????? ????? ?????????

?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????

?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????.

?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? "?????".

2

???		??????
???? 1550 ????"?	-	??? ????? ?? ??? ??? 1250 ????"? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????.	???? ???? ???? ????
1845	-	???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
1874	-	??????? ?????? ????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1906	-	?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????'? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1951	-	????????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? 1877, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? .

????? ??????

3

???		??????
1046 ????"?	-	?? ?????? ?? ????? ?'??? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (???? ?????? ????? ?'??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????). ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????.	??? ????? ?????? ????? ?'???
1842	-	???? ???? (Carlo Maratti), ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? 1820 ????? ???? ???? ? ????????? , ??? ???? ? ???? . ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) (Posta Europea) ^[1]. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-19, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?'??? (Tito Chini) ?????? ?? ?????? ?'?????? ???? (Giacomo Muzzi) ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????.
1877	-	?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? "????? ????? ?????" (General Postal Union).
1955	-	????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ( AFDCS - American First Day Cover Society) ^[2].

????? ??????

4

???		??????
559 ????"?	-	???? ???? ???? (???? ?????), ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? .	???? ???? ?????
1848	-	?????? ?. ???? (William B. Perot), ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? , ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???.
1877	-	?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? "????? ????? ?????" (General Postal Union).
1907	-	?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1956	-	??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? , ????? ????? ? ?'??? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

5

???		??????
???? 500 ????"?	-	????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????.	?????????
1800	-	????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ? ????????? ??. ??. . ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????.
1850	-	??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) .
1877	-	?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1907	-	??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? "Morocco Agencies" ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ( ??' ) .
1957	-	??? ????? ????? ?????? , ????? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

7

???		??????
407 ????"?	-	???? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? , ?? ?????, ? ??? ????? ?? ????? , ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? .	????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????
1847	-	??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ???? . ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? . ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1857.
1878	-	???? , ?????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1909	-	?????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 1883 ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ( ??' ) ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ( ??' ) .
1960	-	?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

9

???		??????
206 ????"?	-	?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??? , ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?'?? . ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.	????? ??? ???
1851	-	???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) (Electric telegraph Co). ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???. ???? 1854 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.
1879	-	?????? ??????? ??????? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .
1909	-	????????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ( ??' ) .
1963	-	????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. 264 ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?-10 ???????? 1961, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ( ??' ) ?????? ???.

????? ??????

10

???		??????
27 ????"?	-	???????? ???? , ????? ?- ?????? ???????? ( ??' ) - ????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????.	????? ?????
1851	-	????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????, ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? "????? ????? ????-????? ???????????" (The International and Colonial Postage Association) ^[1]. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? 1854 ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???, ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? .
1879	-	????? ???????? ( ??' ) , ???? ???? ????? ? ???????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1910	-	??????????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

^ Evan Luard, International Agencies: Emerging Framework of Interdependence

11

???		??????
97	-	?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ?'?? ( ??' ) ?? ?????? ??? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? "????", ?? " ??'?? ( ??' ) ". ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????: "?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????".	??? ??? ???????
1852	-	?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???.
1879	-	??????? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? .
1912	-	????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?'??? .

????? ??????

12

???		??????
220	-	???????? ? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? , ???? ???? ?????? ??? "???????" ( ??' ) (Anxi). ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????.	????? ??? ??
1852	-	?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???.
1879	-	??????? ?????? ??????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1912	-	?????? ?? ?????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? . ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? 1942, ????????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ???? ????? ???????.

????? ??????

13

???		??????
645	-	?????? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? . ???'????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??' ) , ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???.	???'????? ?? ?????
1852	-	?'??-????? ???? ( ??' ) ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? , ????? . ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????.
1880	-	??????? ?????? ????'?????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? .
1912	-	?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? "Libia" ?? ????? ?? ??????.

????? ??????

14

???		??????
1100	-	?????? ???? ?-12 ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) . ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?-500 ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? 1637 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) .	??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????
1852	-	????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ( ??' ) ???????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) .
1880	-	????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? 2,111 ?????? ????. 20 ??? ????? ????, ???? 1900, ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? 36,612 ??????.

????? ??????

