??-????? ????? ??-??? ??????? ??? ??????
(
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???? ????? ???? ?? ????
(?al?? ad-D?n Y?suf ibn Ayy?b),
???.
?
?????????? ????????
(Selahedine Eyubi)
, ?????? ? ??? ?????
????? ??-???
???
???????
(
,
1138
[5]
,
??????
,
????
[6]
[7]
-
????? 4
,
1193
[4]
,
????????
,
?????????? ??????????????
[8]
),
????????
?
???????
?????? ???????
[9]
?
????????? ??????????
?????????
??????? ???????
?????? ??????????
????????
[10]
[11]
[12]
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????????
???????? ??????????????
??? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ? ????????, ??????,
???????
(????? ????????),
??????
,
?????
?
??????????? ????????
??? ?????????
1164 ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???, ??
????????? ????????????
???????????? ??, ????????? ?
???????? ??????????????
??????????????
??????
???? ??-???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??-????? ???
??????
??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ? ??-????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? 1169 ??????? ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??-????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??
???
???????????
????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? 1171 ???????? ??-????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????
???????? ?????????????
???, ??? ????????
???????
???
?????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ????
????????
, ??? ?????? ?
?????
, ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? 1174 ???????? ???? ??-???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????? 1175 ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?
?????
?
?????
? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ???????? ????? ??-????????? ???? ??????? ? ≪???????? ? ??????? ???????≫? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????
???????????
?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? 1177 ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? 1182 ???????
??????
????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????
???????
[13]
?
???????? ????????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? 1187 ????????
??????? ?????????????
, ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ? ?????????, ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? 88 ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ????? 13-?? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? 1193 ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?
?????????? ??????
??????????? ??????
???????????
? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????????,
????????
,
?????????
?
??????? ??????????????
[14]
, ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
?
???????? ????? ? ?????????? ????????
???????
? ??? ?????? ≪???????≫ ??, ??? ≪???????≫ ??? ????????? ??, ??? ????????? ? ≪??????? ????????????≫
[19]
? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????
[10]
[20]
[21]
? ???????????? ? ???????????
?????????
????
????????
[22]
[23]
? ???????? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ??, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????
[24]
? 1132 ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??-??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????, ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??-??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??-??? ????????, ??
????????????
??????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??, ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? 1137 ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??-??? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??-??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? 1139 ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ??-??? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????, ???????? ???????? ?
???????
?????? ?????????? 1146 ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??-???? ?????? ?
??????
??????????? ?????????? ?
?????????
?????????
[25]
?
????????, ?? ????? ? ???????????, ????? ??, ?? ??? ? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???
[26]
? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ≪????????? ????????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????????≫? ??? ?? ??????????? ????-???? ????
[27]
? ??-???????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????
?????????
,
?????????
,
????????????
? ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?? ???????????????? ??????
???????
?? ≪????? ??????????????≫ ??????????????????? ??
[25]
? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????, ??? ?????????? ????????
[28]
? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???, ??
???????? ?????? ?????????
??????? ????????????? ?????? ??
??????????
[28]
? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???
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????????????????? ? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ????
???????? ?????
????????????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??????
???? ???????
??????
[25]
? ????? ?
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?
????????
[29]
?
???????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ?? ????????? ???? ??-??? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??-???? ??????????????? ??? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ? ????? 1163 ???????? ???????? ????? ??-????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ??-?????, ?? ??????????? ? ? 1164 ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????, ?? ??? ??????? 26 ??????? ? ????, ???????? ?????? ? ??? ??????????
[30]
? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ? 30,000 ???? ?????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ??-???? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??, ?????? ? ???, ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????
[31]
?
???????? ????????? ???? ????????-????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????
????? ????
??????????? ?????? ??????????
???????
????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????, ??????, ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????
[32]
?
??????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ≪?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???≫? ??????, ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??-??????, ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?, ??? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????
???????????
, ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????????, ??? ? ???? ?? ????
[33]
? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????-????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??????????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????
[34]
?
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????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?
?????????? ?????????????
???????
????? I-?
???, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? I-? ?????????????? 1169 ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????????
[35]
? ???? ??-??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????, ?????? ??-????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????
[36]
?
