Islam
|
---|
|
|
Type
| Universal religion
|
---|
Classification
| Abrahamic
|
---|
Scripture
| Qur'an
(as the central text), belief in previous revelations such as the
Tawrat
(
Torah
),
Zabur
(
Psalms
),
Injeel
(
Gospel
)
|
---|
Theology
| Monotheism
|
---|
Language
| Classical Arabic
|
---|
Founder
| Muhammad
|
---|
Origin
| 7th century CE
Jabal al-Nour
, near
Mecca
,
Hejaz
,
Arabia
|
---|
Separations
| Ahl-e Haqq
,
[1]
Babism
,
[2]
Baha?i Faith
,
[3]
Din-i Ilahi
,
Druzism
[4]
[5]
|
---|
Members
| c.
1-1.8 billion
[6]
(referred to as
Muslims
, who comprise the
ummah
)
|
---|
Islam
(
;
[note 1]
Arabic
:
???????????
,
romanized:
al-Isl?m
,
[al??s?laːm]
(
listen
)
) is an
Abrahamic
monotheistic
religion
.
[7]
A person who believes in Islam is called a
Muslim
. A disbeliever is called a
Kafir
in Islam. Islam means submission to the will of
God
.
Most teachings and beliefs of Islam are written out in the
Quran
(the words from God) (also spelled Qur'an or Kuran), the central holy scripture of Islam. Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in the previous revelations of God, such as the
Tawrat
(
Torah
), the
Zabur
(
Psalms
), the
Injeel
(
Gospel
), the
Scrolls of Abraham
, and the
Scrolls of Moses
. Muslims believe that the Quran was spoken to
Muhammad
by the angel
Gabriel
. The Quran is regarded as the word of
God
(or
Allah
), while Muhammad is regarded as the last
prophet
and
messenger
of God. Other beliefs and rules about what Muslims should do may come from
hadiths
,
[8]
although they are not universally accepted by Muslims.
Linguistically, Islam is defined as surrender to the command of
God as per Islam
, without objection, without submission, rebellion, and stubbornness. As for its idiomatic meaning, it is the religion that was brought by “Muhammad bin Abdullah,” sent by Almighty God, and which Muslims believe is the law with which God sealed the heavenly messages.
Muslims
believe that there were many other prophets before Muhammad since the dawn of humanity, beginning with the Prophet
Adam
and including the Prophet
Noah
(Nuh), the Prophet
Abraham
(Ibrahim), the Prophet
Moses
(Musa), the Prophet
David
(Dawuud), and the Prophet
Jesus
(Isa). They believe that all these prophets were given messages by God to their communities, but
Satan
(referred to as '
Shaytan ?????
' in Arabic) made the past communities deviate from them. Muslims believe that the content of the Quran (written in Arabic) is protected by Allah as mentioned in the Quran and is the final message of God for all of mankind until the Day of Judgement.
Most Muslims belong to one of two groups. The most common is
Sunni Islam
(75?90% of all Muslims are Sunni Muslims). The second is
Shia Islam
(10?20% of all Muslims are Shias ? also called Shiites). There are also
non-denominational Muslims
who do not follow any sect and school of thought (madhab); they make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries (and a plurality in three others):
Albania
(65%),
Kyrgyzstan
(64%),
Kosovo
(58%),
Indonesia
(56%),
Mali
(55%),
Bosnia and Herzegovina
(54%),
Uzbekistan
(54%),
Azerbaijan
(45%),
Russia
(45%), and
Nigeria
(42%).
[9]
With about 1.75
billion
followers (24% of the world's population), Islam is the second-largest religion in the world. Islam is also the fastest-growing religion in the world.
Muslims believe the
Qur'an
was first revealed to
Muhammad
by the
archangel
Gabriel
in a
cave
on the
mountain
of
Hira
in
Mecca
, and then over a period of twenty-three years until his
death
.
