Esperanto
is a
constructed
auxiliary
language
. Its creator was
L. L. Zamenhof
, a
Polish
eye doctor
. He created the language to make international
communication
easier. His goal was to design Esperanto in such a way that people can learn it much more easily than any other
national language
.
At first, Zamenhof called the language
La Internacia Lingvo
, which means "The International Language" in Esperanto. Soon, people began calling it by the simpler name
Esperanto
, which means "one who hopes". That name comes from
Doktoro Esperanto
("Doctor who hopes"), which is what Zamenhof called himself in his first book about Esperanto.
There are people who speak Esperanto in many countries and in all the major
continents
. No one knows exactly how many people now speak Esperanto in the world. Most sources say that there are between several hundred thousand and two million Esperanto speakers.
[6]
A few people grew up speaking Esperanto as their
first language
. There may perhaps be around 2,000 of these people.
[7]
Therefore, Esperanto is the most-used constructed language in the world.
A person who speaks or supports Esperanto is often called an "Esperantist".
L. L. Zamenhof created Esperanto. He grew up in
Białystok
, a town that was in the
Russian Empire
, but is now in
Poland
. People in Białystok spoke many languages. Zamenhof saw conflicts between individual
ethnic groups
living there (Russians,
Poles
,
Germans
and
Jews
).
[8]
He thought that lack of a common language caused these conflicts, so he began creating a language people could share and use internationally.
[9]
He thought this language should be different from national languages. He wanted it to be culturally neutral and easy-to-learn. He thought people should learn it along with national languages and use Esperanto for communication between people with different native languages.
First, Zamenhof thought about bringing
Latin
back into use. Although he learned it in school, he realized it was too difficult for normal use. He also studied English and understood that languages did not need to
conjugate
verbs by
person
or number. Once he saw two Russian words:
швейцарская
(
reception
, derived from
швейцар
-
receptionist
) and
кондитерская
(
confectionery
, derived from
кондитер
-
confectioner
). These words with the same ending gave him an idea. He decided that regular
prefixes
and
suffixes
could decrease the number of
word roots
, which one would need for a communication. Zamenhof wanted the root words to be neutral, so he decided to use word roots from
Romance
and
Germanic languages
. Those languages were taught in many schools in many places around the world at that time.
Zamenhof did his first project
Lingwe uniwersala
(Universal Language) in 1878. But his father, a language teacher,
regarded
his son's work as
unrealistic
. So, he destroyed the original work. Between 1879 and 1885 Zamenhof studied medicine in
Moscow
and
Warsaw
. In these days he again worked on an international language. In 1887 he published his first textbook
Международный языкъ
("The International Language"). According to Zamenhof's
pen-name
Doktoro Esperanto
("Doctor who hopes"), many people started calling the language as
Esperanto
.
[10]
Zamenhof received a lot of
enthusiastic
letters. In the letters, people wrote their
suggestions
for changes to the language. He noted all of the suggestions. He published them in the magazine
La Esperantisto
. In this magazine, Esperanto speakers could vote about the changes. They did not accept them. The magazine had many subscribers in
Russia
. It was eventually
banned
(stopped) there because of an article about
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
. Publishing of the magazine ended after that. The new magazine
Lingvo Internacia
replaced it.
[11]
[12]
In the first years of Esperanto's life, people used it only in written form, but in 1905 they organized the first (1st) World Congress of Esperanto in
Boulogne-sur-Mer
,
France
. This was the first notable use of Esperanto in international communication. Because of the success of the
congress
, it is organized each year (except years of the
World Wars
) to this day.
In 1912 Zamenhof resigned his leading position in the movement during the eighth (8th) World Congress of Esperanto in
Krakow
,
Poland
. The tenth (10th) World Congress of Esperanto in
Paris
,
France
, did not take place because of the start of
World War I
. Nearly 4000 people signed up for this congress.
[13]
During World War I the
World Esperanto Association
had its main office in
Switzerland
, which was
neutral
in the war. Hector Hodler's group of volunteers with support of
Romain Rolland
helped send
letters
between the enemy countries through Switzerland. In total, they helped with 200,000 cases.
[13]
After World War I there was new hope for Esperanto because of the desire of people to live in peace. Esperanto and its community grew in those days. The first World Congress after the war took place in
Hague
,
Netherlands
, in 1920. An Esperanto Museum was opened in
Vienna
,
Austria
, in 1929. Today it is part of the
Austrian National Library
.
World War II
stopped this growing of the language. Many Esperantists were sent into the battle.