??? ????? ??-????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??-????? ?????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??, ?? ????????? ≪????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???≫ ? ≪???? ???? ?? ?????????? ? ?? ???????? ????≫? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ???, ?? ??-????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??-???????? ????? ?, ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ≪??????????????? ? ???????? ???????????≫ ????????? ???? ??-???? ????? ?, ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????
[37]
?
????????, ????? 26-?? ???????? ?????, ??????? ? ≪???? ?????? ? ????????????? ????? ? ???????? ? ????? ????????≫, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????
[38]
? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??-????? ? ???? ??-???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ???, ?????? ??? ????????, ?? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??-?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? 50,000 ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? 23-? ???????? ????? ? ???????????????, ???? ????
????????
????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???
[39]
?
1169 ??????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ???? ??-?????, ?????????? ? ?????? ????????-???????????? ??????? ???????
?????????
???????????? ????????? 1170 ??????? ??????? ???? ??-???? ???????? ?????????
???????
? ???????? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?? ???????
?????????
?????????
????????
????? ??-???????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??-??????
[40]
? ????? ????????, ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????
??????????
?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????, ???????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? (?????, ???????????) ?????, ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??-?????????
[41]
?
?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ???? 1170 ???????? ????????? ???? ??-??????
[42]
? ????? I-? ????? ? ?????
?????????????
????????
???????
, ??????? ???? ???? ??-?????? ??????????????, ?????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ???????, ????????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
[43]
? ?????? ??, ?? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ? ????????
?????
??????, ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????????
[42]
?
??? ???? ??-???? 1171 ??????? ???????? ???? ??-???? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????, ?? ?????????? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??-??? ??-???????????? ???????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????, ?????? ??-?????? ???? ??, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??-????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????, ?? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????
[44]
? ??-????? ??????? ? ?????????? 13-??? ???????? ??? ??????????? 5 ?? ???? ????????? ? ??-?????????? ?????????? ?
???????
? ????? ????????? ??-??????????
[45]
?
?????????? 25-?? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ??-???? ??? ??????, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??, ?? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????, ? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??-???? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????
[46]
?
1173 ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?
?????????
????
???
????????????? ??? ??????, ? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???????
???????
? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??, ?????? 1173 ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? 60,000 ?????, ≪??????? ????????????≫, ???????? ? ??? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??-?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ???????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???, ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????
[47]
?
1173 ??????? ??????? 31-?? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ???? ???????? 9-?? ??????? ?
[48]
? 1174 ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????
?????
? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ??? ???????????
?????
????????? ??????????
?????????????
1174 ??????? ?????? ???? ??-???? ???? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????
??????
,
?????????
?
??????
? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? 15-?? ???? ??-???? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ????????????? ????????? ? ?? 11-???? ???? ??-????? ??????? ??-???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??-??????? ? ???????? ? ≪?????? ??? ????? ????≫ ??? ?????????? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ≪????????????? ???≫
[49]
?
???? ??-???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??-?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???, ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???, ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ?, ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??-???????, ??? ???? ? ?????????? ????, ?? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????
[50]
?
??? ??-?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????, ?????????????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??-???? ??? ???????, ???????? ? ??? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??-?????? ????????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????, ?? ??????????? ? ?????
[51]
? ???????? 700 ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ??-?????? ????? ? ?????
?????
? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ≪???????, ????????? ? ?????????, ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????≫
[52]
? ????????? 23-?? ???????? ????? ? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? 4 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? (?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????) ??? ????? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ???
[53]
? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????????
[51]
?
?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??-?????, ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ??????
?????
, ?????? ???????? ? ?????????
?????
???, ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????
[54]
? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????? 30-?? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????
[55]
? ??-??????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ?, ?? ≪?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????≫
[56]
?
????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??-??? ???????, ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????
[57]
? 1175 ??????? ?????? 11-?? ??????????? 13 ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??-??? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????
[56]
[58]
[59]
? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????
????????
????
???????? III-?
??????? ? ?? ???????? ???? ??-????? ???? ???, ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?, ?? ???? ??-???? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?
[60]
[61]
?
???????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????????, ?? ?? ≪??????? ? ?? ??????????? [???? ??-???? ???? ??????]≫ ? ???????????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???????? ? ??? ??????? ≪?????????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???≫? ????????, ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?, ?? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???, ????? ???????? ?????????? ?, ?? ?? ≪???????? ??, ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????≫
[60]
? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ? ????? ??????????????? ???? 1175 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????
[62]
?
