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Afghanistan
, officially the
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
is a
country
in Asia. It borders
Pakistan
in the south and east,
Iran
in the west,
Turkmenistan
,
Uzbekistan
and
Tajikistan
in the north, and
China
in the far northeast.
[15]
Kabul
is the
capital city
.
Afghanistan is currently governed by the
Taliban
, after the
collapse
of the internationally recognized
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
on 15 August 2021. In early times people passed through it with animals and other goods as it connected China and India with
Central Asia
and the
Middle East
. More recently, Afghanistan has been damaged by many years of war. There are not enough jobs.
The country is around 251,826 square miles (652,230 square kilometres) in size. There are 40.976 million people in Afghanistan. There are about 3 million Afghan
refugees
(people who had to leave the country) in Pakistan and Iran. In 2011
Kabul
, had about 3,691,400 people living in it.
[16]
United Nations Human Rights Council
decided
in October 2021 to
appoint
(an independent expert, or)
United Nations special rapporteur
on "Afghanistan to [find out about, or] probe
violations
carried out by the Taliban and" others who are now part of a [big] conflict.
[17]
Afghanistan has many
mountains
. The mountains are called the
Hindu Kush
and
Himalayas
. The tallest mountain in Afghanistan is
Mount Nowshak
. There are
plains
(which have soil that is good for growing plants) and
foothills
. Parts of the country are also dry, especially the
Registan Desert
. Afghanistan has snow and
glaciers
in the mountains.
Amu Darya
is the big water stream, or river.
The country has a lot of a valuable
stone
called
lapis lazuli
, which was used to decorate the
tomb
of the
Egyptian
pharaoh
Tutankhamun
.
[18]
Afghanistan has a
continental climate
with hot summers and cold winters. Having no water sometimes causes problems for
farmers
. Sandstorms happen a lot in the
desert
.
[19]
Southern
Afghanistan has not many plants because it is dry. There are more plants where there is more water. Mountains have
forests
of
pine
and
fir
,
cedar
,
oak
,
walnut
,
alder
, and
ash trees
.
Afghanistan's wild animals live in the mountains. There are
wolves
,
foxes
,
jackals
,
bears
, and wild
goats
,
gazelles
, wild dogs,
camels
, and
wild cats
such as the
snow leopard
in the country. The birds are
falcons
,
eagles
and
vultures
. The
Rhesus Macaque
and the red flying
squirrel
are also in Afghanistan.
Many years of
war
,
hunting
, and years of no water have killed animals in Afghanistan. There used to be
tigers
in Afghanistan, but now there aren't any. Bears and wolves are almost gone.
[18]
Many people have moved through or invaded the land of Afghanistan. Today's people of Afghanistan are known as
Afghans
.
The largest
group
of people are the
Pashtuns
. These make up about half the population.
[20]
Tajiks
are the second-largest
ethnic group
, making up about one-fifth of the population.
[21]
Before the 20th century, Tajiks were called Sarts
[22]
and some come from
Iranian
peoples.
[23]
Most Pashtuns are also related to the Iranian peoples. Some Pashtuns and Tajiks marry each other but at the same time they are rivals. The third-largest group are the
Hazaras
. They are native to the
Hazaristan
area in central Afghanistan. The country's other groups include the
Uzbek
,
Aimaq
,
Turkmen
,
Nuristani
,
Baloch
, and
Pashayi
.
[18]
Dari
-Persian and
Pashto
are the official languages of Afghanistan. Many people speak both languages.
[24]
Both are
Indo-European languages
from the
Iranian languages
sub-family. They are usually written with the
Arabic alphabet
.
Uzbek
and
Turkmen
are widely spoken in the north and
Nuristani
and
Pashai
are spoken in the east.
[24]
Around 99% of Afghans follow the religion of
Islam
.
Afghanistan is a largely
rural
country. This means there are only a few major cities. About one fifth of the population live in cities.