15

???		??????
1150	-	?????? ???? ?-12 ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ????? .	??? ???? ????
1854	-	????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? (Secretary of the Post Office in Britain). ??? ????? ?? ??. ?. ????? (W. L. Maberly).
1880	-	?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1912	-	???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? .
1973	-	?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

16

???		??????
1160	-	???? ????? ( ??' ) , ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? , ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????. ???????, ??? ????? ??? "??????" (Troters), ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? - ????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) - ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.	????? ?? ?????
1855	-	???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?. ??? (William H. Faber) ? ?'??????? , ???????? ??????? .
1881	-	????????? ?????-???????? , ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1913	-	????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? "???? ?????" (POSTE AERIENNE).

????? ??????

17

???		??????
1200	-	????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?-13 ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ???????????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.	??? ??????????? ?? ????
1855	-	???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ???? ?? 3 ???? ???? ?? ??? ????.
1881	-	????? ?????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "?????" (GUINE) ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? .
1913	-	???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? .
1974	-	????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

18

???		??????
1263	-	????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ???, ??? ???? ??? "Hostels de Correus", ?? ????? ????? ?????? "Correos" ????? ?????? ????? ?????.	???? ????? ??????
1855	-	????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? (The New York City and Suburban Printing Telegraph Co). ????? ?????? ???? 1859 ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ? ????? ????? . ???? 1861 ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? (American Telegraph Co).
1881	-	?????????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1913	-	??????? ?????? ???????'??? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1974	-	??? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

19

???		??????
1290	-	????? ???? ( ??' ) , ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? , ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? "????? ?????" (Corrieri Bergamaschie). ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.	??? ????? ????
1855	-	????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? .
1882	-	????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .
1913	-	?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1976	-	????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

20

???		??????
1322	-	???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.	??? ???? ????????
1856	-	?????? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ? ?????? . ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????.
1882	-	???? ????? ????? ?? ? ????? ( ??' ) ???????.
1913	-	????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? , ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) . ????? ??, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.
1976	-	?? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

21

???		??????
1402	-	????? ?????????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? , ??? ?? ?? ?????? ? ??? . ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.	????? ??????????
1856	-	????? ???? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????.
1884	-	????? ??? ???? ??? (Carle Bushe) ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????.
1913	-	????? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1976	-	?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

22

???		??????
1450	-	???'?? ?? ????? ( ??' ) , ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? , ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ???'?? ?? ?? ?????? "?????" ????? ?????? "?????". ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? 1452 ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ????'?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? .	??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????
1857	-	??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ???????? . ???? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ? ????? , ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ????' , ????? ? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? , ????? ??? ????????. ?-15 ??????? 1858 ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??.
1884	-	????? ??????????? ( ??' ) , ???? ???? ?????? ? ???????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1913	-	?????????? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1976	-	??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

23

???		??????
1459	-	??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ??????? .	??? ??? ???? ??????
1857	-	??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? . ??? ??? ????? (Queripel) ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? (La Heche). ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
1884	-	??????? ?????? ??????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1915	-	????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? 91 ??? ?????????. ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ???? , ????? , ???????? , ? ??? ????? . ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?-31 ?????? 1953.
1977	-	?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

24

???		??????
1481	-	??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????-??????? ( ??' ) . ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?-30 ?"? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?-150 ?"? ????.	?????? ??????, ??? ??????
1858	-	????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? .
1885	-	??????? ?????? ?????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1915	-	?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??'?? (????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?? ????? ???? ??? ?'?? ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? OUBANGUI-CHARI-TCHAD ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? .
1980	-	??? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

25

???		??????
1489	-	????? ??????? ??? ????? ( ??' ) ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? . ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????????? .	????? ??????? ??? ????? (????? ??????? ???? ??? ????)
1858	-	????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? , ????? .
1885	-	????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1916	-	?'?? ????? ???? ( ??' ) , ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ???? ???? ??? ???? .
1981	-	??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ??????

26

???		??????
1510	-	??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) (Master of the Posts). ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? 1512 ????? ???? ???? ?? 100 ????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[1]. ???? 1517 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? "Governor of the King's Posts".	????? ????
1858	-	??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? . ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? .
1885	-	????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ^[2].
1916	-	?'?????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .
1981	-	?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

^ Brewer, J.S.; Brewer, John Sherren; Brodie, Robert Henry; Gairdner, James (1864). Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII . London: Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts. p. 1454.
^ Costa Rica Stamps The Guanacaste Overprints

27

???		??????
1516	-	???? ??? ????? ( ??' ) ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? . ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ???? . ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????, ???'?? ?? ????? ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? .	???? ??? ?????
1860	-	?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? .
1886	-	????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?'???' ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? .
1916	-	?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.
1981	-	??? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

28

???		??????
1520	-	????? ??????? ??? ????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? "??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ".	??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????
1863	-	????? ?????? , ???? ???? ? ???????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1886	-	??????? ?????? ??'?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1916	-	?????? ??????? ???? ?'?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

29

???		??????
1525	-	??? ??????? ?'???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? (Luis Homem) ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ( ??' ) . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ^[1]^[2].	?'???? ??????, ??? ???????
1861	-	???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????.
1886	-	?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) .
1916	-	????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ?? ????? ???? ( ??????? , ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ) ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?-3 ???? 1923.