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[63]
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[64]
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[65]
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[66]
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[66]
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[67]
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[69]
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[69]
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[68]
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[70]
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[71]
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[70]
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[72]
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[72]
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[73]
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[74]
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??? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? 1178 ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ????????? ?? ?????????????????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??
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[75]
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[76]
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[77]
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[78]
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[79]
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[79]
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[80]
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[81]
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[82]
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[83]
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[82]
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[84]
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[85]
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[86]
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[86]
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[88]
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[89]
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[86]
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[89]
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[90]
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?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? 12-?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ???????
[91]
? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??, ?? ?????? ≪????? ??????? ?≫, ≪?????? ??????? ???? ?, ??? ??????????? ????≫
[92]
? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? 8 ???? ???? ??????????? ?????
[93]
?
?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????, ??? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????
???????
??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?? ≪????
???????
??≫? ???????? ????????? ? ????
??????
????? ???
??????
? ??????????? ???? ??????????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??-???? ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ???????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? III-??? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ?
????????
??????? ? ?? ????????????, ?? ??????????????? ? ?????????
?????????
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ??-??? ??????????? ???? ? ?????, ??? ???? ??-??? ??-?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??, ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????
[94]
?
??? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???, ?? ??????? ? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????
[95]
? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??-???????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ??-???? ???????? ? ???? ??-?????? (???????????? ???????? ??????)? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? 1182 ??????? ????????? 10-?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??-???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ??, ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ??????
[96]
?
?? ???? ?????????????? ? ??????????????????? ????, ????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ???????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ??????, ?? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??-???? ?????? ????? ??-???? ??????? ?????? 15 ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? 30-?? ?????? ? ?????
[97]
? ???????? ??????????, ???????????????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??-???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ? ??????????
[98]
? 1183 ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ? ?? ????????? ? ??-?????? ???? ?? ≪????? [??? ??-???? ?????????] ???????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ?????? ??????≫?
????? 2-?? ????????? ??-????? ???? ? ?????????? ????????????, ?? ??????????? ????????? ?? ≪?????? ???? ???≫?
???? ?? ?????????
????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????
?????? ????
??????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????, ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??
[99]
? ??????????????, ???? ??-???? ????? ?, ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????????, ? ??? ??-????? ?????????? ?, ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????????, ??? ?????????
[100]
?
??? ????????
???-?? ????? ???? ?, ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????????? 16 ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?, ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????
????????
??? ? ????? ?????????? ????????
??-????????
????????? ?, ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??-????? ????? ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?
??????????????
? ????????? ?????? ???
???
??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????
[101]
? ?????? ???????????? ???? 170 ????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????
[102]
?
???????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????????, ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??-???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??-??? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??-????? ?? ??? ?????????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ? ??????? 140 ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??-????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ??-???? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??-???
[103]
? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ???? ?? ???, ????????????? ????????? ?? ??????
?????
? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??-??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? 80,000 ???????, ?????????????? ?? ????????? ? 1,040,000 ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??-???? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??-?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??-???? ?????????
[104]
?
???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??-?????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??-????? ???? ????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? (????????????? ?????????????) ? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ??? ??-???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ≪??????? ??????????≫ ?????????? ?????? ????????????, ?? ≪????? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??≫? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ?
?????
? ??????????? ??? ???????, ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??, ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ?????????
??????????
,
???????
,
????????
?
???????
???????????
?????????? ????????? ≪????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????≫? ???????? ??????? ??, ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????, ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ? ??????? ? ????????? ???????, ???????,
??????????
,
??? ?????
?
?????
[105]
?
1182 ??????? ?????????? 29-?? ???????? ????? ?
???????? ????
, ??????? ????????? ?????
????-?????
???, ???, ??????, ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????
?? ?? ??????????
?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? 500 ?????????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??, ??????, ??????????????, ??? ?? ?????????????? ??????, ????? ? ????????, ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????, ??? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????, ????????? ?
????? ?????
???, ??????????? ?????
???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???
, ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??
[94]
?
??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? 30 ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ? 1182 ???????? ?????????
????????
???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????
?????
?
??????
????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? 1183 ???????? ? 1184 ????????, ??????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ?????n ????? ??????? ? 1185 ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????? 13-?? ???? ?????
?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????
????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???
?????????
????????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???, ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ???, ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??-???? (?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????) ??????????? ???, ??? ?? ??? ????????????????? ????? ?? ????? 1182 ????????? ??????????????, ??? ???? ? ??? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ?