Kabul
, the capital, is the largest city. It is south of the
Hindu Kush
range and alongside the
Kabul River
. Other cities are
Kandahar
,
Herat
,
Mazar-e Sharif
, and
Jalalabad
. The rural population is made up of
farmers
and
nomads
. The farmers live mainly in small villages along the rivers. The nomads live in tents while moving from place to place with their animals and belongings. Some people live in the high central mountains. Some live in the deserts in the south and southwest. Millions of people left Afghanistan to get away from the wars that happened in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Most of them went to
Pakistan
and
Iran
.
Afghanistan is in the
path
of important trade routes that connect southern and eastern
Asia
to
Europe
and the
Middle East
. Because of this, many empire builders have tried to rule over the area. Signs that these
emperors
were near Afghanistan still exist in many parts of the country.
[25]
Afghanistan is near what used to be the
Silk Road
. The peoples of Afghanistan helped develop major
world religions
, traded and exchanged many
products
, and sometimes controlled politics and culture in Asia.
[26]
Archaeologists
digging a cave in
Badakhshan
discovered that people lived in the country as early as 100,000 years ago. They found the skull of a
Neanderthal
, or early human, as well as tools from about 30,000 years ago. In other parts of Afghanistan, archaeologists uncovered
pottery
and tools that are 4,000 to 11,000 years old?evidence that Afghans were among the first people in the world to grow crops and raise animals.
[1]
Farmers and herders settled in the plains surrounding the
Hindu Kush
as early as 7000 B.C. These people may have grown rich off the
lapis lazuli
they found along riverbeds, which they traded to early city sites to the west, across the
Iranian plateau
and
Mesopotamia
. As farms and villages grew these ancient people started
irrigation
(digging ditches for water so it flows to crops) that allowed them to grow crops on the northern Afghanistan desert plains. This
civilization
(advanced state of organization) is today called BMAC (
Bactria?Margiana Archaeological Complex
), or the "Oxus civilization".
[27]
The
Oxus civilization
expanded as far east as western edge of the
Indus Valley
during the period between 2200 and 1800 B.C.
[28]
These people, who were the ancestors of the Indo-Aryans, used the term "
Aryan
" to identify their ethnicity, culture, and religion. Scholars know this when they read the ancient texts of these people; the
Avesta
of Iranic peoples and the
Vedas
of Indo-Aryans.
[29]
[30]
Zoroaster
, the founder of the
Zoroastrian
religion, the world's earliest
monotheistic
religion, (meaning a religion believing in one god) lived in the area (somewhere north of today's Afghanistan), around 1000 B.C.
[31]
Before the middle of the sixth century
BCE
, Afghanistan was held by the
Medes
. Then the
Achaemenids
took over control of the land and made it part of the
Persian empire
.
Alexander the great
defeated and conquered the Persian Empire in 330 BCE. He founded some cities in the area. The people used
Macedonian
culture and language. After Alexander,
Greco-Bactrians
,
Scythians
,
Kushans
,
Parthians
and
Sassanians
ruled the area.
[32]
[33]
Kushans spread
Buddhism
from
India
in the 1st century BCE, and Buddhism remained an important religion in the area until the
Islamic conquest
in the 7th century CE.
[34]
The
Buddhas of Bamiyan
were giant statues, a reminder of Buddhism in Afghanistan. They were destroyed by the
Taliban
in 2001. There were international protests. The Taliban believe that the ancient statues were
un-Islamic
and that they had a right to destroy them.
Arabs
introduced
Islam
in the 7th century and slowly began spreading the new religion. In the 9th and 10th centuries, many local Islamic
dynasties
rose to power inside Afghanistan. One of the earliest was the
Tahirids
, whose kingdom included
Balkh
and
Herat
; they established independence from the
Abbasids
in 820. The Tahirids were succeeded in about 867 by the
Saffarids
of
Zaranj
in western Afghanistan. Local princes in the north soon became
feudatories
of the powerful
Samanids
, who ruled from
Bukhara
. From 872 to 999, north of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan enjoyed a golden age under Samanid rule.
[35]
In the 10th century, the local
Ghaznavids
turned
Ghazni
into their capital and firmly established Islam throughout all areas of Afghanistan, except the
Kafiristan
region in the northeast.
Mahmud of Ghazni
, a great Ghaznavid
sultan
, conquered the
Multan
and
Punjab region
, and carried raids into the heart of
India
.