After Muhammad died, the Arab Muslim leadership was assumed by
Abu Bakr
. He was followed by
Umar
,
Uthman ibn Affan
,
Ali
, and
Mu'awiya I
, who established the
Umayyad Caliphate
. Under these caliphs, Islam became one of the most important religions in the world. Under Umar, more than two thirds of the
Eastern Roman Empire
was conquered by the Arab Muslims. The Arab Islamic empire reached its largest geographical extent under the Umayyad Caliphate.
[10]
According to the Qur’an, Muslims believe in God, his angels, his books, his messengers, the Last Day, and Fate. In accordance with a Qur’anic verse: “We have created everything with predestination As much is good and bad". And in hadith the Messenger Muhammad when he said that faith is: “to believe in God, his angels, his books, his messengers, and the Last Day, and believe in the destiny of good and bad.” Muslims believe that God is the one God who created the universe with everything in it. The
Qur’an
was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel. They believe that he is the final messenger of all messengers that are sent before him. The Prophets are human beings, whom God chose to be his messengers. Muslims believe that the prophets are not gods, but merely human beings with some miracles to prove their prophethood. They are the ones who receive divine revelation.
The Quran mentions the names of many prophets, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others. According to the Qur’an, all of the prophets were Muslims who preached Islam, but with different laws. Islam is defined in the Qur’an as “the instinct of God upon which people have broken in.” "Therefore set your face to the religion purely, the upright creation upon which He originated people. There is no change in the creation of Allah. This is the valuable religion, although most people do not know} (The Romans -Ar-Rum Surah, versus 30). Muslims also believe that Hanifism is the basis of Abraham's religion. And they see that the difference between the Abrahamic religions is in the Sharia (Law) only and not in the creed and that the Sharia of Islam abrogates what preceded it from the Sharia. this means that Islamic religion consists of Belief and Sharia.
As for belief, it is the set of principles that a
Muslim
must believe in, and it is fixed and does not differ according to the different prophets. As for Sharia (Law), it is the name for practical rulings that differ according to the different messengers.
According to Islamic tradition, there are five basic things that Muslims should do. They are called "The Five Pillars of Islam":
- Shahadah
: The Testimony (faith in English) is the core of the Muslim belief that there is no god but Allah himself, and that Muhammad salallah alej ve selam is his last messenger.
- Salat
: the salat is observed three
[11]
[12]
or (most commonly) five times every day at prescribed times. When Muslims pray, they face the Kaaba, a large cubic structure located at the
holy
city of
Mecca
.
Salat
is
namaz
in
Persian
,
Urdu
and
Turkish
. Shia Muslims can pray the afternoon and evening prayers right after each other.
[13]
- Zakat
: Muslims who have money must give a percentage of the money which it's still with them for a year
1/40th of their money
(
charity
in English) to help people who do not have money or need help.
- Sawm (Also spelled as Siyam or Sum)
:
Fasting
during
Ramadan
, the ninth month of the Islamic year. Muslims do not eat or drink from Fajr till sunset for one
lunar month
. After Ramadan, there is a holiday called
Eid al-Fitr
(which means "festival of end-fast" in English). On Eid al-Fitr, Muslims usually go to the
mosque
in the morning after sunrise for a special Salaah.
- Hajj
(Pilgrimage in English): During the month of Zulhejja, the 12th month of the Islamic Calendar is the
pilgrimage
season where many Muslims go to
Mecca
, the holiest city of Islam. However, if a Muslim is financially unable to perform the Hajj, it is not necessary for them to do so. Those who possess great financial capacity were the most obligated to perform the Hajj.
Note:
The Five Pillars of Islam
is a term in the view of Sunni Islam that gathered out of the hadith. There is another term
Osul al-Din
(Religion Principles in English) in Shia Islam. That contains five beliefs : Tawheed, Adl, Nabovah, Imamah, Maad.
In Islamic belief, the Quran is the holy book of Islam and contains what Muslims claim Allah (God) conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad through the archangel
Jibraeel (Gabriel)
, who had been tasked since the times of Adam to convey the words of God as guidance to mankind. The Quran is the central point of reference and is a link which connects humanity with God.