???????? ?????????
???, ????? 1185 ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????
??????? ??????
, ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????
???????
???????????, ???????????, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ??????????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ??????? ???? 1186 ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????
[106]
?
1187 ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????
?????????? ?????????????
??? ????? 1187 ??????? ??????? 4-??
??????? ?????????????
???????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?
???????? ????
??????? III-??
? ???? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????, ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????
???????????
, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????
[107]
? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?, ?? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? ≪???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???≫
[108]
[109]
?
???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?
??????????
?????? ????? ???????????????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????-????? ???? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? 1187 ??????? ?????????? 2-?? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?, ???????? ?? ????????
[110]
????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????
?????
?????????????
?????? ?'??????
????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ??? ???? ??????? ?? 5000-?, ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?
??-???? ??????
????????????, ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?? ??????? ???, ? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ? 40 ?? ??????? ? ????? ????????????, ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????
[111]
? ??????? ???? ??????? ??
??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???, ???????, ?????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????, ????? ? ???? ??? ???????????, ????? ???????? ???????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????
[112]
[113]
? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ????? 18,000 ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 15,000-??, ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??-????? ≪?????? ? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? 1000-?? ? ?????? ???? ? ???????≫? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
??????????
? ????????
[114]
? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????
[115]
? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?, ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????
[116]
?
????????
????????
??????? ???????? ??????
????????
???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????, ???? ??????????? ????????, ??????, ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????????
?????? ??????????
???????? ??????????? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? 1188 ????????
???????????
???????? ???? ? ???????
?? ?? ???????????
? ??????????? ? ??? ??????
????? ??????????
? ????? ?????? ?? ???
???????
, ????
??????
? 1189 ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????
?????
[117]
?
????????
????????
????? ????????
??? ????????????? ?????????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??-??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?, ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????, ???????? ??, ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ?, ??
?????????
, ? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?, ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? 200,000 ????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??
??????? ?????????????
? ???? ????
[118]
[119]
?
??????? ???????????
? ?????????? ??????? ?????????
???????? ?????? ?????????
(1189?1192 ?????????)?
????????
?????? ???????????
????? ????????? ?
??????
?????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? 3000 ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????
[120]
? ???? ??-???? ????? ??
???????? ??????? ?, ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????????????, ??? ????????????????, ?????????????? ? ????????????? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????????????, ????? ????????? ??????????
???? ?????? (????)'
[121]
|
??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ??, ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????, ?? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ? ???? ?????? ???????
[120]
?
|
|
???????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? 1191 ??????? ?????????? 7-?
??????? ?????????????
, ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????????, ??????? ????? ???, ?? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ??
????????
?
?????????
????, ??????? ??????????? ????????
[122]
?
1191 ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????
[123]
? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ????? ???, ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????
[124]
? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ????????, ??? ??????? ????? ?, ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????
[125]
?
1192 ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????, ??? ??????????? 12 ???? ????????????? ??? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ? ??????????????? 1192 ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?, ? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????????
[126]
?
??????? ??????????? (1192 ??????)
?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????
?????????
????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????, ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????????
[127]
?
???????? ??????? ? 1193 ??????? ????? 4-?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? 40 ???? ?????
[128]
? ?? ?? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
[129]
? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? (?????)? ?????????? ?????? ??????? 7 ??? ???
??????????
?????
??????? II-?
?????????? ?????? ? ??? ???????
????????
? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ?, ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ?? ???????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? (?????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??? ?? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????)?
???? ??-??? ??-????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???
[130]
? ????? ???
- ??-????? ???? ??-??? ??? (1170 ??????? ??????? 25, ???????)
- ??-???? ???? ???? ??-???? ????? (1172 ??????? ???????? 14, ???????)
- ??-????? ????????? ??-??? ???? ??-???? ???? (1173 ??????? ????? 29, ???????)
- ??-????? ????? ??-??? ???? ??????? ???? (1173 ??????? ?????, ???????)
- ??-????? ???? ??-??? ???? ?????? ???? (1174 ??????? ?????????/????????, ???????)
- ??-??????? ???? ??-??? ???? ??-???? ?????? (1175 ??????? ?????????/?????????, ????????)
- ??-???? ????? ??-??? ???? ??????? ?????? (1176 ??????? ?????????/????????, ???????)