Mohammed bin Abdul Jabbar Utbi
, a historian from the 10th century, wrote that thousands of "Afghans" were in the Ghaznavid army.
[36]
[37]
The Ghaznavid dynasty was replaced by the
Ghorid
s of
Ghor
in the late 12th century, who reconquered Ghaznavid territory in the name of Islam and ruled it until 1206. The Ghorid army also included ethnic Afghans.
[36]
Afghanistan was recognized as
Khorasan
, meaning "land of the rising sun," which was a prosperous and independent geographic region reaching as far as the
Indus River
.
[38]
[39]
All the major cities of modern Afghanistan were centers of science and culture in the past. The New Persian
literature
arose and flourished in the area. The early Persian poets such as
Rudaki
were from what is now Afghanistan. Moreover,
Ferdowsi
, the author of
Shahnameh
, the national
epic
of Iran, and
Rumi
, the famous
Sufi
poet, were also from here. It has produced scientists such as
Avicenna
,
Al-Farabi
,
Al-Biruni
,
Omar Khayyam
,
Al-Khwarizmi
, and many others who are widely known for their important contributions in areas such as
mathematics
,
astronomy
,
medicine
,
physics
,
geography
, and
geology
. It remained the cultural capital of Persia until the devastating
Mongol
invasion in the 13th century.
[40]
[41]
Timur
, the Turkic conqueror, took over in the end of the 14th century and began to rebuild cities in this region. Timur's successors, the
Timurids
(1405?1507), were great patrons of learning and the arts who enriched their capital city of
Herat
with fine buildings. Under their rule Afghanistan enjoyed peace and prosperity.
Between south of the Hindu Kush and the Indus River (today's Pakistan) was the native land of the Afghan tribes. They called this land "Afghanistan" (meaning "land of the Afghans"). The Afghans ruled the rich northern Indian subcontinent with their capital at
Delhi
. From the 16th to the early 18th century, Afghanistan was disputed between the
Safavids
of
Isfahan
and the
Mughals
of
Agra
who had replaced the
Lodi
and
Suri
Afghan rulers in India. The Safavids and Mughals occasionally oppressed the native Afghans but at the same time the Afghans used each empire to punish the other. In 1709, the
Hotaki
Afghans rose to power and completely defeated the Persian Empire. Then they marched towards the Mughals of India and defeated them with the help of the
Afsharid
forces under
Nader Shah Afshar
.
In 1747, after Nader Shah of Persia was killed, a great leader named
Ahmad Shah Durrani
united all the different Muslim tribes and established the Afghan Empire (
Durrani Empire
). He is considered the founding father of the modern state of Afghanistan
[1]
while
Mirwais Hotak
is the grandfather of the nation.
During the 1800s, Afghanistan became a
buffer zone
between two powerful empires, the
British Indian Empire
and the
Russian Empire
. As British India advanced into Afghanistan, Russia felt threatened and expanded southward across Central Asia. To stop the Russian advance, Britain tried to make Afghanistan part of its empire but the Afghans fought wars with British-led Indians from 1839 to 1842 and from 1878 to 1880. After the third war in 1919, Afghanistan under
King Amanullah
gained respect and recognition as a completely independent state.
The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a
constitutional monarchy
established in 1926. It was the successor state to the
Emirate of Afghanistan
. On 27 September 1934, during the reign of
Zahir Shah
, the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the
League of Nations
. During
World War II
, Afghanistan remained neutral. It pursued a
diplomatic policy
of
non-alignment
.
The creation of Pakistan in 1947 as its eastern neighbor created problems. In 1973, political crises led to the overthrow of the king. The country's new leader ended the monarchy and made Afghanistan a
republic
. In 1978, a
Communist
political party supported by the
Soviet Union
seized control of Afghanistan's government. This move sparked rebellions throughout the country. The government asked the Soviet Union for military assistance. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and
invaded Afghanistan in December 1979
.