????? ??????

30

???		??????
1533	-	????? ???? ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????.	????? ????
1861	-	?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1 ???, 4 ???, 6 ???, ?-1 ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? (Nissan & Parker) ???????.
1886	-	???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? .
1917	-	????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????? ???? ??? G.E.A ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ??????

31

???		??????
1543	-	?????? ?-1 ??? ????? ( ??' ) , ???? ?? ???? ???? ?-2 ??? ????? ( ??' ) , ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? , ????' , ???? , ????? , ????????? ? ???????? .	?????? ?-1 ??? ?????
1861	-	????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1887	-	????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? . ??? ??????, ???????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ?? ???? .
1917	-	?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ( ??' ) . ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1924.

????? ??????

32

???		??????
1557	-	???'?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?-18 ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) . ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1911 ???? ????? ????? ?????.	??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?'???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
1838	-	?????? ?'???? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?-1,800 ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?-400 ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????.
1887	-	?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

33

???		??????
1562	-	?????? ????????? (Nicholas FitzSymon) ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? . ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???.	??? ????? ???? 1610
1862	-	????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1887	-	??????? ?????? ??'????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1918	-	????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

34

???		??????
1571	-	??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) (Master of the Posts), ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????.	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ??????
1845	-	???? ???????? , ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1888	-	??????? ?????? ???????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

35

???		??????
1573	-	?? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????? , (???? ???? A5 ). ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? .	????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? 1748
1862	-	?'???? ???? ?????? (Justin Henry Lallier) ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ^[1].
1888	-	?????? ??????? ??? ????' ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 100 ???? ????????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.
1919	-	?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????.

????? ??????

^ The History of Stamp Collecting Part 8 ? Henry Justin Lallier

36

???		??????
1590	-	??????? ?????? ( ??' ) ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) ^[1]. ??????? ?????? ????? 20 ???. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1607, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ???? 1620 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????' .	??????? ??????
1862	-	?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? (Edward Moore & Co) ???? ??????? ?? ?????? . ?? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (The Stamp-Collector's Review and Monthly Advertiser) ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ???? 19 ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ^[2].
1888	-	??????? ?????? ????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? .
1919	-	????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), Brewster, William , Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
^ The stamp-collector's review and monthly advertiser

37

???		??????
1598	?	????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? , ??? ?????? - ?????? , (???? ???? A5 ), ???? ??????- ??????? ????? ( ??' ) (???? ???? A4 ). ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????.	??? ??????? ????? ???? 1776
1863	?	???? ???? ( ??' ) ? ???? ?? ??????? ( ??' ) (???? ??? ? ????? ) ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1889	?	????? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1920	?	???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? .

????? ??????

38

???		??????
1619	-	?????? ????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????, ?????????? ?????????.	?? ?????? ?????
1863	-	?'??-????? ???? ( ??' ) ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ?????? ??? ???? ???? 38 ????, ?? ??? 1900. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ???? ?? ?'??-????? ????.
1890	-	?????? ??????? ??? ??????? , ????? ?? ????? ???????? , ???????? , ???????? , ????? , ??? ???? ? ??? ?????? ???????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1920	-	???????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? "HAUTE VOLTA" ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????'? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

41

???		??????
1633	-	????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ? ???? , ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ? ???? ? ???????? . ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????.	??? ???? ???? ???? 1634
1864	-	???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (?????? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) ) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? .
1891	-	???'? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

42

???		??????
1634	-	????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? . ???? ???? ??????? ???????? , ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.	???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???????
1840	-	??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ????? 102 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????' ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????.
1892	-	??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1921	-	??????? ?????? ?????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

