??? ??????

????? "??? ???" ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? (???? ????????) .

??? ?????? , ????? ???? " ??? ??? ", ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????.

????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? . ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ? ?' ???? , ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? , ????? ????? ? ??????? , ?????? "?? ??????".

??? ??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? , ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? , ?? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? "??? ?? ???????".

?- 1600 ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? "??? ????? ?? ??????". ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? "???? ???".

? ????? ????? ????? ???? "??? ???" ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-19 . ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?'????? , ????? ???? 1905 ^[1], ???? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ???? 1908 , ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????'???? ??????? . ????? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? . ?? ???, ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?"??? ???" ^[2] ????? ????????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????'???? ??????? , ???? 1910. ?- 1914 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? , ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ? ?????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???, ???? ????? ?? ????.

??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?-1923, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ????, ????? ???? ?-20 ?? ???? ?-20 ^[3].

????? ?-30 ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ^[4].

????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1949 ^[5].

??? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ???? 1927 ?????? ?????? "???" ???? ?? ???? ??? "?? ???" ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?' ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ?-30 ????? ??"? ??? "??? ???" ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???.

?? ???? 1944 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?? ??? ^[6]. ????? ????? ????? ?????? "????", ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??. ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?-6 ?????? 1947 ???????? "????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????" ^[7]. ???? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ?" ???? " ???????? ??????? ????? ????? "???? ???" ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ^[8].

??????? 1950 ????? ????? ????? ?? "??? ???? ??????" ^{[????? ?????]} ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? . ????? ??' ????, ??? ??????, ?? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??' ???? ^[9]. ????? 1950 ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ^[10].

????? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1951 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? , ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? . ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?- 31 ???????? 1951 ???? ??? ???? : ^[11]^[12]^[13]

???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?" ??? ??? ". ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ??????, ????? ??? ??? ???'. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????, ????: ??? ??? ????? ????? , ????? "??? ???". ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????... ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? " ?? ??? ". ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?"? ????? , ???? ?????? ?? ????? . ???? ???? ?? ????? ( ?? ?????? ) ?????? " ??? ????? ???? ". ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ^[14]. ?? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? . ?? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ^[15].

???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ^[15], ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ^[16]. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?-50 ^[17] ??-60 ^[18].

????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? 1951 ????? ?????? ?????? " ???? ???? " ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? (????? ??????) ?? ?-12, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? "??? ???" ^[19]^[20]. ?????? ???? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ?' ???? , ?"??? ???" ^[21]. ?? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? "?? ?????". ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???.

?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?' ??? ?????? ^[22], ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ^[23]. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ^[24], ??? ??? ^[25], ????? ^[26] ? ????? ^[27], ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ^[28]. ???? 1960 ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ^[29], ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?"? ???? ^[^{???? ????
]}.

???? 1960 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??' ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ^[30], ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ^[31].

?????? 1964 ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ^[32] ???? ???? ????? ??? ?-13 ???????, ?' ???, ??? ???? ????? ^[33]. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ^[34]. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ?' ??? ?' ^[35]. ???? 1966 ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?-?"? ??? ^[36]. ???? 1969 ???? ??? ??? ??' ??? ^[37] ????? 1970 ???? ??"? ??? ?' ^[38]. ???? 1972 ???? ??? ??? ?-?"? ??? ^[39] ????? 1973 ???? ?-?"? ??? ?' ^[40].

?????? ???? ?-70 ???? ?????? ? ?' ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ?????, ????? ???? ? ?' ???? (???? ????? ???? ), ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? . ???? 1974, ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ^[41], ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?-?' ???. ????? ???, ???? ?-?' ??? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ^[42].

??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? .

??? ??? ????? "??? ???" ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? "??? ?????" ^[43]. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? "??? ???" ?"??? ??????". ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? , ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????. ?? ???, ???? 2016 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? "??? ??? ?? ?????", ??? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ^[44].

????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?-50 ????? ?????? "???? ????" ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? - ??? ??? ?? ?????.

???? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? . ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ^[45].