Most people in Afghanistan opposed the sudden Soviet presence in their country. For nearly a decade, anti-Communist Islamic forces known as
Mujahideen
were trained in Pakistan to fight the Soviets and the Afghan government. The
United States
and other anti-Soviet countries supported the Mujahideen. In the long war, over one million Afghan civilians were killed. The Soviet Army also lost more than 15,000 soldiers in that war. Millions of Afghans left their country to stay safe in neighboring Pakistan and Iran. In 1989 the Soviet Army withdrew the last of its troops.
After the Soviets left in 1989, the
Afghan Civil War
started; different Afghan warlords began fighting for control of the country. The warlords received support from other countries, including neighboring Pakistan and Iran. A very conservative
Islamic
group known as the
Taliban
emerged in an attempt to end the civil war. By the late 1990s the Taliban had gained control over 95% of Afghanistan. A group known as the
Northern Alliance
, based in northern Afghanistan near the border with Tajikistan, continued to fight against the Taliban.
The Taliban ruled Afghanistan according to their strict version of
Islamic law
. People whom the Taliban believed violated these laws were given cruel punishments. In addition, the Taliban completely restricted the rights of women. Because of such policies, most countries refused to recognize the Taliban government. Only
Pakistan
,
Saudi Arabia
and the
United Arab Emirates
accepted them as the official government. The Taliban also angered other countries by allowing suspected
terrorists
to live freely in Afghanistan. Among them were
Osama bin Laden
and members of the
al-Qaeda
terrorist network. In September 2001, the United States blamed bin Laden for the
terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.
The Taliban refused to hand him over to the United States. In response, the United States and its allies launched a bombing campaign against al-Qaeda in October 2001. Within months the Taliban abandoned Kabul, and a new government led by
Hamid Karzai
came to power, but fighting between the Taliban and US-led armies continued. Taliban fighters have gone into Afghanistan from neighboring Pakistan. Afghans accused Pakistan's military of being behind the Taliban militants but Pakistan rejected this and stated that a stable Afghanistan is in Pakistan's own interest.
In December 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first
democratically
elected president of Afghanistan.
[15]
NATO
began rebuilding Afghanistan, including its military and government institutions. Many schools and colleges were built. Freedom for women improved. Women can study, work, drive, and run for office. Many Afghan women work as politicians, some are ministers while at least one is a mayor. Others have opened businesses, or joined the military or police. Afghanistan's economy has also improved dramatically, and NATO agreed in 2012 to help the country for at least another 10 years after 2014. Afghanistan improved diplomatic ties with many countries in the world and continues.
In August 2021, the
Cabinet of Afghanistan
lost its power. Most of the country fell to the
Taliban
on
15 August 2021
with President
Ashraf Ghani
escaping
the country. As of 18 August 2021, the former government's last remaining
holdout
is the
Panjshir Valley
.
[42]
Since the
Taliban
captured Kabul
on 15 August 2021, the governance of Afghanistan is disputed between the
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
and the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
.
According to
Transparency International
, Afghanistan remains in the top most corrupt countries list.
[43]
As of 2004, there are thirty-four
provinces
. Each province is divided into districts. (For cities see
List of cities in Afghanistan
.)