43

???		??????
1636	-	???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) . ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-17, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?-12 ??? ??????.	???????? ???? 1660
1864	-	? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) (Posta Europea), ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? "???? ??????" ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?-1 ?????? 1866 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
1892	-	????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1921	-	??????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? . ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? TOGO ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

44

???		??????
1650	-	???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ^[1].	?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ( ??' )
1841	-	????? ????? ??? ?. ??? ?????? (J. von Herrfeldt) ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ^[2]. ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1874.
1892	-	????? ????? ????-?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? , ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? "BENIN" ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

45

???		??????
1652	-	????? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.	????? ???? ???????
1858	-	?. ???? ???? (J. Stephen Abbot) ???? ?. ?. ???? (E. A. Abbot) ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ( ??' ) . ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? "?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? - ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????". ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ??????? ???? ( ??' ) .
1892	-	?????? ???????? ???????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? "Colonia Eritrea" ?? ????? ???????.
1922	-	?????? ?'?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "TCHAD" ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? .

????? ??????

46

???		??????
1653	-	? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? , ??????? ( ??' ) , ??? , ?????? , ??????? ? ???? . ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? "????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????".	???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
1860	-	??????? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ????? ?" ???? ?????? ", ???? ????? ????? ??????. "???????, ?????? ??????, ???? ????????, ??? ???? ???? 18. ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???. ?????? ???????". ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???"? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????.
1892	-	????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1921	-	?????? ??????? ?????'? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? TERRITOIRE DU NIGER ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????'? .

????? ??????

47

???		??????
1659	-	?'?? ??? (John Hill), ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? , ???? ??????? ????? ??? "???? ????" (A Penny Post) ^[1]. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?'?? ??? ???? ????? ??? .	??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? 1921
1864	-	?????? ?????? ???? ?????.
1892	-	???? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ( ??' ) ???? ?????.
1921	-	????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? , ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? . ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ??????

^ A penny post: or, a vindication of the liberty and birthright of every English-man in carrying merchants & other men's letters, against any restraint of farmers of such employments. By John Hill.

48

???		??????
1660	-	???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? (????? ??? ???? ) ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????.	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ???????
1845	-	???? ??? ????? , ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1892	-	????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ??????? . ???? 1906 ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.
1922	-	?????? ??????? ??????? , ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?'??? .

????? ??????

49

???		??????
1660	-	?? ????? ?? ???? ?'???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?????? , ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? "?????? ??? ?????". ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ^[1].	?'???', ????? ????? , ?????? ???? 1893
1865	-	????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ?????, ?'?????? ???? (Giacomo Muzzi), ????? ????? ?????.
1893	-	?'???' ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? , ????? ?'???' ?????? ??? ??????? , ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) . ???? 1896 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? 1910.
1922	-	??? ??? ??????? , ???? ???? ?'??? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

^ The Fatal News: Reading and Information Overload in Early Eighteenth-Century Literature , p. 23

50

???		??????
1661	-	????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????. THE POST/ FOR ALL KENT/ GOES EVERY/ NIGHT FROM/ THE ROUND HO/ USE IN LOVE/ LANE & COMES/ EVERY MOR/ (NING).	????? ??????? ??????? ?????
1865	-	??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ( ??' ) ???? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.
1893	-	????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "Cavalle", ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????'????? ?????? .
1923	-	?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ( ??' ) ???? ???? ???? 1914. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "SASENO" ?? ????? ?? ??????.

????? ??????

51

???		??????
1661	-	????? ?????? ?? ????'???? ( ??' ) ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) ? ????? ????'???? ( ??' ) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?-160 ???? (350 ????? ) ^[1] ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????.	???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????'????
1864	-	????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????.
1893	-	????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "Dedeagh", ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????'????? ??????????' .
1923	-	??? ????? ?????? ????????? , ???? ???? ?'??? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

^ ???? ????? ????? ?-" ?????????? ( ??' ) ??? ?? ???".

52

???		??????
1666	-	?? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? , ???? ??? ?????? ?- ?????? ???? ?????? ?- ????? . ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ^[1]^[2].	??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???'? ( ??' ) ???? ????? .
1865	-	????? ?????? ?? ??????? (Shanghai Local Post) ????? ???? ???? ^[3].
1893	-	????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "Vathy", ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????'????? ???'? ( ??' ) ???? ????? .
1924	-	???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

^ Thomas Lera, Leon Finik, The GH Kaestlin Collection of Imperial Russian and Zemstvo Stamps , Smithsonian Institution, 2013
^ S. V. Prigara, The Russian post in the Empire, Turkey, China, and the post in the Kingdom of Poland , New York, 1941, p. 1
^ Shanghai

53

???		??????
1673	-	?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? (Ezekiel Wright) ? ?????? .	??? ?????? ? ??????? ( ??' ) ???? 1896
1865	-	?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? (Prussian State Printing Works).
1893	-	??????? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1924	-	???'???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "ALGERIE" ?? ????? ?? ???? .