- ??-????? ?????? ??-??? ???? ????????? ????? (1178 ??????? ?????, ???????)
- ??-????????? ????? ??-??? ?????, ????? ???? ??-???????? (1178 ??????, ???????)
- ??-????? ??? ??-??? ???? ???????? ????????? (1179/1180 ??????, ????????)
- ??-??????? ????? ??-??? ???? ??-???? ????? (1181 ??????? ??????/???????, ???????)
- ??-???????? ???? ??-??? ???? ??????? ????????? (1181 ??????? ??????/???????, ???????)
- ??-????? ????? ??-??? ???? ???? ?????? (1182 ??????? ??????/???????)
- ??-????? ????? ??-??? ???? ??-???? ???????? (1182 ??????? ????????/?????????)
- ??-??????? ???? ???? (????? ? 1193 ???????? ???????? ????? ????,
?????
(?????))
????? ????? ??????? ???
- ??-????, ??-????? ? ??-?????????
- ??-????, ??-??????? ? ??-???
- ??-????? ? ??-?????
- ??-????? ? ??-?????
- ??-????? ? ??-???????
- ??-???????, ??-????? ? ??-???????
????? ??????? ???????? 15 ??, ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????, ? ?? ???????? ??????? ? 17 ???? ? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??-??? ????? ? ??????? ??-??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ?? ?????? ??-????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????, ??????? ??-??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??-????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ????????? 8-??? ? ?????, ????????? ???????? 12-?? ????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????
[130]
?
???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? 1176 ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ??-??? ?????? ???? ????? ??-??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????, ?????? ? ?? ???? ??-????? ??? ??-????? ???????????
[131]
?
????????, ? ?????, ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????????
?????????? ??????????????
??? ?? ??????????? ? ????
???????
??????? ?? ?????????????? ????
[132]
? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?
??????? ????????
????? ????????
(1779) ??????? ?
?????? ?????
?????????
(1825) ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ≪19-?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ????????≫
[133]
? ?????? ??????????? 1099 ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????
???????????
????? ???????? ??? ???????, ??? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ????, ?? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????)?
?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????, ????????????
???????
? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ?
[134]
? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?, ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? 1191 ??????? ??????? ??
?????
???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??-???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ???? ?????????
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?? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????, ??? ?? (??? ?????) ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????, ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?????
[135]
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1898 ???????? ?????????? ?????
??????? II-?
??????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????
[136]
? ??? ????, ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????, ?????? ? ??????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??
?????? ?????
? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????
??????? I
[137]
?
??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????, ??? ???????? ?? 19-?? ???? ???????????
[138]
? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?
??????
????????? ????? ???????????
???????
(????????)? ????? ??-??? ???????, ?????? ???
??????? ???????????
???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??-??? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ??-????, ?? ?????? ? ???????? ????????
???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? (1175?1183), ??? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????
???????
?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ? ??? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ???? ?????????
?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ???????? 57 ????? ???????? ??????????????
???????? ?????????
???????????? ? ???? ???? 20-?? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????????????
?????-??????????? ???????????????
, ???????? ????????????????? ?? ???????????????? ??? ????? ? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????
????????
??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????, ?????? ??????
????? ????? ??????
, ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ? ??????????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? (
??????? ???????? ??????????????
,
????
,
?????
,
????????
?
????
)?
- ↑
Spevack, Aaron (2014) [2008].
The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri
. State University of New York Press. ?? 44.
ISBN
978-1-4384-5371-2
.
- ↑
L?v, Yaacov (1999).
Saladin in Egypt
. Brill. ?? 131.
ISBN
9004112219
.
- ↑
Halverson, Jeffry R.; Corman, Steven R.; Goodall Jr., H. L. (2011).
Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism
. Palgrave Macmillan. ??
201
.
ISBN
0230117236
.
- ↑
4,0
4,1
Walker P. E.
Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑
Nationalencyklopedin
(????????)
? 1999.
- ↑
6,0
6,1
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/20/iraq.rorymccarthy
- ↑
7,0
7,1
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/595715/Tikrit
- ↑
8,0
8,1
Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
Record #118604988
// Gemeinsame Normdatei
(????.)
? 2012?2016.
- ↑
Edde, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press, 2011, p. 17,
978-0-674-28397-8
, "Syria, all the territory of present day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Israel".