Province map of Afghanistan
|
Provinces of Afghanistan
[44]
Province
|
Map #
|
ISO 3166-2:AF
[45]
|
Capital
|
Population
[46]
|
Area (km²)
|
Languages
|
Notes
|
U.N. Region
|
Badakhshan
|
30
|
AF-BDS
|
Fayzabad
|
889,700
|
44,059
|
Dari (Persian)
,
Pamiri
,
Pashto
|
29 districts
|
North East Afghanistan
|
Badghis
|
4
|
AF-BDG
|
Qala i Naw
|
464,100
|
20,591
|
Dari, Pashto
|
7 districts
|
West Afghanistan
|
Baghlan
|
19
|
AF-BGL
|
Puli Khumri
|
848,500
|
21,118
|
Dari,
Uzbeki
,
Turkmeni
, Pashto
|
16 districts
|
North East Afghanistan
|
Balkh
|
13
|
AF-BAL
|
Mazari Sharif
|
1,219,200
|
17,249
|
Dari, Pashto
|
15 districts
|
North West Afghanistan
|
Bamyan
|
15
|
AF-BAM
|
Bamiyan
|
418,500
|
14,175
|
Dari
|
7 districts
|
Central Afghanistan
|
Daykundi
|
10
|
AF-DAY
|
Nili
|
431,300
|
8,088
|
Dari, Pashto
|
8 districts
Formed from
Oruzgan
in 2004
|
South West Afghanistan
|
Farah
|
2
|
AF-FRA
|
Farah
|
474,300
|
48,471
|
Pashto, Dari,
Balochi
|
11 districts
|
West Afghanistan
|
Faryab
|
5
|
AF-FYB
|
Maymana
|
931,800
|
20,293
|
Uzbek, Dari, Pashto, Turkmen
|
14 districts
|
North West Afghanistan
|
Ghazni
|
16
|
AF-GHA
|
Ghazni
|
1,149,400
|
22,915
|
Pashto, Dari
|
19 districts
|
South East Afghanistan
|
Ghor
|
6
|
AF-GHO
|
Chaghcharan
|
646,300
|
36,479
|
Dari, Pashto
|
10 districts
|
West Afghanistan
|
Helmand
|
7
|
AF-HEL
|
Lashkar Gah
|
1,441,769
|
58,584
|
Pashto, Dari
|
13 districts
|
South West Afghanistan
|
Herat
|
1
|
AF-HER
|
Herat
|
1,744,700
|
54,778
|
Dari, Pashto, Turkmeni
|
15 districts
|
West Afghanistan
|
Jowzjan
|
8
|
AF-JOW
|
Sheberghan
|
503,100
|
11,798
|
Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Pashto, Dari
|
9 districts
|
North West Afghanistan
|
Kabul
|
22
|
AF-KAB
|
Kabul
|
3,691,400
|
4,462
|
Dari, Turkmeni, Pashto, Uzbeki
|
18 districts
|
Central Afghanistan
|
Kandahar
|
12
|
AF-KAN
|
Kandahar
|
1,127,000
|
54,022
|
Pashto, Dari
|
16 districts
|
South East Afghanistan
|
Kapisa
|
29
|
AF-KAP
|
Mahmud-i-Raqi
|
413,000
|
1,842
|
Dari, Pashto,
Pashai
|
7 districts
|
Central Afghanistan
|
Khost
|
26
|
AF-KHO
|
Khost
|
537,800
|
4,152
|
Pashto
|
13 districts
|
South East Afghanistan
|
Kunar
|
34
|
AF-KNR
|
Asadabad
|
421,700
|
4,942
|
Pashto
|
15 districts
|
North East Afghanistan
|
Kunduz
|
18
|
AF-KDZ
|
Kunduz
|
935,600
|
8,040
|
Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni
|
7 districts
|
North East Afghanistan
|
Laghman
|
32
|
AF-LAG
|
Mihtarlam
|
417,200
|
3,843
|
Pashto, Pashai, Nuristani, Dari
|
5 districts
|
East Afghanistan
|
Logar
|
23
|
AF-LOW
|
Pul-i-Alam
|
367,000
|
3,880
|
Pashto, Dari
|
7 districts
|
Central Afghanistan
|
Nangarhar
|
33
|
AF-NAN
|
Jalalabad
|
1,409,600
|
7,727
|
Pashto, Dari
|
23 districts
|
East Afghanistan
|
Nimruz
|
3
|
AF-NIM
|
Zaranj
|
153,900
|
41,005
|
Balochi, Pashto, Dari
|
5 districts
|
South West Afghanistan
|
Nuristan
|
31
|
AF-NUR
|
Parun
|
138,600
|
9,225
|
Nuristani
, Pashto
|
7 districts
|
North East Afghanistan
|
Oruzgan
|
11
|
AF-ORU
|
Tarin Kowt
|
328,000
|
22,696
|
Pashto, Dari
|
6 districts
|
Central Afghanistan
|
Paktia
|
24
|
AF-PIA
|
Gardez
|
516,300
|
6,432
|
Pashto
|
11 districts
|
South East Afghanistan
|
Paktika
|
25
|
AF-PKA
|
Sharan
|
407,100
|
19,482
|
Pashto
|
15 districts
|
South East Afghanistan
|
Panjshir
|
28
|
AF-PAN
|
Bazarak
|
143,700
|
3,610
|
Dari, Pashto
|
5 districts
Created in 2004 from Parwan Province
|
North East Afghanistan
|
Parwan
|
20
|
AF-PAR
|
Charikar
|
620,900
|
5,974
|
Dari, Pashto
|
9 districts
|
Central Afghanistan
|
Samangan
|
14
|
AF-SAM