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

" ???? ?? ??? ??? " - ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?'?????, ?????? ??? ???, ???????? " ????? ???? ", ????? ?????? ???????
??? ???? , ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? 72 , ???? ???? , 19 ??????? 2012
???? ????, ???? ???? 40 ??? | 24.3.1971 / ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? , ???? ???? , 24 ???? 2011
??? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ?? ??? ??? ??? , ????? , 16 ????? 1951
^ ??? ????: editorial , ??? ???? ????'? , 16 ?????? 1909
^ ?. ???????? , ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? , ?????? , 11 ????? 1928
^ ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? , ???? ???? , 3 ???? 1931
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??"? , ??? , 20 ???? 1935
????? ???? ???? ????? , ??? , 10 ???? 1937
^ ?? ??? ?????? , ??? ??? , 14 ????? 1949
^ ???? ???, ??? ??? , ??? , 6 ??????? 1951
????? ?????? ??????? , ??? , 14 ???????? 1946
^ "??? ???", ????? "????", 21 ???? 1947
^ "???? ???" ?????? ???? , ???????? , 17 ????? 1947
^ "??? ???? ??????" ??"? ???? , ???? , 13 ??????? 1950
^ ??? ?????, ???? ??????? - ?????? ??? ??? ?????? , ??? , 7 ????? 1950
^ ???? ???, ??? ????, ??? ???? , ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????, 2002, ??' 155
^ ??? ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 8 ??????? 1951
^ ???? ?????, ????, 1948 - 1958: ????? ??? ????? , ??????? ???? ???? , 2008, ??' 57
^ ???? ???, ??? ????, ??? ???? , ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? , ??' 156
^ ¹ ² ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? , ????? , 13 ?????? 1951
^ ??? ??? ????? , ??? , 4 ?????? 1952
^ ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?"??? ???" ????? , ??? , 3 ?????? 1953
??? ??? ?????? ????? , ??? , 22 ?????? 1954
???? ????? ??????? "??? ???" ????? , ??? , 15 ?????? 1955
??? ??? ????? , ????? , 24 ?????? 1957
??? ??? ????? ???? ?' ??? , ??? , 3 ?????? 1958
^ ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? , ????? , 5 ?????? 1963
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? , ????? , 7 ?????? 1966
??? ??? ???? ????? , ?? ????? , 28 ?????? 1967
??? ??? ???? ??? ????? , ????? , 7 ?????? 1969
???? ????? ??? ??? ????? , ??? , 28 ?????? 1970
^ ??? ???? , ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? 72 , ???? ???? , 19 ??????? 2012
^ ??? ????, ?? ???? "??? ???" ?????? , ???? ????? ??????? ???????, ‏20.2.2023
^ ????? ???? , ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? , ??? , 11 ???? 1952
^ ?. ???? , ???? ?? ??? , ???? , 21 ??????? 1958
^ ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? , ??? , 6 ???? 1959
^ ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? , ????? , 16 ?????? 1952
^ ??? ??? , ??? , 19 ?????? 1952
^ "??? ???" ?????? , ??? , 26 ?????? 1956
????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? , ????? , 12 ?????? 1960
^ ???? "??? ???" , ????? , 10 ?????? 1958
^ ????? ??? ????? ???? , ??? , 25 ?????? 1956
^ ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? , ????? , 17 ??????? 1960
^ ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? , ?? ????? , 28 ?????? 1960
^ ?. ???, ?????? , ??? , 6 ???? 1961
^ ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? , ?? ????? , 10 ??????? 1964
^ ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? , ??? , 7 ??????? 1964
^ ??? - ??? ??? , ???????? , 12 ??????? 1964
^ ??? ??? ???? , ???????? , 5 ???? 1965
^ ??? ??? ??"? ???? ????? ??? , ????? , 10 ???? 1966
^ ??? ??? ??"? ???? ??? , ????? , 17 ??????? 1969
^ ???? ?' - ??? ??? ??? ???? , ??? , 22 ??????? 1970
^ ???? ?? ??? , ?????? ??? ??? ??"? , ????? , 5 ???? 1972
^ ???? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ????? , ??? , 26 ??????? 1973
^ ???? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? , ??? , 17 ???? 1971
^ ??? ??? - ??? ???? , ????? , 21 ??????? 1974
^ ????? ???? , ?????? ??? ??? ?????? , ??? , 9 ????? 1950
???? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? , ????? , 24 ??????? 1960
^ ???? ????, ?????: ????? ??? ??? , ???? ynet , 9 ???? 2016
^ ?-94 ????? 912 ????? , ??? , 22 ?????? 1934
????? ????? ??????? , ??? , 25 ?????? 1935

[1] ?? ??? ??? ??? , ????? , 16 ????? 1951

[2] ??? ????: editorial , ??? ???? ????'? , 16 ?????? 1909

[3] ?. ???????? , ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? , ?????? , 11 ????? 1928