The Qur'an contains many passages and chapters which cover the entire aspect of humanity, down to the most minute detail. From the creation and conception of human child to the details of the Earth and beyond. In the aspect of human life, it contains stories and tales of old civilizations and past prophets and their life chronicles. The Quran contains the Sharia law or hudud, and emphasizes the equal rights man and women alike with mothers given special status where it is sinful to even glare at them.
The Qur'an has a total of 30 Juzuks. In each Juz, there are many Surahatun or
verses
, with 114 Surahatun which begin with Surah al-Fatehah (The Beginning) and ended with Surah an-Naas (Humanity). A Hafeez is a Muslim who has committed the Quran to memory and can accurately saying every word in the Quran without flipping a single page and apply them to daily life.
Other important teachings in Islam are previous revelations of God, such as the
Tawrat
(
Torah
), the
Zabur
(
Psalms
), the
Injeel
(
Gospel
), the
Scrolls of Abraham
, and the
Scrolls of Moses
, as well as the
Sunnah
(which tell about Muhammad's life) and the
Hadith
(which are collections of dialogues of conversation that Muslims believe Muhammad said).
The Qur'an is considered in Islam as a manual for all of humanity and its teachings are to be implemented and shared by its readers.
Place of worship / Quran readings
[
change
|
change source
]
Muslims
pray in a place of worship called the mosque. A mosque is called a
masjid
in Arabic. Most mosques were mostly seen having at least a single
dome
, and some have one or more
towers
called Minarat, where the Muadzin gives the Adhan. The Call for Muslim Prayer. Which is 13 or 15 sentences. But many mosques were built without either domes or towers.
Muslims take their shoes off before entering the masjid to pray. Prayer is one of the most important things that a Muslim does.
The Muslim is called to
prayer
or
solah
three
[14]
or five times a day. This call to prayer is called Adhan. The muezzin, a man chosen to make the call to prayer god , uses a
loudspeaker
, which carries his voice to the people nearby. The call to prayer is often done out loud, in public, in Muslim countries. Being called to solah is a normal part of daily life for most people in Muslim countries.
Muslims pray on a
mat
, which is called a
prayer mat
or
prayer rug
in English. Common Arabic names
[15]
for the prayer mat include
sajj?da
and
namaz
.
When it is time to pray, Muslims made
Wudu
, then face the direction of
Qibla
- the direction they are supposed to pray in, towards Mecca. They then roll out their prayer mat, and perform their prayers to God.
According to Islamic teachings muhamed salallah alej ve selam , Muslims must say "?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????" shortened as "?" whenever they hear or say the Prophet's ? name or it ? being a common noun.
In 2009, a study was done in 193+1+=(195)+37 countries and territories.
[16]
This study found that 23% of the global population or 1.57 billion people are Muslims. Of those, between 75% and 90% are
Sunni
[17]
[18]
and between ten and twenty five percent are
Shi'a
.
[16]
[17]
[19]
A small part belong to other Islamic sects. In about fifty countries, more than half of the people are Muslim.
[20]
Arabs
account for around twenty percent of all Muslims worldwide. Islam has three holy sites:
Jerusalem
,
Mecca
and
Medina
.
Most Muslims live in Asia and Africa.
[21]
Around 62% of the world's Muslims live in
Asia
, with over 683 million followers in
Indonesia
,
Pakistan
,
India
, and
Bangladesh
.
[22]
[23]
In the
Middle East
: The non-Arab countries such as:
Turkey
, and
Iran
are the largest Muslim-majority countries. In
Africa
:
Egypt
and
Nigeria
have the biggest Muslim communities.
[24]
Most estimates indicate that the
People's Republic of China
has about 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
However, data provided by the
San Diego State University
's International Population Center to
U.S. News & World Report
suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims.