|
Aybak
|
362,500
|
11,262
|
Dari, Uzbeki
|
5 districts
|
North West Afghanistan
|
Sar-e Pol
|
9
|
AF-SAR
|
Sar-e Pol
|
522,900
|
16,360
|
Dari, Pashto, Uzbeki
|
7 districts
|
North West Afghanistan
|
Takhar
|
27
|
AF-TAK
|
Taloqan
|
917,700
|
12,333
|
Dari, Uzbeki, Pashto
|
12 districts
|
North East Afghanistan
|
Wardak
|
21
|
AF-WAR
|
Meydan Shahr
|
558,400
|
9,934
|
Pashto, Dari
|
9 districts
|
Central Afghanistan
|
Zabul
|
17
|
AF-ZAB
|
Qalat
|
284,600
|
17,343
|
Pashto
|
9 districts
|
South East Afghanistan
|
Relationship with other countries
[
change
|
change source
]
- Russia's
ambassador
(
Dmitrij Zjirnov
) had a meeting with representatives from Taliban on 18 August 2021; Russia's
embassy
was still in
operation
(or open).
[47]
- An "
Indian
[
diplomat
or]
envoy
to Qatar" had [at least one]
meeting
"with Taliban leader
Stanekzai
in
Doha
in late August", media said.
[48]
- A United States "team led by" [then] "Deputy Special Representative
Tom West
and [a] top
USAID
humanitarian official" had meetings, in Qatar in October 2021, with Afghanistani officials.
[49]
Women's rights
was a
subject
during the talks.
[50]
- Norway
's ambassador visited Afghanistan - and had meetings with Taliban - during a two-day visit in the middle of January 2022.
Representatives
of the Taliban leadership will come to Norway and meet diplomats from different countries, during 23.-25. January.
[51]
[52]
Norway stopped (as of 2022's first quarter) supporting with money the authorities of Afghanistan.
[52]
Previously, Norwegian diplomats had at least two meetings with Taliban in Doha, in 2021's fourth quarter;
[53]
[54]
[55]
The talks are about
humanitarian aid
and
evacuation
.
[56]
- Turkey's foreign minister
had a meeting (in Turkey) with "a
delegation
led by"
foreign minister of Afghanistan
, in 2021's fourth quarter.
[57]
- In Russia, a meeting about Afghanistan was held on October 20; "The
participants
[... were] India, USA, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Iran and Central Asian" countries.
[58]
Diplomatic missions that still represent the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
[
change
|
change source
]
- The ambassador in
Oslo
, Norway did not
recognize
the Taliban-led government (as of 2021's fourth quarter).
[59]
- ↑
Other names that have been used as demonyms are
Afghani
[5]
and
Afghanistani
.
[6]
- ↑
2.0
2.1
Taliban Supreme Commander
Hibatullah Akhundzada
has no official position in the country's caretaker government, but is widely believed to wield ultimate authority and is expected to be given an official role soon.
[9]
- ↑
1.0
1.1
1.2
"BBCNazer.com | ????? ? ????? | ??? ??? ????: ???? ???"
.
www.bbc.co.uk
. Retrieved
18 August
2021
.
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Amirzai, Shafiq l.
"? ??? ???? ????? | ????"
.
Rohi.Af
(in Pashto). Archived from
the original
on 17 August 2021
. Retrieved
18 August
2021
.
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"??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????"
.
?? ??? ????
(in Pashto). 16 January 2018
. Retrieved
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2021
.
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Tharoor, Ishaan (19 June 2013).
"The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?"
.
Time
.
ISSN
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Dictionary.com.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Reference.com
(Retrieved 13 November 2007).
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Dictionary.com.
