( ????????? 29 )
? ??????	102,394 ??????? ( ????????? 3 )
???? (?.?. 2019)	28.3 ; ??? · ????????? 23
??????? (?.?. 2019)	0.955 ; ?????? · ????????? 2
????????	???? ( € ) ( EUR )
???????	UTC ( GMT )
? ??????? ( ?????????? )	UTC +1 ( IST )
????????????	??/??/????
?????????	???????
????????????	+353
??????????	.ie
	^ ????? 4 ??? ??????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ; ????? 2 ??? ???????????????????????????? ?.?. 1948 ??????? ?????????????????? ???? "???????????" ; ^ ???????????????? "?????????????" ??? ????? 2 ??????????????????????? ?.?. 2003 ; ^ ???? ?.?. 2002 ???????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1999 ; ^ ????????????? .eu ????????????????????????????? ???? ? ;

????????? ( ?????? : Ireland , ????????: /?a??rl?nd/ ( ???????? ) ; ????? : Eire , ????????: [?eː???] ( ???????? ) ) ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (????????????????) ??? ?????????????????? ( ?????? : Republic of Ireland ; ????? : Poblacht na hEireann ) ???? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 26 ?????????? 32 ????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????? 40 ?????????? 5 ?????????????????????????? ??????????????? ^[10] ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ^[11] ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? , ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ( ???????? ) ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? (????????????; ??????????????? "???????") ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????? ? ???????????

???????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ?.?. 1922 ??????? ???????????????-????? ?????????? ?.?. 1937 ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????? "?????????" ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1949 ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1948 ?????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?.?. 1955 ??????????? ???????????? (???????????????????? ?????????? ) ????? ?.?. 1973 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20 ????????????????? 1980 ??????????????? 1990 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????? ?.?. 1998 ??????????????? ??? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????/??? ??????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] ??????? ?.?. 2017 ????????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????? (????????*) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[16]^[17] ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1995 ??? ?.?. 2007 (???????????????????????????????? "??? ????????? ") ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ^[18]

????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ^[19]^[20] ?????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????? (????????) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (????) ^[21] ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? (???????) ????????????? ? ????????? ???????????????????????? (?????) ?????

????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????? 31 ??????? ??????

???????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????? ??????????????????, ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ^[22]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ "Official Languages Act 2003" . Office of the Attorney-General. ???? ????????????????? 25 December 2018 . ??????????? 18 February 2012 .
↑ "CSO Census 2016 Chapter 6 ? Ethnicity and Irish Travellers" (PDF) . ???? (PDF) ????????????????? 14 April 2017 . ??????????? 28 April 2017 .
↑ Smyth, Declan (12 October 2017). "Profile 8 ? Irish Travellers Ethnicity and Religion" (Press release). CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. ???? ????????????????? 16 November 2020 . ??????????? 5 January 2018 .
↑ "Population and Migration Estimates" . Central Statistics Office. 31 August 2021. ???? ????????????????? 31 August 2021 . ??????????? 31 August 2021 .
↑ "Press Statement | Census 2016 Summary Results ? Part 1" (PDF) . Central Statistics Office . 6 April 2017. ???? (PDF) ????????????????? 25 April 2017 . ??????????? 30 April 2017 .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 8 January 2020 .
↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ? EU-SILC survey" . ec.europa.eu . Eurostat . ???? ????????????????? 9 October 2020 . ??????????? 10 August 2021 .
↑ "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF) (??????????). United Nations Development Programme . 10 December 2019. ???? ????????????????? 15 December 2020 . ??????????? 10 December 2019 .
↑ Coakley, John (20 August 2009). Politics in the Republic of Ireland . Taylor & Francis. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-415-47672-0 . ???? ????????????????? 25 December 2018 . ??????????? 2 May 2011 .
↑ "Population and Migration Estimates, April 2018" ???????? 26 ?????? 2021 ??? ?????????????? , Central Statistics Office, released 28 August 2018
↑ L. Prakke; C. A. J. M. Kortmann; J. C. E. van den Brandhof (2004), Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States , Deventer: Kluwer, p. 429, ISBN 9013012558 , Since 1937 Ireland has been a parliamentary republic, in which ministers appointed by the president depend on the confidence of parliament
↑ " 'Leprechaun Economics' Earn Ireland Ridicule, $443 Million Bill" . Bloomberg L.P. 13 July 2016. ???? ????????????????? 14 July 2016 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 .
↑ Gabriel Zucman ; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). "The Missing Profits of Nations" . National Bureau of Economic Research , Working Papers. p. 31. ???? ????????????????? 10 June 2018 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 . Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens
↑ "Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics" . The Irish Times . 13 June 2018. ???? ????????????????? 24 August 2018 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 . New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean
↑ "Financial Stability Board 2017 Report: The largest shadow banking centres" . Irish Independent . 6 March 2018. ???? ????????????????? 6 March 2018 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 .
↑ "CSO paints a very different picture of Irish economy with new measure" . The Irish Times . 15 July 2017. ???? ????????????????? 21 January 2019 . ??????????? 12 April 2018 .
↑ "New economic Leprechaun on loose as rate of growth plunges" . Irish Independent . 15 July 2017. ???? ????????????????? 25 October 2019 . ??????????? 12 April 2018 .
↑ Nicoll, Ruaridh (16 May 2009). "Ireland: As the Celtic Tiger roars its last" . The Guardian . London. ???? ????????????????? 6 September 2013 . ??????????? 30 March 2010 .
↑ "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF) . HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme . p. 343 . ??????????? 29 January 2022 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: url-status ( ????? )
↑ Henry, Mark (2021). In Fact An Optimist's Guide to Ireland at 100 . Dublin: Gill Books. ISBN 978-0-7171-9039-3 . OCLC 1276861968 .
↑ "NATO ? Member countries" . NATO. ???? ????????????????? 24 September 2011 . ??????????? 29 December 2014 .
↑ Education (Welfare) Act, 2000 (Section 17) ???????? 2007-09-30 ??? ??????????????