Nazis
broke up Esperanto groups because they saw the language as a part of a worldwide Jewish
conspiracy
. Many Esperanto speakers died in
concentration camps
. The
Soviet Union
also
treated Esperantists badly
when
Stalin
was their leader.
[14]
[15]
After World War II many people supported Esperanto. 80 million people signed a
petition
supporting Esperanto for use in the
United Nations
.
[16]
Every year they organize big Esperanto meetings such as the World Congress of Esperanto, International Youth Congress of Esperanto and SAT-Congress (meeting of
Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda
- World Non-national Association).
In 1990, the
Holy See
published the document
Norme per la celebrazione della Messa in esperanto
, allowing the use of Esperanto in
Masses
without special permission.
[17]
[18]
[19]
Esperanto is the only constructed language which received a permission like this one from the
Roman Catholic Church
.
Esperanto has many web pages,
blogs
,
podcasts
, and videos. People also use Esperanto in
social media
and online discussions and in their private communication through
e-mail
and
instant messaging
. Several (especially
open source
and
free software
) programmes have their own language version in Esperanto. Internet radio station
Muzaiko
has been broadcasting 24 hours a day in Esperanto since 2011.
[20]
Goals of the Esperanto movement
[
change
|
change source
]
Zamenhof wanted to make an easy language to increase international understanding. He wanted Esperanto to be a universal second language. In other words, although he did not want Esperanto to replace national languages, he wanted a
majority
of people around the world to speak Esperanto. Many Esperantists initially shared this goal. General Assembly of
UNESCO
recognized Esperanto in 1954.
[21]
Since then World Esperanto Association has got official relations with UNESCO.
[22]
However, Esperanto was never chosen by the United Nations or other international organizations and it has not become a widely accepted
second language
.
Some Esperanto speakers like Esperanto for reasons other than its use as a universal second language. They like the Esperanto community and culture. Developing the Esperanto culture is a goal for that people.
People who care more about Esperanto's current value than about its potential for universal use are sometimes called
ra?mistoj
in Esperanto. The ideas of these people can together be called
ra?mismo
, or "Raumism" in English. The names come from the name of the town of
Rauma
, in
Finland
. The International Youth Congress of Esperanto met there in 1980 and made a big statement. They said that making Esperanto a universal second language was not their main goal.
People who have goals for Esperanto that are more similar to Zamenhof's are sometimes called
finvenkistoj
in Esperanto. The name comes from
fina venko
, an Esperanto phrase which means "final victory". It refers to a theoretical
future
in which nearly everyone on
Earth
speaks Esperanto as a second language.
The
Prague Manifesto
(1996) states the ideas of the ordinary people of the Esperanto movement and of its main organization, the World Esperanto Association (
UEA
).
German
town
Herzberg am Harz
uses nickname
die Esperanto-Stadt/la Esperanto-urbo
("the Esperanto town") since July 12, 2006. They also teach the language in
elementary schools
and do some other cultural and educational events using the Esperanto language together with the
Polish
twin town
Gora
.
[23]
Esperanto is the only constructed language that the
Roman Catholic Church
recognises as a liturgical language. They allow Masses in the language and
Vatican Radio
broadcasts in Esperanto every week.
[17]
[18]
[24]
Many people use Esperanto to communicate by
mail
,
email
,
blogs
or
chat rooms
with Esperantists in other countries. Some travel to other countries to meet and talk in Esperanto with other Esperantists.
There are annual meetings of Esperantists. The largest is the
Universala Kongreso de Esperanto
("World Congress of Esperanto"), which is held in a different country each year. In recent years around 2,000 people have attended it, from 60 or more countries. For young people there is
Internacia Junulara Kongreso
("International Youth Congress of Esperanto").
A lot of different cultural activities take place during Esperanto meetings:
concerts
of Esperanto musicians,
dramas
,
discos
, presentations of the culture of the host country and culture of the countries of the participants,
lectures
, language-courses, and so on. At the location of Esperanto meetings there is also a pub, a tearoom, a bookstore, etc. with Esperanto-speaking workers. The number of activities and possibilities depends on the size or on the theme of the meeting.
There are books and magazines written in Esperanto. Much literature has been translated into Esperanto from other languages, including famous works, like the
Bible
(first time in 1926) and plays by
Shakespeare
. Works that are less famous have also been translated into Esperanto, and some of these do not have English translations.
Important Esperanto writers are for example: Trevor Steele (
Australia
), Istvan Nemere (
Hungary
) and Mao Zifu (
China
). William Auld was a
British
writer of
poetry
in Esperanto and
honorary
president
of the Esperanto PEN Centre (Esperanto part of
International PEN
). Some people recommended him for the
Nobel Prize in Literature
.
