??????

??????
??????
	????????????????
	????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????
???????	????? ??? ?????????????
?????	44°N 35°E / 44°N 35°E
????	????
???????????????????	????? , ??????? , ??? , ???????? , ?????
??????????????	???????????????
???????????????	????????? , ???????? , ???????? , ??????? , ????? , ?????? ; ?????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????
?????????????	1,175 ???????? (730 ????)
??????????????	436,402 ????????????? (168,500 ?????????)
????????????????	1,253 ???? (4,111 ???)
?????????????	2,212 ???? (7,257 ???)
?????????	547,000 ???????????????? (131,200 ????????????)
????	??????? 10 ????

?????? ( ?????? : Black Sea ???????????????????? Euxine Sea ) ???? ???? ?????????????? ????????? (????????????????????), ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????

????????????????????????? 436,400 ????????????? (168,500 ?????????) (??????????????????) ^[2] ?????????????????? 2,212 ???? (7,257 ???) ^[3] ???????????? 547,000 ???????????????? (131,000 ????????????) ^[4]

????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? , ????????? , ???????? , ?????? , ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? 1,175 ???????? (730 ????) ^[5]

??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????

????????? (Sochi), ???????????? (Novorossiysk) ??? ??????? (Kerch) ?????????????
??????? (Odessa), ?????????? (Sevastopol), ??? ????? (Yalta) ????????????
?????????????? (Constanta), ?????????????? (Mangalia), ??? ????????????? (N?vodari) ??????????????
??????????? (Varna) ??? ????????????? (Burgas) ???????????????
?????????????? (Zonkuldak), ??????????? (Samsum), ???????????? (Giresun), ??????????? (Ordu), ????????? (Rize), ???????????? (Trabzon), ??? ????????? (Hopa) ???????????
??????????? (Batumi), ????????? (Poti), ??? ???????????? (Sukhumi) ??????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ "Black Sea NGO Network | Our Black Sea" . www.bsnn.org .
↑ ??????????? "Black Sea Geography" . University of Delaware College of Marine Studies . 2003 . ??????????? April 3, 2014 .
↑ ??????????? "Europa ? Gateway of the European Union website" . Environment and Enlargement ? The Black Sea: Facts and Figures . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? November 14, 2008.
↑ Murray, J. W.; Jannasch, H. W.; Honjo, S; Anderson, R. F.; Reeburgh, W. S.; Top, Z.; Friederich, G. E.; Codispoti, L. A.; Izdar, E. (March 30, 1989). "Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea" . Nature . 338 (6214): 411?413. Bibcode : 1989Natur.338..411M . doi : 10.1038/338411a0 . S2CID 4306135 .
↑ World and Its Peoples . Marshall Cavendish. July 21, 2010. p. 1444 . ISBN 9780761479024 – ?????? Internet Archive. Black Sea 1175 km east west.

?????????? [ ??? ]

Ghervas, Stella (2017). "The Black Sea" . ?? Armitage, D.; Bashford, S. (?.?.). Oceanic Histories . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 234?266. doi : 10.1017/9781108399722.010 . ISBN 978-1-1083-9972-2 .
Stella Ghervas, "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un eclairage historique", in Stella Ghervas et Francois Rosset (ed), Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites (Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008), pp. 107?124. ISBN 978-2-7351-1182-4
Charles King , The Black Sea: A History , 2004, ISBN 0-19-924161-9
William Ryan and Walter Pitman, Noah's Flood , 1999, ISBN 0-684-85920-3
Neal Ascherson , Black Sea (Vintage 1996), ISBN 0-09-959371-8
Schmitt, Rudiger (1989). "BLACK SEA" . ?? Yarshater, Ehsan (?.?.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/3: Bibliographies II?Bolbol I . London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 310?313. ISBN 978-0-71009-126-0 .
Rudiger Schmitt, "Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea", in: Hellas und der griechische Osten (Saarbrucken 1996), pp. 219?224
West, Stephanie (2003). 'The Most Marvellous of All Seas': the Greek Encounter with the Euxine . Vol. 50. Greece & Rome. pp. 151?167.
Petko Dimitrov; Dimitar Dimitrov (2004). The Black Sea, the Flood and the Ancient Myths . Varna. p. 91. ISBN 978-954-579-335-6 .
Dimitrov, D. 2010. Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea . LAP Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978-3-8383-8639-3 . 244p.

??????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[bsnn.org-1] "Black Sea NGO Network | Our Black Sea" . www.bsnn.org .

[2] ??????????? "Black Sea Geography" . University of Delaware College of Marine Studies . 2003 . ??????????? April 3, 2014 .

[3] ??????????? "Europa ? Gateway of the European Union website" . Environment and Enlargement ? The Black Sea: Facts and Figures . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? November 14, 2008.

[4] Murray, J. W.; Jannasch, H. W.; Honjo, S; Anderson, R. F.; Reeburgh, W. S.; Top, Z.; Friederich, G. E.; Codispoti, L. A.; Izdar, E. (March 30, 1989). "Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea" . Nature . 338 (6214): 411?413. Bibcode : 1989Natur.338..411M . doi : 10.1038/338411a0 . S2CID 4306135 .

[5] World and Its Peoples . Marshall Cavendish. July 21, 2010. p. 1444 . ISBN 9780761479024 – ?????? Internet Archive. Black Sea 1175 km east west.

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