Konstantino Mkuu
(jina kamili:
Flavius Valerius Constantinus
;
Ni?
,
27 Februari
272
?
?zmit
,
22 Mei
337
) alikuwa
Kaisari
wa
Dola la Roma
tangu mwaka
306
akitawala peke yake tangu
324
.
Anakumbukwa kama mtawala aliyefaulu kumaliza kipindi cha
vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe
na kukubali
Ukristo
kama
dini
huru katika dola.
Alihamisha mji mkuu kutoka
Roma
kwenda
Bizanti
iliyoitwa baadaye
Konstantinopoli
.
Baba yake
Constantius
alikuwa mmojawapo wa makaisari wanne walioshirikiana pamoja katika utawala wa dola. Baada ya kifo cha baba
jeshi
lake likamtangaza Konstantino kuwa Kaisari pia, lakini bila mawasiliano na wengine. Hata hivyo alikubaliwa kama Kaisari mdogo akihusika na majimbo ya
Gallia
na
Britania
.
Mwaka
311
/
312
fitina kati ya makaisari ilikuwa
vita
na Konstantino alilenga kupanua himaya yake. Mpinzani wake alikuwa hasa
Maxentius
aliyekaa Italia. Konstantino aliweza kumshinda kwenye mapigano kwenye daraja la Milvio mjini
Roma
.
Inasemekana kabla ya mapigano hayo alipatwa na
ndoto
alipoona
msalaba
wa
Yesu Kristo
katika
jua
akasikia sauti, "Utashinda chini ya alama hii!". Baadaye vikosi vya Konstatino vilikuwa na
bendera
iliyoonyesha herufi za
chi
-
rho
ambazo zilimaanisha jina la "Kristo".
Ushindi huu ulimfanya Konstantino awe mkuu wa nusu ya magharibi ya Dola la Roma.
Hadi mwaka 311 Wakristo waliteswa vikali kwa amri ya Kaisari
Diokletiano
. Konstatino alibadilisha
siasa
hii baada ya ushindi na kukubali Ukristo kwa mara ya kwanza kama dini iliyoruhusiwa rasmi, akafaulu pia kupata kibali cha Kaisari mwenzake.
Mwaka
313
alikutana na
Licinius
, Kaisari wa mashariki ya dola. Pamoja makaisari hao wawili walipatana kutoa
tamko la Milano
lililotangaza mwisho wa
dhuluma
dhidi ya Wakristo: "Baada ya kukutana hapa
Milano
sisi Kaisari Konstantino na Kaisari Licinius tumeamua kuwapa Wakristo pamoja na watu wote
uhuru wa kuchagua dini yao
ili
Mungu
wa mbinguni atupe fadhili zake."
Konstantino hakufanya Ukristo kuwa
dini rasmi
na yeye mwenyewe hakupokea
ubatizo
hadi muda mfupi kabla ya
kifo
chake.
Hakuna hakika kuhusu sababu zake: inajulikana ya kwamba mama yake
Helena Mtakatifu
alikuwa Mkristo lakini hakuna hakika alikuwa na athira gani katika
malezi
ya mwanawe.
Tangu mwaka
316
Konstatino alianza kugongana na kaisari mwenzake wa mashariki Liceinius baada ya huyu kuonekana anasaidia mipango ya uasi dhidi ya Konstantino. Mwaka
324
alimshinda na kumkamata akawa mtawala wa pekee.
Hapa aliamua mara moja kuhamisha mji mkuu kutoka Roma kwenda Bizanti. Alitumia
pesa
nyingi kwa
ujenzi
wake na kuitangaza rasmi mwaka
330
.
Aliratibu upya utawala wa dola akaweka misingi iliyoweza kudumu kwa miaka mingi baada yake.
Hata hivyo alipaswa kutetea mipaka ya dola dhidi ya
Wagermanik
na dhidi ya
Waajemi
.
Konstantino alionekana mapema kama msaidizi wa Wakristo. Machoni pa Wakristo mageuzi yale yalikuwa kama miujiza ya Mungu, kwa kuwa tangu Kaisari
Nero
(mnamo mwaka
64
) mateso ya Wakristo yalikuwa yamerudia tena na tena. Sasa yalikwisha, na Wakristo walipewa nafasi ya kusikilizwa na Kaisari mwenyewe.
Mwaka
321
Kaisari alitangaza
Jumapili
kama "siku ya jua" kuwa
sikukuu
na
ofisi
za
serikali
zilipumzika.
Mwaka
325
alialika ma
askofu
wa
Kanisa
lote kwa
mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea
.
Mtaguso mkuu
huu ulikuwa mkutano wa kwanza wa maaskofu wa Kikristo kutoka pande mbalimbali za dola la Roma na hata nje yake. Mkutano uliamua kuhusu masuala mablimbali ukakubali
kanuni ya imani ya Nisea
inayoendelea kutumika kanisani hadi leo.
Konstantino alivutwa kuitisha mtaguso huo ili kuingilia
farakano
kati ya Wakristo kuhusu
Arius
na mafundisho yake.
Kwa kukosa ujuzi wa mambo hayo, Kaisari alishawishwa mara kumkataa Arius asiendelee kufundisha, mara kumkataa mpinzani wake mkuu, askofu
Atanasi
na kuwaamuru waondoke katika mji wa
Aleksandria
.
Kanisa la
Waorthodoksi
lilimtangaza Konstantino kuwa
mtakatifu
.
- Apologia conta Arianos
(
Defence against the Arians
)
ca
. 349.
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Apologia Contra Arianos
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(
Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea
)
ca
. 352.
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De Decretis
. From
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(
History of the Arians
)
ca
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,
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(
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)
ca
. 361.
- Codex Theodosianus
(
Theodosian Code
) 439.
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Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes
2
(in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honore for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1?8. Online at
University College London
Archived
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Archived
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(
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or
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.
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(
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ca
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ca
. 313, tenth book
ca
. 315, epilogue
ca
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. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 97801404453350
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, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at
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(
Oration in Praise of Constantine
, sometimes the
Tricennial Oration
) 336.
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(
The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine
)
ca
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- Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine
. 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0
.
[1]
Archived
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. 1999. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-814924-7
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ca
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et al
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, trans.
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ca
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ca
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ca
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ca
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ca
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History
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ca
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Ecclesiastical History
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. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
ISBN
003083645X
.
- Pelikan, Jaroslav (1987).
The excellent empire : the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church
. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
ISBN
0062546368
.