?????????? [ ??? ]

Gilland, Karin (2001). Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21804-7 .
Greenwood, Margaret (2003). Rough guide to Ireland . Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-059-7 .
Mangan, James Clarence (2007). James Clarence Mangan ? His Selected Poems . Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4086-2700-6 .
Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August (2002). Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity . American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-757-4 .
Moody, Theodore William (2005). A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821737-4 .

???????????????? [ ??? ]

Bunreacht na hEireann (the 1937 constitution)
The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922
J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) ( ISBN 0-7171-2276-X )
Geary, Michael J. (2009). An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957?73 . Institute of Public Administration. ISBN 978-1-904541-83-7 .
FSL Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine
Ward, Alan J. (1994). The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782?1992 . Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7165-2528-3 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

Irish State ? ???????????????????????
Aras an Uachtarain ? ?????????????????????????????
Taoiseach ? ?????????????????????????????

???????????? [ ??? ]

Ireland . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
Ireland ????????? United States Department of State
Portals to the World ??? ?????????????? (???????? 29 ??????? 2010) from the United States Library of Congress (Archived by the WayBackMachine)
Ireland ??? UCB Libraries GovPubs
Ireland ??????????? Curlie
Ireland profile ??? BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Ireland
????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????
Key Development Forecasts for Ireland ??? International Futures

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[lang-1] "Official Languages Act 2003" . Office of the Attorney-General. ???? ????????????????? 25 December 2018 . ??????????? 18 February 2012 .

[2] "CSO Census 2016 Chapter 6 ? Ethnicity and Irish Travellers" (PDF) . ???? (PDF) ????????????????? 14 April 2017 . ??????????? 28 April 2017 .

[REL-3] Smyth, Declan (12 October 2017). "Profile 8 ? Irish Travellers Ethnicity and Religion" (Press release). CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. ???? ????????????????? 16 November 2020 . ??????????? 5 January 2018 .

[4] "Population and Migration Estimates" . Central Statistics Office. 31 August 2021. ???? ????????????????? 31 August 2021 . ??????????? 31 August 2021 .

[5] "Press Statement | Census 2016 Summary Results ? Part 1" (PDF) . Central Statistics Office . 6 April 2017. ???? (PDF) ????????????????? 25 April 2017 . ??????????? 30 April 2017 .

[imf2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 8 January 2020 .

[eurogini-7] "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ? EU-SILC survey" . ec.europa.eu . Eurostat . ???? ????????????????? 9 October 2020 . ??????????? 10 August 2021 .

[UNHDR-8] "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF) (??????????). United Nations Development Programme . 10 December 2019. ???? ????????????????? 15 December 2020 . ??????????? 10 December 2019 .

[Coakley2009-9] Coakley, John (20 August 2009). Politics in the Republic of Ireland . Taylor & Francis. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-415-47672-0 . ???? ????????????????? 25 December 2018 . ??????????? 2 May 2011 .

[10] "Population and Migration Estimates, April 2018" ???????? 26 ?????? 2021 ??? ?????????????? , Central Statistics Office, released 28 August 2018

[11] L. Prakke; C. A. J. M. Kortmann; J. C. E. van den Brandhof (2004), Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States , Deventer: Kluwer, p. 429, ISBN 9013012558 , Since 1937 Ireland has been a parliamentary republic, in which ministers appointed by the president depend on the confidence of parliament

[12] " 'Leprechaun Economics' Earn Ireland Ridicule, $443 Million Bill" . Bloomberg L.P. 13 July 2016. ???? ????????????????? 14 July 2016 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 .

[z1-13] Gabriel Zucman ; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). "The Missing Profits of Nations" . National Bureau of Economic Research , Working Papers. p. 31. ???? ????????????????? 10 June 2018 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 . Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens

[zux-14] "Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics" . The Irish Times . 13 June 2018. ???? ????????????????? 24 August 2018 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 . New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean

[shadow-15] "Financial Stability Board 2017 Report: The largest shadow banking centres" . Irish Independent . 6 March 2018. ???? ????????????????? 6 March 2018 . ??????????? 1 January 2021 .

[gni1-16] "CSO paints a very different picture of Irish economy with new measure" . The Irish Times . 15 July 2017. ???? ????????????????? 21 January 2019 . ??????????? 12 April 2018 .

[gni2-17] "New economic Leprechaun on loose as rate of growth plunges" . Irish Independent . 15 July 2017. ???? ????????????????? 25 October 2019 . ??????????? 12 April 2018 .

[18] Nicoll, Ruaridh (16 May 2009). "Ireland: As the Celtic Tiger roars its last" . The Guardian . London. ???? ????????????????? 6 September 2013 . ??????????? 30 March 2010 .

[19] "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF) . HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme . p. 343 . ??????????? 29 January 2022 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: url-status ( ????? )

[20] Henry, Mark (2021). In Fact An Optimist's Guide to Ireland at 100 . Dublin: Gill Books. ISBN 978-0-7171-9039-3 . OCLC 1276861968 .

[21] "NATO ? Member countries" . NATO. ???? ????????????????? 24 September 2011 . ??????????? 29 December 2014 .

[22] Education (Welfare) Act, 2000 (Section 17) ???????? 2007-09-30 ??? ??????????????

[a]

[b]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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[c]

[d]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

? ? ? ??????????
?????????	???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????
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