????????
(
???????
,
??????
???
????????
:
Vanuatu
,
?????????????????????????????????
[vanuatu]
) ?????????????????
?????????????????
(
???????
:
Ripablik blong Vanuatu
;
??????
:
Republic of Vanuatu
;
????????
:
Republique de Vanuatu
) ??????????
????????
?????????????
???????????????
?????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????
1,750 ??. ??????????????????????????????????????
?????????????
????????????????
??????????
???????????????
???????????????
500 ??. ????????????????????????????? ???
????????????
(New Hebrides)
????????????
[
???
]
????????????????????
??????
("??????" ???? "????")
????????
???????????????????????
???????
[a]
????????
??
??????? "????????" (???
POc
*
tuqur
).
[10]
????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????
[
???
]
???????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? 2,000 ?????????????? ???????? ?.?. 1606 ??????????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? (Pedro Fernandez de Quiros) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 18 ?????????????
????? ???
??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 2 ??????
????? ?.?. 1906
????????
???
?????????????
??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? "
????????????
" ?????????????? 1960 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? 30 ??????? ?.?. 1980 (?.?. 2523)
?????????????????? 1990 ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
[
???
]
??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????? 83 ???? ?????????? ?????? 2 ???? ?????? ?????????? (Matthew) ??????????????? ????????????????????
?????????????
(????????)
??????????????? 83 ???????? ?? 14 ???????????????????????? 100 ????????????? ??????
- ??????????????????
(Espiritu Santo) : 3,956 ?????????????
- ????????????
(Malakula) : 2041 ?????????????
- ??????????
(Efate) : 900 ?????????????
- ???????????????
(Erromango) : 888 ?????????????
- ???????????
(Ambrym) : 678 ?????????????
- ?????????
(Tanna) : 555 ?????????????
- ????????????
(Pentecote) : 491 ?????????????
- ????????
(Epi) : 445 ?????????????
- ?????????
(Ambae) ???? ????? (Aoba) : 402 ?????????????
- ?????????????
(Vanua Lava) : 334 ?????????????
- ???????????????
(Santa Maria) : 328 ?????????????
- ??????????
(Maewo) : 304 ?????????????
- ????????
(Malo) : 180 ?????????????) ???
- ???????????
(Anatom) ???? ????????? (Aneityum) : 159 ?????????????
???????????????????????? ????????
???????
?????? ????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???
?????????
??????? "
?????????
" ???????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????
??????????????????????? ???????? Tabwemasana ????????? 1,879 ???? (6,158 ???) ??????????????????? ????? ????????????
??????????
[
???
]
???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? "?????????????" ???????????????????????????
????????????????????
(Australasia ecozone) ???????????????????????????????
?????????????
???
???????????????
???????
??????????
????????????
???
??????????
????????
[
???
]
???????????
[
???
]
?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? 52 ?? ???????????????????????????????????? 4 ?? ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? 5 ?? ???????????????????????????????? 6 ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????
[
???
]
?????????????????????????
6
???????
(province)
??????
????????
[
???
]
???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????? 65% ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? (??????? ?.?. 1997 ????????????????????? 50,000 ??) ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 12.5% ?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1999 ??????????
??????
??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 2002 ?????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????? 3% ???????? 1990 ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? 2005 ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????
???????
[
???
]
??????? : 202,609 ?? (??????? 2547)
???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????
????
?????????????????????????????? 3 ???? ???
??????????
????????????
???
???????????
????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????? 100 ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? (?????????????????????? 2,000 ????? 1 ????) ?????????????????????????????????????????
????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? Presbyterian ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? 1 ?? 3 ?????????????????
??????
??????????? (Cargo)
????????????????????????????????????????????
????????
[
???
]
????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? 3 ?????????
- ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????)
- ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
- ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
????????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
??????????
[
???
]
- Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (2008). "Northern Vanuatu as a Pacific Crossroads: The Archaeology of Discovery, Interaction, and the Emergence of the "Ethnographic Present"
".
Asian Perspectives
. UP Hawaii.
47
(1): 95?120.
doi
:
10.1353/asi.2008.0003
.
hdl
:
10125/17282
.
JSTOR
42928734
.
S2CID
53485887
.
- Census of Agriculture 2007 Vanuatu
, Vanuatu National Statistics Office (2008)
- Crowley, Terry
(2000).
"The language situation in Vanuatu"
. ?? Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (?.?.).
Language Planning and Policy in the Pacific: Fiji, the Philippines and Vanuatu
. Vol. 1.
ISBN
978-1-85359-921-7
.
- Crowley, Terry (2004).
Bislama reference grammar
. UP Hawaii.
ISBN
978-0-8248-2880-6
.
- Francois, Alexandre
(2012).
"The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages"
.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language
. De Gruyter.
2012
(214): 85?110.
doi
:
10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022
.
S2CID
145208588
.
.
- Francois, Alexandre; Stern, Monika (2013).