WordNet
3.0.
Princeton University
.
Reference.com
(Retrieved 13 November 2007).
Archived
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"Constitution of Afghanistan"
. 2004.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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.
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Afghan | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary
. the Cambridge English Dictionary.
ISBN
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Zucchino, David (1 September 2021).
"Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader"
.
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.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
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2021
.
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Central Statistics Office Afghanistan
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Central Statistics Office Afghanistan, 2020.
- ↑
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
"Afghanistan"
. International Monetary Fund
. Retrieved
14 November
2018
.
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"Gini Index"
. World Bank. Archived from
the original
on 11 May 2014
. Retrieved
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2011
.
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Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene
(PDF)
. United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346.
ISBN
978-92-1-126442-5
. Retrieved
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2020
.
- ↑
15.0
15.1
"Afghanistan"
.
CIA - The World Factbook
. Archived from
the original
on 9 July 2016
. Retrieved
30 August
2011
.
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"Settled Population by Province"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 29 April 2016
. Retrieved
30 June
2012
.
- ↑
https://www.news18.com/news/world/un-rights-body-agrees-to-establish-investigator-on-afghanistan-4297415.html
. Retrieved 7 October 2021
- ↑
18.0
18.1
18.2
"Afghanistan Facts and Pictures"
.
National Geographic Kids
. Archived from
the original
on 11 August 2011
. Retrieved
30 August
2011
.
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"Afghanistan." Britannica Student Library. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
- ↑
See:
- "The World Factbok ? Afghanistan"
.
The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency
.
University of Missouri
. 15 October 1991. Archived from
the original
on 27 April 2011
. Retrieved
20 March
2011
.
_#_Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 50%...
- "Ethnic groups"
.
BBC News
. Retrieved
7 June
2013
.
Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.
- "Afghan Population: 30,419,928 [Pashtun 42%]"
.
Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA)
. 2012. Archived from
the original
on 7 June 2017
. Retrieved
30 June
2012
.
- Janda, Kenneth; Jeffrey M. Berry and Jerry Goldman (2008).
The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America
(9 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 46 of 647.
ISBN
978-0-618-81017-8
. Retrieved
22 August
2010
.
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.
The Asian Wall Street Journal
. 10 March 2011. Archived from
the original
on 20 November 2012
. Retrieved
20 April
2012
.
- "Pathans"
. Faqs.org. 2003
. Retrieved
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2010
.
- "About Afghanistan - Ethnic Divisions"
. Archived from
the original
on 17 September 2010
. Retrieved
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2010
.
- Christensen, Asger (1995).
Aiding Afghanistan: the background and prospects for reconstruction in a fragmented society
. NIAS Press. p. 46 of 170.
ISBN
978-87-87062-44-2
. Retrieved
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2010
.
- Congressional Record
. Government Printing Office. 1949. p. 10088.
ISBN
9780160118449
. Retrieved
24 September
2010
.
- Taylor, William J. Jr.; Abraham Kim (2000).
Asian Security to the Year 2000
. DIANE Publishing. p. 58.
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. Retrieved
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2010
.
- Brown, Keith; Sarah Ogilvie (2009).
Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
. Elsevie. p. 845.
ISBN
978-0-08-087774-7
. Retrieved
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2010
.
Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.
- Hawthorne, Susan; Bronwyn Winter (2002).
11 September 2001: feminist perspectives
. Spinifex Press. p. 225 of 500.
ISBN
978-1-876756-27-7
. Retrieved
24 September
2010
.
Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun, known locally as Pathan, who by and large support the Taliban.
- "The ethnic composition of afghanistan in different sources"
. Archived from
the original
on 5 February 2012
. Retrieved
22 April
2012
.
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"Tajik"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
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2011
.
There were about 5,000,000 in Afghanistan, where they constituted about one-fifth of the population.
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John Leyden; William Erskine, eds. (1921).
"Events Of The Year 910 (1525)"
.
Memoirs of Babur
. Packard Humanities Institute. p. 5. Archived from
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"Tajik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
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24.0
24.1
"Article Sixteen of the Constitution of Afghanistan"
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the original
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2012
.
