?????? ???

?????? ??? (?? ? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????) ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ^[?]^[?]

?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ?????? ??. ^[?]

?? ???? ?? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??. ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? (?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????) ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????.

?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???. ? Ethnologue ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????? ??? ? ???????? SIGN-HUB ???? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? Ethnologue ??? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[?]^[?]^[?]

?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ^[?]

?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ≪? ?????? ?????≫ ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??.

??????? [ ???? ]

? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???. ? ?????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????: ≪?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????≫ ^[?]

?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? (? ???? ? ???? ?????) ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? (????- ???? ????) ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????. ^[?]

?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? Reduccion de las letras y arte para ensenar a hablar a los mudos (? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ???) ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??. ?? ? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?. ^[??]

?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ≪????? ?????????≫ ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ≪????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????≫ ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? (tactile signing) ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???. ^[??]^[??]^[??]

?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ? Didascalocophus ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ≪??????????≫ ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?. ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]

????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? (? ????? ?? ???? Brow=B) ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ?? ?? ? ????? ????? ????? ???. ^[??]^[??]^[??]

?? ???? ???? ???? ? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?. ? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ? ??? ? ????? (?? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??) ?? ??? ????? ????. ^[??]

??????? Charles-Michel de l'Epee ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??. ?? ???? ???? ?? Abbe de l'Epee ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???. ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??. ^[??]^[??]

?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???. ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????. ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? (ASL) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ASL ??? ??? ????? ?? ???. ???? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ASL ?? ???? ??. ^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]

?????? [ ???? ]

Lua error in Module:Navbar at line 58: ???? ????? ?????? ?????? .

↑ Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
↑ "What is Sign Language?" . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ E.g.: Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff (2010): Emerging Sign Languages. In: Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Vol. 2, pp. 267-280.
↑ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., ???????? (2021), "Sign language", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (??? 24th), SIL International , ? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Hosemann, Jana; Steinbach, Markus, ???????? (2021), Atlas of Sign Language Structures , SIGN-HUB, ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? , ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ What are the top 200 most spoken languages? , Ethnologue
↑ Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012). Sign Language Legislation in the European Union ? Edition II . European Union of the Deaf.
↑ Bauman, Dirksen (2008). Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking . University of Minnesota Press. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0-8166-4619-7 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Nielsen, Kim (2012). A Disability History of the United States . Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-080702204-7 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620) Reduction de las letras y Arte para ensenar a ablar los Mudos . Ed. Abarca de Angulo, Madrid, ejemplar facsimil accesible en la "Reduction de las letras y arte para ensenar a ablar los mudos" . Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? ) , online (Spanish) scan of book.
↑ John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public speaking.
↑ Wilkins, John (1641). Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger . The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116?117)
↑ Bulwer, J. (1648) Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend , London: Humphrey and Moseley.
↑ Dalgarno, George. Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor . Oxford: Halton, 1680.
↑ See Wilkins (1641) above. Wilkins was aware that the systems he describes are old, and refers to Bede's account of Roman and Greek finger alphabets.
↑ "Session 9" . Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Montgomery, G. (2002). "The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes" (PDF) . Sign Language Studies . 2 (3): 322?334. doi : 10.1353/sls.2002.0010 . JSTOR 26204860 . S2CID 144243540 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Moser, Henry M.; O'Neill, John J.; Oyer, Herbert J.; Wolfe, Susan M.; Abernathy, Edward A.; Schowe, Ben M. (1960). "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders . 25 (2): 145?151. doi : 10.1044/jshd.2502.145 . PMID 14424535 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Hay, A. and Lee, R. (2004) A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet . British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex
↑ Charles de La Fin (1692). Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent ... London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692. ?????:OCLC
↑ Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"
↑ Canlas, Loida (2006). "Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World" . The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University.
↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
↑ "Ethnologue report for language code: bfi" . Ethnologue.com. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ "SIL Electronic Survey Reports: Spanish Sign Language survey" (PDF) . Sil.org. ?????? (PDF) ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ "SIL Electronic Survey Reports: Bolivia deaf community and sign language pre-survey report" (PDF) . Sil.org. ?????? (PDF) ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
↑ Lucas, Ceil , Robert Bayley and Clayton Valli . 2001. Sociolinguistic Variation in American Sign Language. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
↑ Lucas, Ceil, Bayley, Robert, Clayton Valli. (2003). What's Your Sign for PIZZA? An Introduction to Variation in American Sign Language . Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

[SLM-1] Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[2] "What is Sign Language?" . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[3] E.g.: Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff (2010): Emerging Sign Languages. In: Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Vol. 2, pp. 267-280.

[4] Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., ???????? (2021), "Sign language", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (??? 24th), SIL International , ? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[5] Hosemann, Jana; Steinbach, Markus, ???????? (2021), Atlas of Sign Language Structures , SIGN-HUB, ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? , ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[6] What are the top 200 most spoken languages? , Ethnologue

[7] Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012). Sign Language Legislation in the European Union ? Edition II . European Union of the Deaf.

[bauman20082-8] Bauman, Dirksen (2008). Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking . University of Minnesota Press. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0-8166-4619-7 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[Nielsen_2012-9] Nielsen, Kim (2012). A Disability History of the United States . Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-080702204-7 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[10] Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620) Reduction de las letras y Arte para ensenar a ablar los Mudos . Ed. Abarca de Angulo, Madrid, ejemplar facsimil accesible en la "Reduction de las letras y arte para ensenar a ablar los mudos" . Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? ) , online (Spanish) scan of book.

[11] John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public speaking.

[12] Wilkins, John (1641). Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger . The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116?117)

[13] Bulwer, J. (1648) Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend , London: Humphrey and Moseley.

[14] Dalgarno, George. Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor . Oxford: Halton, 1680.

[15] See Wilkins (1641) above. Wilkins was aware that the systems he describes are old, and refers to Bede's account of Roman and Greek finger alphabets.

[16] "Session 9" . Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[17] Montgomery, G. (2002). "The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes" (PDF) . Sign Language Studies . 2 (3): 322?334. doi : 10.1353/sls.2002.0010 . JSTOR 26204860 . S2CID 144243540 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[18] Moser, Henry M.; O'Neill, John J.; Oyer, Herbert J.; Wolfe, Susan M.; Abernathy, Edward A.; Schowe, Ben M. (1960). "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders . 25 (2): 145?151. doi : 10.1044/jshd.2502.145 . PMID 14424535 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[19] Hay, A. and Lee, R. (2004) A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet . British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex

[20] Charles de La Fin (1692). Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent ... London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692. ?????:OCLC

[21] Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"

[22] Canlas, Loida (2006). "Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World" . The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University.

[:1-23] Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).

[24] "Ethnologue report for language code: bfi" . Ethnologue.com. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[25] "SIL Electronic Survey Reports: Spanish Sign Language survey" (PDF) . Sil.org. ?????? (PDF) ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[26] "SIL Electronic Survey Reports: Bolivia deaf community and sign language pre-survey report" (PDF) . Sil.org. ?????? (PDF) ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[27] Lucas, Ceil , Robert Bayley and Clayton Valli . 2001. Sociolinguistic Variation in American Sign Language. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

[28] Lucas, Ceil, Bayley, Robert, Clayton Valli. (2003). What's Your Sign for PIZZA? An Introduction to Variation in American Sign Language . Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

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