Musiques du Vanuatu: Fetes et Mysteres ? Music of Vanuatu: Celebrations and Mysteries
.
Maison des Cultures du Monde
(CD album, released with liner notes and ebook). Paris: Inedit. W260147.
- Harris, Richard (2006).
"Tales from the South Pacific ? diving medicine in Vanuatu"
.
Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
.
South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
.
36
(1): 22?23.
eISSN
2209-1491
. ?????????????????????
?????????
????? 15 ??????? 2013
. ??????????? 10 ?????? 2013
.
- Hess, Sabine C. (2009).
Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and the Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu
. Berghahn.
ISBN
978-1-84545-599-6
.
- Lynch, John; Pat, Fa'afo, ?.?. (1996).
Proceedings of the first International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics (1993)
. International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Port Vila, Vanuatu: Australian National University.
ISBN
978-0-85883-440-8
.
- Reuter, Thomas Anton (2002).
Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali
. UP Hawaii.
ISBN
978-0-8248-2450-1
.
- Reuter, Thomas Anton (2006).
Sharing the Earth, Dividing the Land: Land and Territory in the Austronesian World
. ANU E Press.
ISBN
978-1-920942-69-4
.
- Shears, Richard (1980).
The Coconut War: the Crisis on Espiritu Santo
. North Ryde, NSW: Cassell.
ISBN
978-0-7269-7866-1
.
- Sprackland, Robert George (1992).
Giant Lizards
. Neptune, NJ: TFH.
ISBN
978-0-86622-634-9
.
- Trompf, Garry W., ?.?. (1987).
The Gospel Is Not Western: Black Theologies from the Southwest Pacific
. Orbis.
ISBN
978-0-88344-269-2
.
- Wilson, Edward Osborne
(1994).
Naturalist
(1st ed.). Shearwater.
ISBN
978-1-55963-288-1
.
?????????
[
???
]
- Bolton, Lissant (2003).
Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women's Kastom in Vanuatu
. UP Hawaii.
ISBN
978-0-8248-2535-5
.
- Bonnemaison, Joel; Huffman, Kirk; Tryon, Darrell; Kaufmann, Christian, ?.?. (1998).
Arts of Vanuatu
. UP Hawaii.
ISBN
978-0-8248-1956-9
.
- Bowdey, Bob; Beaty, Judy; Ansell, Brian (1995).
Diving and Snorkelling Guide to Vanuatu
. Lonely Planet.
ISBN
978-1-55992-080-3
.
- Bregulla, Heinrich L. (1992).
Birds of Vanuatu
. Nelson.
ISBN
978-0-904614-34-3
.
- Doughty, Chris; Day, Nicolas; Plant, Andrew (1999).
The Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia
. Helm.
ISBN
978-0-7136-4690-0
.
- Ellis, Amanda; Manuel, Clare; Cutura, Jozefina; Bowman, Chakriya (2009).
Women in Vanuatu: Analyzing Challenges to Economic Participation
. World Bank Group.
ISBN
978-0-8213-7909-7
.
- Eriksen, Annelin (2007).
Gender, Christianity and Change in Vanuatu: An Analysis of Social Movements in North Ambrym
. Anthropology and Cultural History in Asia and the Indo-Pacific. Routledge.
ISBN
978-0-7546-7209-8
.
- Harewood, Jocelyn (23 ????????? 2020).
Vanuatu Adventures: Kava and Chaos in the Sth Pacific
.
ISBN
978-0-9874293-6-0
.
- Jolly, Margaret (1993).
Women of the Place: Kastom, Colonialism and Gender in Vanuatu
. Studies in anthropology and history. Vol. 12. Harwood Academic.
ISBN
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.
- Mescam, Genevieve (1989).
Pentecost: An island in Vanuatu
. (Photographer) Coulombier, Denis. U South Pacific.
ISBN
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.
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Power of Perspective: Social Ontology and Agency on Ambrym Island, Vanuatu
. Berghahn.
ISBN
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.
- Rodman, Margaret; Kraemer, Daniela; Bolton, Lissant; Tarisesei, Jean, ?.?. (2007).
House-girls Remember: Domestic Workers in Vanuatu
. UP Hawaii.
ISBN
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.
- Simeoni, Patricia (2009).
Atlas du Vanouatou (Vanuatu)
(????????????).
Port-Vila
: Geo-consulte.
ISBN
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.
- Speiser, Felix (1991).
Ethnology of Vanuatu: An Early Twentieth Century Study
. Crawford House.
ISBN
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.
- Taylor, John Patrick (2008).
The Other Side: Ways of Being and Place in Vanuatu
. Pacific Islands Monograph. UP Hawaii.
ISBN
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.
- Troost, J. Maarten (2006).
Getting Stoned with Savages: A Trip Through the Islands of Fiji and Vanuatu
. Broadway.
ISBN
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.
- Williamson, Rick (2004).
Cavorting With Cannibals: An Exploration of Vanuatu
. Narrative.
ISBN
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.
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