From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country,
Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.
- ↑
[Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History. Retrieved 26 January 2009
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/129450/History#ref=ref261360
]
- ↑
Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 56, Washington, National Geographic,
ISBN
978-1-4262-0295-7
- ↑
Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 58, Washington, National Geographic,
ISBN
978-1-4262-0295-7
- ↑
Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 73, Washington, National Geographic,
ISBN
978-1-4262-0295-7
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[R. Ghirshman, L’Iran et la migration des Indo-aryens et des Iraniens, Leiden, 1977.]
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[Encyclopedia Iranica, IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD. Retrieved 14 October 2010
http://www.iranica.com/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period
Archived
2010-12-08 at the
Wayback Machine
]
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"ZOROASTER ii. GENERAL SURVEY ? Encyclopaedia Iranica"
.
iranicaonline.org
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"ancient Iran"
.
Britannica Online Encyclopedia
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"Alexander the Great in Afghanistan"
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www.arcgis.com
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2023
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[Encyclopedia Iranica, BUDDHISM i. In Pre-Islamic Times. Retrieved 12 September 2010
http://iranica.com/articles/buddhism-i
Archived
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Wayback Machine
]
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"Afghanistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
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36.0
36.1
Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987).
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913?1936
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"Afghan and Afghanistan"
.
Abdul Hai Habibi
. alamahabibi.com. 1969
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"Khurasan", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, page 55
. Brill. 1967
. Retrieved
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2010
.
In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term "Khurassan" frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan; early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of western Persia, sc. Djibal or what was subsequently termed 'Irak 'Adjami, as being included in a vast and ill-defined region of Khurasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and Sind.
- ↑
"Khorasan"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
21 October
2010
.
historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya (Oxus River) westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan. Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of
India
.
- ↑
Lorentz, J. Historical Dictionary of Iran. 1995
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978-0-8108-2994-7
AFGHANISTAN
- ↑
From the Alleyways of Samarkand to the Mediterranean Coast (The Evolution of the World of Child and Adolescent Literature,Afghanistan,
Poopak Niktalab
, printed 2019 , Faradid Publishing
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https://www.news18.com/news/india/amrullah-saleh-is-mounting-an-anti-taliban-front-from-afghanistans-panjshir-his-birth-land-4100060.html
.
CNN-News18
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"Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 Results"
.
Transparency International
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Archived
from the original on 25 January 2017
. Retrieved
30 November
2017
.
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References and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual provincial articles.
- ↑
ISO 3166-2:AF
(
ISO
3166-2
codes for the provinces of Afghanistan)
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"Population Estimation 2011 - 12 - Central Statistics Organization"
. Archived from
the original
on 19 June 2012
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30 June
2012
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Jentoft, Morten (18 August 2021).
"Ashraf Ghani flyktet ? hvor mye penger fikk han med seg?"
. NRK.
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"Afghanistan Situation Can Worsen Due to Humanitarian Crisis, Lack of Governance, India Must Be Ready: Shringla"
.
News18
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"Taliban Warn US Not to 'Destabilise' Regime in Face-to-face Talks"
.
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. 9 October 2021
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"UN Chief Antonio Guterres Slams 'Broken' Taliban Promises Made to Women and Girls"
.
News18
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"Taliban kommer til Norge for a forhandle". Vg.no
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52.0
52.1
"Taliban besøker Norge".
Nrk
.no
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"Her møtes Norge og Taliban ? VG Na: Nyhetsdøgnet"
.
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"Today IEA Foreign Minister H.E. Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi met with Norwegian embassy members"
.
Twitter
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2023
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"Norske diplomater traff Taliban før helgen ? VG Na: Nyhetsdøgnet"
.
VG Na
(in Norwegian)
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"Afghanistans ambassadør: Vesten skylder oss en avtale"
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www.vg.no
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"Taliban Want to Help Afghans Who Fled to Turkey to Return Home, Turkish Minister Says"
.
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. 14 October 2021
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.
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https://www.news18.com/news/world/moscow-talks-on-wednesday-india-to-come-face-to-face-with-taliban-for-the-second-time-4340747.html
. Retrieved 20 October 2021
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