- ↑
10,0
10,1
A number of contemporary sources make note of this. The biographer Ibn Khallikan writes, "Historians agree in stating that [Saladin's] father and family belonged to Duwin [Dvin (ancient city)]. ... They were Kurds and belonged to the Raw?diya (sic), which is a branch of the great tribe al-Had?niya": Minorsky (1953), p. 124. The medieval historian Ibn Athir, also a Kurd, relates a passage from another commander: "... both you and Saladin are Kurds and you will not let power pass into the hands of the Turks": Minorsky (1953), p. 138.
- ↑
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977).
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193?1260
. State University of New York Press. ?? 29.
ISBN
0-87395-263-4
. ≪Among the free-born amirs the Kurds would seem the most dependent on Saladin's success for the progress of their own fortunes. He too was a Kurd, after all ...≫
- ↑
≪Encyclopedia of World Biography on Saladin≫
. ??????? ? 2008 ?? ???????? 20-??
.
- ↑
Edde, Anne-Marie, "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press, 2011, p. 382,
978-0-674-05559-9
.
- ↑
Moors' Islamic Cultural Home souvenir III, 1970?1976
Islamic Cultural Home, 1978, p. 7.
- ↑
Carole Hillenbrand (1999).
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
(illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. ??
594
.
ISBN
9781579582104
.
- ↑
Michael M. Gunter (2010).
Historical Dictionary of the Kurds
(2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. ?? xxiii.
ISBN
9780810875074
.
- ↑
Christopher Catherwood (2008).
Making War In The Name Of God
. Kensington Publishing Corp. ?? 36.
ISBN
9780806531670
.
- ↑
Jim Dunnigan (1991).
A Quick & Dirty Guide to War: Briefings on Present and Potential Wars
(3, illustrated, revised ed.). Quill/W. Morrow. ??
174
.
ISBN
9780688100339
.
- ↑
H. A. R. Gibb, "The Rise of Saladin", in
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 1: The First Hundred Years, ed. Kenneth M. Setton (University of Wisconsin Press, 1969). p. 563.
- ↑
Abdallah 2017
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbdallah2017 (
help
)
- ↑
Wise Bauer 2013
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWise_Bauer2013 (
help
)
- ↑
Bah?' al-D?n (2002), p. 17.
- ↑
Ter-Ghevondyan 1965
, ??. 218
- ↑
Tabbaa, 1997, p. 31.
- ↑
25,0
25,1
25,2
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 3
- ↑
Lyons, Malcolm Cameron. Jackson, E. P. "Saladin. The Politics of the Holy War" Cambridge University Press.
0 521 58562 7
, p. 3.
- ↑
Edde, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press, 2011,
978-0-674-05559-9
.
- ↑
28,0
28,1
≪Who2 Biography: Saladin, Sultan / Military Leader≫
. Answers.com
. ??????? ? 2008 ?? ???????? 20-??
.
- ↑
Northen, 1998, p. 809.
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 6?7
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 8
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 14
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 15
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 16
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 25
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 28
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 28?29
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 32
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 34?36
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 38
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 41
- ↑
42,0
42,1
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 43
- ↑
Pringle, 1993, p. 208.
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 45
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 46?47
- ↑
Dastan Iman Faroshon Ki
by Inayatullah Iltumish, 2011, pp. 128?34.
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 60?62
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 64
- ↑
Lyons and Jackson, 1984, pp. 73?74.
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 74?75
- ↑
51,0
51,1
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 136
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 81
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 83
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 13
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 137
- ↑
56,0
56,1
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 87
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 138
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 139
- ↑
Nicolle 2011
, ??. 20
- ↑
60,0
60,1
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 88?89
- ↑
Edde, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011, p. 392,
978-0-674-05559-9
.
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 140
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 141
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 141?43
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 144
- ↑
66,0
66,1
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 144?46
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 148
- ↑
68,0
68,1
Willey, 2000, p. 47.
- ↑
69,0
69,1
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 149?50
- ↑
70,0
70,1
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 151
- ↑
Willey, 2000, p. 48.