????? ??????

????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ??? ????? ?????????? , ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ^[1]:

????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???... ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.

?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??, ???? ?????? "???? ???? ??????", ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????-?????? ?? ???????? ( ??' ) , ????? ??? ???? 1769 ?? ????? ??????? ???? ( ??' ) .

?-1 ???? 1980 ^[2]. ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ^[1].

??????? ??????? ????

????? ??????

^ ¹ ² Philatelic Aspects of Ascension - The Bottle Post
^ Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue, 2019, Volume 1A, p.720

55

???		??????
1675	-	???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?????) "???? ???? ?????? ????? ????".	??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? 1925
1866	-	???????? ?????? ( ??' ) ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???'?????? ( ??' ) , ???? ????????? ?????-???????? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ???? , ????? ?????' ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
1893	-	?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? .
1925	-	?????? ??????? , ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

56

???		??????
1676	-	?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) , ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.	????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????
1866	-	????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????.
1894	-	?????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????-??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? "Chine".
1925	-	????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????.

????? ??????

57

???		??????
1678	-	????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? .	??? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????
1866	-	??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? .
1894	-	???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? .
1926	-	????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

58

???		??????
1683	-	?????? ?? , ????? ? ????? ????????? ????????? , ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ( ??' ) ?????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ^[1]^[2]. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? (Strawberry alley), ?????? "??? ?????" (Death of the fox). ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? 3 ??? ?-9 ???.	?????? ??
1866	-	??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? (Nissen and Parker) ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) .
1894	-	???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1926	-	?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

59

???		??????
1684	-	???? ????? ( ??' ) , ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ???? ???? ?'???? ???? , ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????.	????? ?????
1867	-	?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ( ??' ) .
1894	-	?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1927	-	????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "TANGIER", ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ?? ???'?? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

60

???		??????
1689	-	????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???'???? ?? ??? . ???? 5 ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ????.	????? ??? ????? ????? ????
1866	-	???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? , ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? .
1894	-	?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???.
1928	-	???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? "?????? ?????" (postmark ads).

????? ??????

61

???		??????
1700	-	??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? . ?? ?????? ??????? (Kaiserlicher Erbgeneraloberpostmeister) ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????.	????? ??????, ??? ????
1867	-	?'???? , ??? ??????? ?????? , ?????? ???? ???? ???????.
1894	-	??????? ?????? ??'??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1928	-	???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????, ????? ??? (Bernard Fetter) ? ????????? , ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????.

????? ??????

62

???		??????
1705	-	????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????????? , ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? (???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ). ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.	?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? 1895
1867	-	???? ????????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ??????.
1895	-	?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
1928	-	?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.

????? ??????

63

???		??????
1706	-	??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????.	????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????
1867	-	???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????.
1896	-	??????? ?????? ????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1929	-	???? ????? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????.

????? ??????

64

???		??????
1707	-	????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ?? ?'?? ??????? ( ??' ) , ??? ?? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 200 ????? ???????.	????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?-19
1867	-	???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????.
1897	-	??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ????? ( ??' ) ?? ?????? "Grande Comoro".
1934	-	????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ??????

65

???		??????
1709	-	?????? ??????? ??? ?'??? ( ??' ) ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?'?? ??????? ( ??' ) .	???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????
1867	-	???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ( ??' ) .
1897	-	?????? ????-???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????.
1936	-	????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? .

????? ??????

66

???		??????
1712	-	???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????.	??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????
1868	-	? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ( ??' ) . ????? ???? ???? 1869.
1897	-	?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????.
1936	-	????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? .

????? ??????

67

???		??????
1715	-	???? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????????, ????? ????? ?-25 ??? ????? ???????.	???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
1868	-	??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???????? .
1897	-	????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ???? .
1936	-	????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? .

????? ??????

68

???		??????
1716	-	????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? , ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? . ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ?????? , ???? , ?????? , ?????? , ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? .	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ???'????
1846	-	???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ???'???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1897	-	?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? "MarschallInseln" ?? ????? ?? ??????.
1936	-	????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? .