[25]
There is music of different
genres
in Esperanto, including
folk songs
,
rock music
,
cabaret
, songs for
solo singers
,
choirs
and
opera
. Among active Esperanto
musicians
is for example
Swedish
socio-critical music group
La Perdita Generacio
,
Occitan
singer
JoMo
, the
Finnish
group
Dolchamar
,
Brazilian
group
Supernova
,
Frisian
group
Kajto
or
Polish
singer-songwriter
Georgo Handzlik. Also some popular music writers and
artists
, including
Elvis Costello
and American singer
Michael Jackson
recorded songs in Esperanto, composed songs inspired by the language or used it in their
promotional
materials. Some songs from the album Esperanto from
Warner Bros.
, which released - all in Esperanto - in
Spain
, in November 1996, reached a high position in the Spanish
record charts
; similarly, in 1999, in
Germany
,
hip-hop
music group
Freundeskreis
became famous with their single
Esperanto
. Classical works for
orchestra
and choir with texts in Esperanto are
La Koro Sutro
by Lou Harrison and
The First Symphony
by David Gaines. In
Toulouse
, France, there is Vinilkosmo, which produces Esperanto music. The main internet Esperanto songbook KantarViki has got 3,000 songs in May 2013, both original and translated.
[26]
They play dramas from different writers such as Carlo Goldoni,
Eugene Ionesco
and
William Shakespeare
also in Esperanto. Filmmakers sometimes use Esperanto in the background of films, for example in
The Great Dictator
by
Charlie Chaplin
, in the action film
Blade: Trinity
or in comedy
sci-fi
television series
Red Dwarf
.
Feature films
in Esperanto are not very common, but there are about 15 feature films, which have Esperanto themes.
The 1966 film
Incubus
is notable because its
dialogues
are in Esperanto only. Today some people translate
subtitles
of different films to Esperanto. The website
Verda Filmejo
collects these subtitles.
[27]
Radio stations in
Brazil
,
China
,
Cuba
[28]
and
Vatican
[24]
broadcast regular
programmes
in Esperanto. Some other radio programmes and
podcasts
are available on the Internet. Internet radio station
Muzaiko
broadcasts Esperanto programmes on the Internet 24 hours a day since July 2011.
[20]
Between 2005 and 2006 there was also a project of international television "Internacia Televido" in Esperanto. Esperanto TV
broadcasts
on the Internet from
Sydney
,
Australia
, since April 5, 2014.
[29]
On the Internet there are many online discussions in Esperanto about different topics. There are many
websites
,
blogs
,
podcasts
, videos, television, and radio stations in Esperanto (see above).
Google Translate
supports translations from and into Esperanto since February 22, 2012 as its 64th language.
[30]
Apart from websites and blogs of esperantists and Esperanto organizations, there is also an
Esperanto Wikipedia
(Vikipedio) and other projects of
Wikimedia Foundation
which has also got their Esperanto language version or they use Esperanto (
Wikibooks
,
Wikisource
,
Wikinews
,
Wikimedia Commons
and
Wikidata
). People can also use an Esperanto version of social networks, for example
Facebook
,
Diaspora
and other websites.
Several computer programmes also have an Esperanto version, such as
web browser
Firefox
[31]
and
office suite
(set of programmes for use in an office)
LibreOffice
.
[32]
Esperanto uses
grammar
and words from many
natural languages
, such as
Latin
,
Russian
, and
French
.
Morphemes
in Esperanto (the smallest parts of a word that can have a meaning) cannot be changed and people can combine them into many different words. The language has got common attributes with
isolating languages
(they use
word order
to change the meaning of a sentence) such as
Chinese
, while the inner structure of Esperanto words has got common attributes with
agglutinative languages
(they use
affixes
to change the meaning of a word), such as
Turkish
,
Swahili
and
Japanese
.
Esperanto's
grammar
(rules of language) is meant to be simple. The rules in Esperanto never change and can always be applied in the same way
The Esperanto alphabet is based on the
Latin script
. It has six
letters
with
diacritics
:
?
,
?
,
?
,
?
,
?
(with
circumflex
), and
?
(with
breve
). The alphabet does not have the letters
q, w, x,
or
y
.