[29]
Islam is the second largest religion after
Christianity
in many
European
countries,
[30]
and is slowly catching up to that status in the
Americas
.
European Islam
is the term used for
Muslims
from the
Balkans
, former
Yugoslavia
and
Crimea
, it including People like
Xoraxane Roma
,
Albanians
,
Bosniaks
,
Pomak
,
Gorani
, Torbesh,
Turks
from Bulgaria, North Cyprus, Greece, Romania, North Macedonia like the
Yoruks
and East Thrace, the European side in Turkey like the
Amuca tribe
and
Crimean Tatars
, the majority belong to the
Bektashi
Sufism
Dervish
Tarika
.
[31]
Like god with other religions, over time different movements have developed in Islam. These movements are based on different interpretations of the scriptures. The following sections list the most common movements.
- Non-denominational Muslims
are Muslims who do not follow any branch and simply call themselves Muslim.
- The
Muwahidin
or
Muwahid Muslims
are a Muslim restoration movement that accepts mainstream Islam, but prefer to orient themselves towards a primacy of God's commands on issues pertaining to
sharia law
.
Muwahidists
believe that modern Islam has been mixed with many cultural traditions and they want to change that.
- The
Shi'ites
believe that just as only God can appoint a
prophet
, he can appoint a second leader after the prophet. Shi'a Muslims believe that God chose
Ali
as the leader after
Muhammad
. About 10-20% of Muslims are Shi'a which means that there are about 120 million world wide. Shi'a Muslims form the majority of Muslims in
Iran
,
Azerbaijan
,
Bahrain
,
Iraq
, and
Lebanon
. The largest adhab in
Yemen
is Zaydi Shia. Shias commonly gather for
Day of Ashura
in
Karbala
. They accept four
hadiths
.
- Sunnism
considers Abu Bakr to be the successor of Muhammad. Sunnis make up roughly 75% of Muslims.
[18]
[32]
Sunnis believe that leaders of Islam should be chosen by the people of the Muslim world. After Abu Bakr died, Omar took his place, then Uthman, and then
Ali
. All of them were companions of Muhammad and lived in
Medina
. Sunni beliefs are typically based on the
Qur'an
and the
Kutub al-Sittah
(six hadiths). Sunnis are sometimes called Bukharists.
- The
Sufi
are a branch
Sunnism
that focuses more on the spiritual and
mystic
elements of Islam. Sufis usually conclude their prayers with dhikr recitations.
- Ahmadiyyas
are Muslims who follow Mirza Ghulam Ahmed whom they consider to be the mahdi. They are divided into two subgroups; the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. However, they are not recognised as Muslims by most of the Muslim community.
[33]
- The
Quraniyoon
accept the "Quran alone" as generally reject the authority of the hadiths. Such Muslims, also known as
Quranists
and
Ahle Quran
, believe that the Quran is the only source of guidance. They say the hadiths are not endorsed by the Quran, and some call them an innovative bid'ah.
- Ibadis
are Muslims who originated from the Kharijites. Ibadis today have reformed beliefs from original
Kharijites
.
- The Five-Percent Nation, a denomination predominantly consisting of African Americans, also known as Nation of Gods and Earths.
- ↑
Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza Fariborz (1995). Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi; et al. (eds.).
Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East
. Leiden: Brill. pp. 101?117.
ISBN
90-04-10861-0
.
- ↑
Browne, Edward G.
(1889).
Babism
.
Archived
from the original on 2020-07-30
. Retrieved
2022-12-04
.
- ↑
"World's Baha'i connect with past in Israel"
.
Reuters
. 20 January 2007.
Archived
from the original on 20 March 2022
. Retrieved
4 December
2022
– via www.reuters.com.
- ↑
Hunter, Shireen (2010).
The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies
. University of Michigan Press. p. 33.
ISBN
9780253345493
.
Druze - An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.
- ↑
Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014).
The Oxford Handbook of American Islam
. Oxford University Press. p.
142
.
ISBN
9780199862634
.