????? ??????

69

???		??????
1720	-	???? ??? , ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? "???? ????? ???" ^[1] ????? "???? ???? ??????" ^[2]. ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????.	???? ???
1868	-	????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?. ?? (A. Barre), ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ????? .

????? ??????

^ ????? "???? ????? ???" (By Letter) ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????.
^ ????? "???? ???? ??????" (Cross Post Letter) ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????.

70

???		??????
1721	-	?'?? ??????? ( ??' ) ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'?? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?'?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? 350 ????? ???????.	??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 1924
1868	-	???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ( ??' ) .
1897	-	??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1936	-	????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? .

????? ??????

71

???		??????
1730	-	??????? ???????? ( ??' ) , ????? ???? ?????? ????'???? ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 300 ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? 1737 ?? ???'??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? .	??????? ????????
1868	-	????? ???????? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? (???? ???? ???????? ?????????), ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1897	-	??????? ?????? ??? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1936	-	????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? .

????? ??????

72

???		??????
1734	-	??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????????? . ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?-13 ?"? ?? ???. ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.	??? ?? ???? ????? ???? 1730
1869	-	????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ( ??' ) ?? ????? "Postage" (??? ????), ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????.
1897	-	???? ????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? .
1936	-	???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? (17 ???? 1939) ??? ????? "????-??-??" (MAILOMAT) ^[1].

????? ??????

^ Steve Swain, The MAILOMAT - Self-Service Postage Technology , 19th of February 2014

73

???		??????
1737	-	???'??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ( ??' ) ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? .	???'??? ???????
1869	-	???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? (Diego Castell) ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? 18 ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ^[1].
1897	-	????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?-9,730 ??? ????, ??? ?????? 51,590 ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?-220 ?????? ??????.
1937	-	???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??-????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

^ POSTAL CHART OF SPAIN

74

???		??????
1742	-	?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? (Wm. Coffin Jr) ? ?????? .	??? ?????? ???? 1942 ? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ( ??' )
1869	-	?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1897	-	???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "China" ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ????.
1937	-	???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

75

???		??????
1750	-	?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???' ?? ??????? . ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? (PERTH) ^[1]	???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????
1869	-	????????? ?????-???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1898	-	????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? . ????? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ???? ????? , ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ^[2]^[3]^[4].
1939	-	?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? , ????? ????? ????? , ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.

????? ??????

76

???		??????
1750	-	????? ??????? (Thomas Harrison) ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) .	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ????
1846	-	???? ??????? ( ??' ) , ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1898	-	??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? "Morocco Agencies" ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ( ??' ) .
1941	-	?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ( ??' ) ????? "Territorio de Ifni" ?? ????? ???????.

????? ??????

77

???		??????
1758	-	????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ?? "????? ?????", ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1800. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ^[1] ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????.	??? ?????? ???? 1898 ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? , ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????
1870	-	?????? ????? ??????????? , ???? ????? ?? ???? ( ??' ) , ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? "PAR BALLON MONTE" (??????? ???? ???? ?????), ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? (Formula Postal Stationery).
1898	-	??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? 400 ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? , ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????: ????? ???????? , ???? , ?????? , ??????? , ?????? ?????????? , ????? ?????????? , ???? ?????????? , ??? ???? ????????? , ????? .

????? ??????

^ ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? IA (?????), FE (??????), MR (???), AP (?????), MA (???), IV (????), IY (????), AU (??????), SE (??????), OC (???????), NO (??????), DE (?????)

78

???		??????
1763	-	????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ??? ???? .	??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????
1870	-	?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? .
1899	-	???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? "PORT SAID" ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? .
1941	-	???? ????????? ( ??' ) , ???? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

79

???		??????
1764	-	???? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????????, ????? ????? ?-170 ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? "?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????". ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.	??? ?????? ? ?????? ???? 1871
1870	-	???? ?????? , ??? ??????? ???????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1899	-	???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "ALEXANDRIE" ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????????? .
1941	-	????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ???? ????.

????? ??????