The 28-letter alphabet is:
- A
is like
a
in
father
- B
is like
b
in
boy
- C
is like
zz
in
pizza
- ?
is like
ch
in
chair
- D
is like
d
in
dog
- E
is like
e
in
egg
- F
is like
f
in
flower
- G
is like
g
in
go
- ?
is like
j
in
jam
- H
is like
h
in
honey
- ?
is like
ch
in
Scottish
loch
- I
is like
i
in
it
or
ee
in
feed
- J
is like
y
in
yes
- ?
is like
s
in
measure
- K
is like
k
in
king
- L
is like
l
in
look
- M
is like
m
in
man
- N
is like
n
in
no
- O
is like
o
in
open
- P
is like
p
in
pie
- R
is like
r
in
road
but is rolled (trilled, as in Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Russian)
- S
is like
s
in
simple
- ?
is like
sh
in
sheep
- T
is like
t
in
tree
- U
is like
u
in
bull
or
oo
in
food
- ?
is like
w
in
well
- V
is like
v
in
cave
- Z
is like
s
in
his
.
Even though the world uses
Unicode
, the letters with diacritics (found in the "Latin-Extended A" section of the
Unicode Standard
) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on the keyboards we use.
There are two
remedies
of this problem, both of which use
digraphs
for the letters with diacritics. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto,
devised
an "h-system", which replaces
?, ?, ?, ?, ?,
and
?
with
ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,
and
u,
respectively. A more recent "x-system" has also been used, which replaces
?, ?, ?, ?, ?,
and
?
with
cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,
and
ux,
respectively.
There are computer
keyboards
that support the Esperanto alphabet, for example,
Amiketo
for
Microsoft Windows
,
Mac OS X
, and
Linux
,
Esperanta Klavaro
for
Windows Phone
,
[33]
and
Gboard
&
AnySoftKeyboard
for
Android
.
- from
Romance languages
- from
Latin
:
abio
(
fir
),
sed
(but),
okulo
(eye),
akvo
(water)
- from
French
:
diman?o
(Sunday),
frapi
(to knock),
?evalo
(horse)
- from
Italian
:
?ielo
(sky),
fari
(to do),
vo?o
(voice)
- from more Romance languages:
facila
(easy, simple),
fero
(iron),
tra
(through),
verda
(green)
- from
Germanic languages
- from
German
:
balda?
(in a short time),
beda?ri
(to regret),
jaro
(year),
nur
(only)
- from
English
:
birdo
(bird),
?arko
(
shark
),
jes
(yes)
- from more Germanic languages:
fi?o
(fish),
fremda
(foreign),
ofta
(frequent)
- from
Slavic languages
- from
Polish
:
?u
(word for yes/no questions)
- from
Russian
:
barakti
(to fight),
vosto
(tail)
- from
Czech
:
ne
(no, not),
roboto
(robot),
?erpi
(to pump)
- from more Slavic Languages:
krom
(except),
celo
(finish, goal, target)
- from other
Indo-European languages
- from
Finno-Ugric languages
- from
Semitic languages
- from other languages
Some of the criticism of Esperanto is common for any project of constructed international language: a new language has little chance to replace today's international languages like
English
,
Arabic
and others.
The criticism, which is specific for Esperanto, targets various parts of the language itself (the special Esperanto letters, the
-n
ending, sound of the language, and so on).
[34]
Some people say that use of the diacritics (the letters ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) make the language less neutral than it would be using only the basic letters of
Latin alphabet
.
[35]
No other language uses the letters ?, ? and ?. The letter ? is the least used letter in Esperanto and ? is not used frequently either, leading people to question how necessary they are.
Critics of Esperanto also say that the same ending of an
adjective
and a
noun
(such as "
bona lingvo
", "
bonaj lingvoj
", "
bonajn lingvojn
") is unnecessary.
[36]
English, for example, does not have the requirement that an adjective and noun must agree in tense, and has no indicator for accusative cases.
They also criticize the fact that most of the words in Esperanto come from
Indo-European languages
, which makes the language less neutral.
One of the common criticisms from both non-Esperanto-speakers and those who speak Esperanto, is that there is language
sexism
in Esperanto. Some words by default refer to males, and the feminine counterparts have to be constructed by adding the
-in-
suffix to the masculine root.
[37]
[38]
Such a words are words like
patro
(father) and
patrino
(mother),
filo
(son) and
filino
(daughter),
onklo
(uncle) and
onklino
(aunt), and so on. The majority of all Esperanto words have no specific meaning on the basis of sex.
[39]
Some people proposed the suffix
-i?-
with male meaning in order to make the meaning of the basic word neutral.
[38]
However this proposal is not widely accepted by Esperanto speakers.
Criticism of some parts of Esperanto motivated the creation of various new constructed languages like
Ido
,
Novial
,
Interlingua
and
Lojban
. However, none of these constructed languages have as many speakers as Esperanto does.