[4] ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? , ???? ???? , 3 ???? 1931
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??"? , ??? , 20 ???? 1935
????? ???? ???? ????? , ??? , 10 ???? 1937

[5] ?? ??? ?????? , ??? ??? , 14 ????? 1949

[6] ???? ???, ??? ??? , ??? , 6 ??????? 1951
????? ?????? ??????? , ??? , 14 ???????? 1946

[7] "??? ???", ????? "????", 21 ???? 1947

[8] "???? ???" ?????? ???? , ???????? , 17 ????? 1947

[9] "??? ???? ??????" ??"? ???? , ???? , 13 ??????? 1950

[10] ??? ?????, ???? ??????? - ?????? ??? ??? ?????? , ??? , 7 ????? 1950

[11] ???? ???, ??? ????, ??? ???? , ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????, 2002, ??' 155

[12] ??? ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 8 ??????? 1951

[13] ???? ?????, ????, 1948 - 1958: ????? ??? ????? , ??????? ???? ???? , 2008, ??' 57

[14] ???? ???, ??? ????, ??? ???? , ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? , ??' 156

[מעריב1-15] ¹ ² ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? , ????? , 13 ?????? 1951

[16] ??? ??? ????? , ??? , 4 ?????? 1952

[17] ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?"??? ???" ????? , ??? , 3 ?????? 1953
??? ??? ?????? ????? , ??? , 22 ?????? 1954
???? ????? ??????? "??? ???" ????? , ??? , 15 ?????? 1955
??? ??? ????? , ????? , 24 ?????? 1957
??? ??? ????? ???? ?' ??? , ??? , 3 ?????? 1958

[18] ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? , ????? , 5 ?????? 1963
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? , ????? , 7 ?????? 1966
??? ??? ???? ????? , ?? ????? , 28 ?????? 1967
??? ??? ???? ??? ????? , ????? , 7 ?????? 1969
???? ????? ??? ??? ????? , ??? , 28 ?????? 1970

[תמר-19] ??? ???? , ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? 72 , ???? ???? , 19 ??????? 2012

[20] ??? ????, ?? ???? "??? ???" ?????? , ???? ????? ??????? ???????, ‏20.2.2023

[21] ????? ???? , ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? , ??? , 11 ???? 1952

[22] ?. ???? , ???? ?? ??? , ???? , 21 ??????? 1958

[23] ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? , ??? , 6 ???? 1959

[24] ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? , ????? , 16 ?????? 1952

[25] ??? ??? , ??? , 19 ?????? 1952

[26] "??? ???" ?????? , ??? , 26 ?????? 1956
????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? , ????? , 12 ?????? 1960

[27] ???? "??? ???" , ????? , 10 ?????? 1958

[28] ????? ??? ????? ???? , ??? , 25 ?????? 1956

[29] ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? , ????? , 17 ??????? 1960

[30] ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? , ?? ????? , 28 ?????? 1960

[31] ?. ???, ?????? , ??? , 6 ???? 1961

[32] ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? , ?? ????? , 10 ??????? 1964

[33] ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? , ??? , 7 ??????? 1964

[34] ??? - ??? ??? , ???????? , 12 ??????? 1964

[35] ??? ??? ???? , ???????? , 5 ???? 1965

[36] ??? ??? ??"? ???? ????? ??? , ????? , 10 ???? 1966

[37] ??? ??? ??"? ???? ??? , ????? , 17 ??????? 1969

[38] ???? ?' - ??? ??? ??? ???? , ??? , 22 ??????? 1970

[39] ???? ?? ??? , ?????? ??? ??? ??"? , ????? , 5 ???? 1972

[40] ???? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ????? , ??? , 26 ??????? 1973

[41] ???? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? , ??? , 17 ???? 1971

[42] ??? ??? - ??? ???? , ????? , 21 ??????? 1974

[43] ????? ???? , ?????? ??? ??? ?????? , ??? , 9 ????? 1950
???? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? , ????? , 24 ??????? 1960

[44] ???? ????, ?????: ????? ??? ??? , ???? ynet , 9 ???? 2016

[45] ?-94 ????? 912 ????? , ??? , 22 ?????? 1934
????? ????? ??????? , ??? , 25 ?????? 1935

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]