80

???		??????
1764	-	?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? (Hugh Finlay) ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????????? . ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????.
1870	-	???? ????????????????? , ??? ??????? ???????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1899	-	?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? "Karolinen" ?? ????? ?? ??????.
1941	-	?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

81

???		??????
1765	-	???? ????? ???? ????? "???? ?????? ????" (A Penny Post), ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ? ?????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ???? 1809 ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?-14 ????? ????. ???? 1831 ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.	??? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ( ??' ) ???? 1899
1870	-	?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ( ??' ) ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ^[1]. ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? 1876-1870.
1899	-	????? ?????????? ( ??' ) , ???? ???? ?????? ? ???????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1941	-	???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ???? ????.

????? ??????

^ New York's Distinctive Foreign Mail Cancels

82

???		??????
1774	-	?'?? ???? (john bourke), ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? , ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? "???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ???".	??? ?????? ? ????????????? ( ??' ) ???? 1899
1871	-	???????? , ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ( ??' ) (Kingdom of Kabul), ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1899	-	??????? ?????? ????????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1942	-	??????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????? ?????.

????? ??????

83

???		??????
1780	-	???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?????, ????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?-26 ???? ????.	????
1872	-	?'??????? , ??? ??????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
1899	-	?????? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1942	-	??????? ?????? ??'????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

84

???		??????
1783	-	??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?'?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? , ???? ??? ? ???? .	??? ??? ?'?? ???? 1875 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.
1872	-	???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ^[1]^[2]. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
1899	-	??????? ?????????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? .
1943	-	???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? .

????? ??????

85

???		??????
1787	-	?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ??????? ( ??' ) , ?? ?????? , ???? ?????? .	????
1873	-	?????? ???????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ??? "????? ????????" (Dutch Guiana), ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???.
1900	-	????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? .
1943	-	?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? , ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???.

????? ??????

86

???		??????
1798	-	?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ( ??' ) ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 1795 ?? 1803. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???.	??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? 1800
1873	-	?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ( ??' ) ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? 1855 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???.
1900	-	?????? ????? ???????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?? ???? ?????? , ???? , ??? ? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1943	-	?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? , ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???.

????? ??????

87

???		??????
1801	-	????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???.	????
1874	-	??????? ?????? ?'??? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1900	-	????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "La Cana" ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? .
1944	-	??? ???? ?????? ????????? ( ??' ) , ????? ????? ? ?'??? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

88

???		??????
1801	-	??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? . ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???? .	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ??????
1846	-	???? ???????? , ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1900	-	?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1945	-	???? ??? ?? ?????? "BMA/MALAYA" ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????.

????? ??????

89

???		??????
1801	-	? ???? ??????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?-9 ??????? 1801, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? . ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.	??? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???
1874	-	???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? . ???? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ( ??' ) ???? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1914.
1902	-	????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? . ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?-20.
1945	-	?????? ????? ???, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ??? ??????? .

????? ??????

90

???		??????
1816	-	?????? ?????? ?'?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?-16 ?"? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.	?'?? ?????? ?????
1875	-	????'? , ??? ??????? ?????? , ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.
1902	-	?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1945	-	????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? "ISTRIA" ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ( ??' ) . ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? .

????? ??????

91

???		??????
1819	-	?????? ???????? ?’????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? "???? ???" ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ? ????? ????? ? ??????? . ??? ?? ???? ?'????? ???? ?????? (Joshua Butters Bacon) ???? ???? 1829 ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ( ??' ) , ??? ????? ?????? ???? 1840 ?? ???? ???? ????? .	?’????? ??????
1876	-	???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????.
1903	-	?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1946	-	???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????-???????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 500 ??????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???.

????? ??????

92

???		??????
1820	-	?????? ??? ???? ???? (Carlo Maratti) ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ????????? . ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????.	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ??? ???????
1846	-	???? ???????? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1903	-	?????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1947	-	??? ???? , ?????? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????.

????? ??????

93

???		??????
1823	-	? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ???? , ????? ????. ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????.	???? ????
1835	-	?????? ?????? (Edward Maxwell) ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? , ????? . ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? .
1876	-	??????? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1903	-	?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???.
1948	-	? ??? ?????? , ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 15 ???? 1972, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???.

????? ??????

94

???		??????
1825	-	????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? "???? ????? ?????" (General Post Office) ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? "????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????" (United States Post Office Department).	????? ?? ????? ?????, 1904
1876	-	??????? ?????? ????' ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1904	-	?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) , ???? ??? ???? ? ????? , ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
1949	-	?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?'???? (Chos?n).

????? ??????