Normal sample:
?iuj
homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj
la?
digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Version in h-system:
Chiuj
homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj
lau
digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Version in x-system:
Cxiuj
homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj
laux
digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Simple English translation: All people are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are reasonable and moral, and should act kindly to each other.
Esperanto
|
English
|
Normal
|
H-system
|
X-system
|
Patro nia, kiu estas en la ?ielo,
|
Patro nia, kiu estas en la chielo,
|
Patro nia, kiu estas en la cxielo,
|
Our Father, which art in heaven,
|
Cia nomo estu sanktigita.
|
Cia nomo estu sanktigita.
|
Cia nomo estu sanktigita.
|
Hallowed be thy Name.
|
Venu Cia regno,
|
Venu Cia regno,
|
Venu Cia regno,
|
Thy kingdom come,
|
plenumi?u Cia volo,
|
plenumighu Cia volo,
|
plenumigxu Cia volo,
|
Thy will be done,
|
kiel en la ?ielo, tiel anka? sur la tero.
|
kiel en la chielo, tiel ankau sur la tero.
|
kiel en la cxielo, tiel ankaux sur la tero.
|
in earth, as it is in heaven.
|
Nian panon ?iutagan donu al ni hodia?.
|
Nian panon chiutagan donu al ni hodiau.
|
Nian panon cxiutagan donu al ni hodiaux.
|
Give us this day our daily bread.
|
Kaj pardonu al ni niajn ?uldojn,
|
Kaj pardonu al ni niajn shuldojn,
|
Kaj pardonu al ni niajn sxuldojn,
|
And forgive us our trespasses,
|
kiel anka? ni pardonas al niaj ?uldantoj.
|
kiel ankau ni pardonas al niaj shuldantoj.
|
kiel ankaux ni pardonas al niaj sxuldantoj.
|
as we forgive them that trespass against us.
|
Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
|
Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
|
Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
|
And lead us not into temptation,
|
sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
|
sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
|
sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
|
but deliver us from evil.
|
Metaphoric use of the word "Esperanto"
[
change
|
change source
]
People sometimes use the word "Esperanto" in a
metaphoric
way (not in its literal sense). They use it to say that something aims to be international or neutral, or it uses a wide mixture of ideas. They say the
programming language
Java
is "independent of specific
computer systems
[e.g. Windows, Android] like Esperanto is independent of ... nations".
[40]
Similarly, they call the font
Noto
"the Esperanto of fonts" because it tries to work well for every culture's writing.
[41]
- ↑
Harald Haarmann,
Eta leksikono pri lingvoj
, 2011, archive date March 4, 2016:
Esperanto … estas lernata anka? de pluraj miloj da homoj en la mondo kiel gepatra lingvo.
("Esperanto has also been learned by several thousand people in the world as a mother tongue.")
- ↑
Jouko Lindstedt, Jouko,
Oftaj demandoj pri denaskaj Esperant?lingvanoj
("Frequently asked questions about native Esperanto speakers"), archive date March 3, 2016.
- ↑
"Nova takso: 60.000 parolas Esperanton"
[New estimate: 60.000 speak Esperanto] (in Esperanto). Libera Folio. February 13, 2017
. Retrieved
February 13,
2017
.
- ↑
"Esperanto"
(20th ed.). Ethnologue
. Retrieved
October 6,
2017
.
- ↑
What is UEA?
, Universal Esperanto Association, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
- ↑
Simons, Gary F.; Charles D. Fennig (2017).
"Ethnologue: Languages of the World"
. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from
the original
on March 17, 2017
. Retrieved
March 21,
2017
.
- ↑
Keating, Fiona (December 14, 2015).
"Top 10 facts you didn't know about Esperanto"
.
International Business Times
. IBTimes Co.
Up to 2 million people worldwide are estimated to speak Esperanto, including around 2,000 native speakers who learned Esperanto from birth.
- ↑
Salisbury, Josh (December 6, 2017).
"
'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
September 20,
2019
.
A Jewish-Polish doctor born in 1859 in Białystok, now in Poland, Zamenhof grew up under Russian occupation. Violence between different groups was common ? Białystok which was a melting pot of Protestant Germans, Catholic Poles, Orthodox Russians and Jews.
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Prvni petici ve prosp?ch esperanta Spojenym narod?m podepsalo tem?? 17 milion? lidi, druhou petici, adresovanou rovn?? Spojenym narod?m podepsalo p?es 80 milion? lidi,...
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