While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is consider distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze do not identify as Muslims...
- ↑
"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"
. 7 October 2009.
Archived
from the original on 14 June 2022
. Retrieved
4 December
2022
.
- ↑
"Islam | religion"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
.
Archived
from the original on 2020-02-10
. Retrieved
2018-10-04
.
- ↑
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. A textbook of Hadith studies: authenticity, compilation, classification and criticism of Hadith. Kube Publishing Ltd, 2014.
- ↑
"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"
.
The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity
.
Pew Research Center
's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012.
Archived
from the original on 26 December 2016
. Retrieved
4 September
2013
.
- ↑
Nardo, Don (12 September 2011).
The Islamic Empire
. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
ISBN
9781420508024
.
- ↑
Na, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im; Na??m, ?abd All?h A?mad (30 June 2009).
Islam and the Secular State
.
ISBN
9780674033764
.
- ↑
Edward E. Curtis IV (2009-10-01).
Muslims in America: A Short History
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-974567-8
.
- ↑
The Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims: A Short Introduction - Page 28, Jimmy R. Davis - 2007
- ↑
Cite error: The named reference
naim
was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the
help page
).
- ↑
"Unique Arabic Islamic Boy Names in Urdu With Meanings A to Z List 2018"
.
The Jobs Pk
. Retrieved
2017-10-09
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ↑
16.0
16.1
Miller (2009), pp.4,11
- ↑
17.0
17.1
Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population: Main Page
, Pew Research Center, 7 October 2009,
archived
from the original on 27 April 2010
, retrieved
18 July
2010
- ↑
18.0
18.1
Encyclopædia Britannica
,
Sunnite
Archived
2010-08-09 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
"The World Factbook ? Central Intelligence Agency"
.
www.cia.gov
. Archived from
the original
on 2018-12-24
. Retrieved
2010-11-23
.
- ↑
Miller (2009), p.11
- ↑
"Islam: An Overview in Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06.
Archived
from the original on 2018-10-19
. Retrieved
2010-05-16
.
- ↑
Secrets of Islam
Archived
2011-01-22 at the
Wayback Machine
?
U.S. News & World Report
. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography,
San Diego State University
(2005).
- ↑
Miller (2009), pp.15,17
- ↑
"Number of Muslim by country"
. nationmaster.com.
Archived
from the original on 2007-07-03
. Retrieved
2007-05-30
.
- ↑
"CIA ? The World Factbook ? China"
. Cia.gov. Archived from
the original
on 2016-10-13
. Retrieved
2009-06-15
.
- ↑
"China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)"
. State.gov.
Archived
from the original on 2010-09-22
. Retrieved
2009-06-15
.
- ↑
"NW China region eyes global Muslim market"
. China Daily. 2008-07-09.
Archived
from the original on 2018-09-19
. Retrieved
2009-07-14
.
- ↑
"Muslim Media Network"
. Muslim Media Network. 2008-03-24. Archived from
the original
on 2008-03-27
. Retrieved
2009-07-14
.
- ↑
Secrets of Islam
Archived
2011-01-22 at the
Wayback Machine
,
U.S. News & World Report
. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography,
San Diego State University
.
- ↑
See:
- Esposito (2004) pp.2,43
- "Islamic World".
Encyclopaedia Britannica Online
.
"Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents"
. Adherents.com. Archived from
the original
on 2013-06-22
. Retrieved
2007-01-09
.
- ↑
"Archived copy"
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-08-15
. Retrieved
2022-06-26
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ↑
From the article on Sunni Islam in
Oxford Islamic Studies Online
Archived
2017-12-14 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism - Page 22, Mathieu Guidere - 2012
General references
Notes
- ↑
There are ten pronunciations of
Islam
in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the
s
is
or
, and whether the
a
is pronounced
,
or (when the stress is on the first syllable)
(Merriam Webster). The most common are
(Oxford English Dictionary, Random House) and
(American Heritage Dictionary).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Islam
.
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