- ↑
72,0
72,1
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 153
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 154
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 155
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 156
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 136
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 157?59
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 160?61
- ↑
79,0
79,1
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 148
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 156
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 158?59
- ↑
82,0
82,1
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 149
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 164?65
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 167
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 168?69
- ↑
86,0
86,1
86,2
86,3
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 169?70
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 164
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 176
- ↑
89,0
89,1
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 177
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 195
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ????. 172?73
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 199
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 198?201
- ↑
94,0
94,1
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 202?03
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 178
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 179
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 180?81
- ↑
Lane-Poole 1906
, ??. 171
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 184
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 185
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 186
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 187
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 188
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 191
- ↑
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 192?94
- ↑
Bosworth, 1989, p. 781.
- ↑
Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf
by Beha Ed-din, Baha' Al-Din Yusuf Ib Ibn Shaddad, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, pp. 42, 114.
- ↑
Edde, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011, p. 304,
978-0-674-05559-9
.
- ↑
Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf
by Beha Ed-din, Baha' Al-Din Yusuf Ib Ibn Shaddad, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 115.
- ↑
Edde, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011, pp. 263?64,
978-0-674-05559-9
.
- ↑
De Expugatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum (The Capture of the Holy Land by Saladin)
??????????
2013-10-11
Wayback Machine
; ed. Joseph Stevenson, Rolls Series, (London: Longmans, 1875); translated by James Brundage,
The Crusades: A Documentary History
(Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962), pp. 159?63.
- ↑
Runciman (1990), p 465.
- ↑
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913?1936
. Brill. 1993.
ISBN
978-90-04-09790-2
. ??????? ? 2014 ?? ????? 26-??
.
- ↑
The era of the Second and Third Crusades" The Crusader states to 1187
,
Encyclopædia Britannica
.
- ↑
Scharfstein and Gelabert, 1997, p. 145.
- ↑
Rosseff, Dovid. (2001). Where heaven touches earth : Jewish life in Jerusalem from Medieval times to the present. Jerusalem : Feldheim Publishers. p. 6.
9780873068796
.
Google Books website
Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ↑
Edde, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011, p. 246,
978-0-674-05559-9
.
- ↑
Pahlitzsch, Johannes, "Georgians and Greeks in Jerusalem (1099?1310)", in Ciggaar & Herman (1996), pp. 38?39.
- ↑
Eastmond (1998), pp. 122?23.
- ↑
120,0
120,1
"Richard The Lionheart Massacres",
The Saracens, 1191
,
Beha-ed-Din
, his account appears in T.A. Archer's
The Crusade of Richard I
(1889); Gillingham, John.
The Life and Times of Richard I
(1973).
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Grousset (1970).
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Tyerman, Christopher (2006).
God’s War
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460
?62.
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Madden, Thomas (2006).
The New Concise History of the Crusades
(First ed.). Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. ????
90
?91.
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Bishop, Morris (2001).
The Middle Ages
. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ??
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.
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The New Concise History of the Crusades
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.
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ad-Din, Baha.
The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin=2002
(First ed.). Ashgate. ???? 219?26.
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Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1987).
The Crusades: A History=2002
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.
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Bah?' al-D?n (2002) p. 19.
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Bah?' al-D?n (2002) pp. 25, 244.
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130,0
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Abu Shamah, Shihab al-Din Abd al-Rahman ibn Isma'il al-Maqdisi (1871) [d. 1268].
Kit?b al-raw?atayn f? akhb?r al-dawlatayn
???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????
. al-Q?hirah: Ma?ba?at W?d? al-N?l. ???? 676?677.
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Yeomans, Richard (2006).
The art and architecture of Islamic Cairo
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.
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Inferno, Canto IV
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Riley Smith, Jonathan, "The Crusades, Christianity and Islam", (Columbia 2008), p. 67.
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Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ??. 357
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Bah?' al-D?n (2002), pp. 147?48
Lyons & Jackson 1982
, ????. 325?26
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The Kaiser laid a wreath on the tomb baring the inscription, "A Knight without fear or blame who often had to teach his opponents the right way to practice chivalry." Grousset (1970).
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Riley Smith, Jonathan,
The Crusades, Christianity and Islam
, (Columbia 2008), pp. 63?66.
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Madden, Thomas F.:
The Concise History of the Crusades
; 3rd edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. pp. 201?04.
- Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad (2002).
The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
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???????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? (The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia)
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