95

???		??????
1825	-	???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????.	???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????
1835	-	?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (?????? ?? ??? ???? 1856 ? ?????? ) ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? 30 ??????., ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? 700 ??"? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
1876	-	????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????.
1904	-	? ??? ????? ????? "????? ????? ???????" (The Automatic Stamping Machine Co) ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ^[1].
1949	-	??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ".C.F.A", ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? "??????? ???????? ???????" (Colonies francaises d'Afrique). ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? CFA ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????

^ International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/New Zealand

96

???		??????
1827	-	?????????? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ????? , ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) . ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-19 ?????? ????? (????? ???????? ???????) ?????? ???????? ?????? , ???? ?- ???? .	?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????
1835	-	????? ????? ( ??' ) , ??? ??????? ?????? , ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????.
1877	-	?????? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? "????? ????? ?????" (General Postal Union).
1904	-	??????? ?????? ??'??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1949	-	????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) .

????? ??????

97

???		??????
1828	-	???? ????? ????? ????.	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ??????
1846	-	???? ???????? , ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1905	-	??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.
1949	-	????? ???'???? , ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ( ??' ) , ??'??????? ( ??' ) , ? ????????????? ( ??' ) , ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ??????

98

???		??????
1830	-	???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? , ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? (1831), ??????? (1838), ????? (1857), ???? (1859) ? ?????? (1863).	??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? 1907
1874	-	??????? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1905	-	?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1949	-	????? ?????????????? ( ??' ) , ??? ????? ?????? ?? 201 ???????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??'????? ( ??' ) , ???????? ( ??' ) , ????????? ( ??' ) , ? ????????? ( ??' ) , ??? ?????? ????? ????? ^[1] ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ??????

^ ???: ?????? ?? ?????

99

???		??????
1830	-	???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.	?????? ??????
1877	-	????? ???? ?? ???? (Thomas Rossell y Moles) ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? . ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?'????'?? ( ??' ) ?? ???? ?? ????? ( ??' ) ?? ???? .
1906	-	?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? "???????" (Royal). ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? (Royal Philatelic Society London).
1950	-	????? ????? ???????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.

????? ??????

100

???		??????
1837	-	????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? . ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?'????'?? ( ??' ) ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ?'???? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.	??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????, ????'????
1846	-	???? ????????? , ????'???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
1906	-	?????? ??????? ????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1951	-	???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????.

????? ??????

< ????? ??????

[1] Southampton France Mb 1914 Cancel

[2] THE POSTA EUROPEA

[3] American First Day Cover Society

[4] Royal Philatelic Society of Canada

[5] David Dale Buchanan I (1817 - 1874)

[6] Evan Luard, International Agencies: Emerging Framework of Interdependence

[7] Brewer, J.S.; Brewer, John Sherren; Brodie, Robert Henry; Gairdner, James (1864). Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII . London: Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts. p. 1454.

[8] Costa Rica Stamps The Guanacaste Overprints

[9] Luis Homem and the Creation of the Office of Correio-Mor of the Kingdom of Portugal in 1520

[10] Historia Postal

[11] The History of Stamp Collecting Part 8 ? Henry Justin Lallier

[12] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), Brewster, William , Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

[13] The stamp-collector's review and monthly advertiser

[14] ???? ????? ????? ??? ?-?????? ( ??' )

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???		??????
???? 2000 ????"?	-	?????, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? , ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????.	???? ???? ???? ????
1705	-	??????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????.
1843	-	???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? MB, ???? ????? ?? ????? "???? ?????" (Moveable Box ???????, Boite Mobile ???????) ^[1]. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? , ?-3 ??????? 1939.

???		??????
499 ????"?	-	???????? ???? ???? ????????? ( ??' ) ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? , ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? .	??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
1850	-	?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????-????? ( ??' ) . ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) . ????? ????? ???????-????? ??? ???? 12 ????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? .
1878	-	???????? ????'????? (Sungei Ujong), ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ???????? ????'????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 1895.
1908	-	??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1959	-	?????? ??????? ?? ???? ( ??' ) ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? (Royal), ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? (Royal Philatelic Society of Canada) ^[1].

???		??????
1620	-	??? ?????? , ????? ???? ????? , ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ?????? . ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.	????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????
1839	-	??? ???? ???? ? ??? , ????? ???? ( ??' ) . ???? 1858 ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? "????? ?????" (Steamer Point) ^[1].
1890	-	?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???.
1920	-	????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? "ILES WALLIS et FUTUNA" ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? .