한국   대만   중국   일본 
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שורה עליונה: דוד בן-גוריון · אלברט איינשטיין · בנימין זאב הרצל · גולדה מאיר שורה שנייה: הרמב"ם · זיגמונד פרויד · רבי עקיבא · זאב ז'בוטינסקי שורה שלישית: אנה פרנק · הרב קוק · יצחק נבון · הברון רוטשילד שורה תחתונה: זרובבל בן שאלתיאל ·ברוך שפינוזה · סטיבן ספילברג · נטלי פורטמן
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?-15.7 ?????? [1] (2023)
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????? ישראל ????? (2023) 7,283,000 [2]

????? ??????? (2023): ?-8.5 ?????? [1]
????? ????? ארצות הברית ????? ????? ?-6,300,000
???? צרפת ???? 440,000
???? קנדה ???? 398,000
?????? ??????? הממלכה המאוחדת ?????? ??????? 312,000
???????? ארגנטינה ???????? 171,000
????? רוסיה ????? 132,000
?????? גרמניה ?????? 125,000
???????? אוסטרליה ???????? 117,000
????? ברזיל ????? 90,000
???? ?????? דרום אפריקה ???? ?????? 50,000
??????? הונגריה ??????? 46,000
?????? מקסיקו ?????? 40,000
???????? אוקראינה ???????? 33,000
????? הולנד ????? 29,700
????? בלגיה ????? 29,000
?????? איטליה ?????? 26,900
?????? שווייץ ?????? 20,500
????????? אורוגוואי ????????? 16,200
?'??? צ'ילה ?'??? 15,700
?????? שוודיה ?????? 14,900
?????? טורקיה ?????? 14,200
???? ספרד ???? 13,000
??????? אוסטריה ??????? 10,300
???? פנמה ???? 10,000

??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ???? ????
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????????? , ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? (?? ????? ??????????? ), ?? ???? [3] [4] ? ????? ????-???? [3] [5] [6] ?????? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? , ???????? ??????? ????? ? ????? , ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????"? . ? ?????? , ? ??????? , ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????; ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? . ??? ?? ???, ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? .

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? "?????" ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?-13 ????"? . ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ' ??????????? ' (???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????) ?' ??????????? ' ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ' ??????????? ?????? ' (????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????), ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?-10 ????"?. ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?-9 ????"? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? . ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? 722 ????"? , ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? 586 ????"? ?? ???? ??? . ?? ???? ???? , ???? ????? ??? ??? , ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??, ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ????????? . ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? , ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? (? ?????? : Provincia Iudaea), ?????? ???? ?????, ?????, ????? , ?? ????? ? ????? , ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ???? , ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????.

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? , ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????'???? , ??? ????? 8% ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?-19.

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? (????? ???????) ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? 1700 ?? ?-650 ??? ???. ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? . ?-1290 ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?-14 ????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?-15 ????? ??????? ????? , ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????'????? .

????? ???? ??? ???? 1800 ?-2.25 ????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ??? ?? 4.5 ??? ??? ???, ???? ?? ???? ?-10 ????? ???? 1900.

?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ????? ???? ???? ?-1789 ??? ????? 30 ??? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ?-300 ??? ??? ??? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?-1776 ?? ???? ?-2000 ??????, ?? ?-1860 ??? ?-250 ??? ??-1924 ????? 5 ?????. [7] ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?-19, ?? ??????? ??????? ????-?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? '????? ????' ??????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????. ?-1878 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?-24,000 ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? , ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?-2% ???? ??????? ?????? ?? 1924. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ??????? , ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????, ?? ???? ?-650 ??? ???, ?-37% ??? ??? ?????? . ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-20 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ??????, ????? ?????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????.

????? ????? ????? ???? ?'??"? , ??? 1948 , ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? . ??46% ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? [1] , ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? (??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?-2% ???? ?????????? ????). ???? ???? 2023 ?? ????? ??? ??15.7 ?????? ?????? [1] ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ?????

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?? ?? ? ???? , ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? , ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? . ?? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? . ??-?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ????? , ???? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??? , ? ??? ??? . ???? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? "?????", ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? , ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ????.

?? ?? ?????, ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? , ??? ?????? ?? ??? , ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? , ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? , ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ????? ??????? . ???? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?-13 ????"? , ??? ??? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? "?????" ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? . ???? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? "???-???-???-???", ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?"?????".

????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? [8] [9] , ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? [10] [11] . ????? ??????? ???, ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? [12] [13] .

?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? . [14] [15] [16] ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. [17] ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??, ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. [18]

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????-?? ?? ???? (??????? ?-926/5 ????"?).

??? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? , ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? , ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? . ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? , ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? , ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? . ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ????? ?? ???? , ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ?? ??? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? , ??? ????. [19] ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. [20]

? ??? ??????? ????"? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ????? 734 ????"? ?- 722 ????"? , ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? [21] ????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? . ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??722/1 ????"?, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 586 ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????? (???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???), ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? 597 ????"? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? 586 ????"?, ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????.

??? ???? ????, ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??538 ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? , ???? ???? , ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? , ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? . ?????? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 516 ???? ?????? . ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? .

???? 332 ????"? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? . ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? 200 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? . ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???????? , ?????? ????? ???? ???? 168 ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? . ?????? ???, ???? ????? ? ???????? ???? 152 ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? , ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ?"? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? [22] ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? .

??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 70 ??????, ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? 135 , ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? . ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? , ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? . ???, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? , ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? [23] [24] . ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ? ???? ?????? [25] .

???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? 70 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? 135 ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? [26] . ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ? ???????? . ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ???????? , ?????? ?? ??? ? ??????? , ? ??????? ? ??????? . ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? [27] . ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??13 ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? , ?????? ? ??? ????? , ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????.

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?????? ????, ??????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????????? (???? ???? ???? , ????? ?"? ?"? ? ????? ). ??? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????.

?????? ??? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????, ????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??. ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??, ????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????, ????, ???????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? , ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???????? . ????, ??? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????, ????? ?? ??????.

??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? . ??? ?????? ??????? , ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? , ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? , ?????, ????? ????? ??-??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? , ????? ???? ? ??? ?????? . ???, ????? ?-12 ?? ???? ?-15, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ????????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? 1492. ?-200,000 ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????'?????, ????? ??????, ???????, ? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????; ??? ????? ????? ????? ?" ?????? ".

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??? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? , ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? . ?? ??? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????'????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ? ?????? , ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? . ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??-8% ???? ???? ?-19 ??-37% ??? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?-19 ?????? ???? ?-20 ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? 1939 ?-1945 ??????? ????? , ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????.

???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? 1948 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? , ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

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? ???? "??????" ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ???????? . ?? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ????? (??? ?????? ?? ???? ). ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??? , ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????: ”???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???-?' ???-???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????”  ( ?"?, ?? ) . ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? (?????? ??????? ?? ?????). ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? , ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? (?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? . ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ????? . ????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? , ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? -????? (???: ?????? ?????? ), ??????? ??????? ???.

?????? ???????? ?? ???"? ????? ?? ?????? ???? "?????", ???? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ?????? "??? ?????" (????, ? ??? ?????? ?"?: ”?????????? ????????????, ?????????? ??????????; ?????????????? ?????????. ??????????? ????? ???????? , ????? ???????? ????????; ???????????, ???????? ???-?????????? ????????”  ( ?"?, ?-? ) ).

????? "?????" ????? ????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? (?????, "??????") ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (?????, "?????" ???????? ????????).

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? "?????? ??????" (??????? "???????"). ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? [28] ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?? "??????". ????? "??????" ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ? ??? ????? : ”?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????”  ( ?"?, ?? ) .

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?' ??? ??' ???? ?': ”?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????-????? ???-?????? ???????, ??????????? ???- ???????????? , ?????????; ?????? (??????????), ?????? ??????, ??????????? ????, ??? ??????? ??????”  ( ?"?, ? ) . ?????? ?? ??? ????? [29] ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? , ?????-?????????????, ??????-????? ??????, ????????????”  ( ?"?, ?? ) . ????? "?????" ?????? ? ??? ?????? ( ????? , ?"? , ?' ) ?? ????? ??? (???? ?? ????) ?? ???? ?????: ”?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????” . ??????? ?? ????? "??????" ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ( ????? , ?"? , ?"? ? ?' ) ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ”??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????-?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????” , ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????” , ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????” . ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? "?? ???" ?????? ? "??????" ?"????????" ??? ? "????? ????? ??? ????". ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? "??????" ??? "????? ???? ????? ????? ????????".

????? "??????" ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??????: ”???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???-???????????? ??????????? ??????-?????????? ???-????????? ?????-????????????”  ( ?', ? ) .

?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? "?????" ????? ”?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????"”  ( ????? ?', ?? ) .

??????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???"? ??? ?????? "?????" ?"??????" ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ???? "??????" ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ?????-???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??"? ???? ??: "??? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??. ??? ?????. ??????? ???. ?? ?????, ???????? ???? ?? ?????."

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? "??? ??????" ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? [ ???? ???? ] [????? ?????] .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?? " ????? " (?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ).

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ??? "??? ?????" ("???? ?????" ? ???? ) ?? "?? ?????" ?? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? , ?????? ?? "?????". ????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? "??????", ??? ??? ? ????????? ?????? .

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ? ????? " ?? ???? ".

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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????? "???? ?????" ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? , ? ?????? , ? ????? ?? ????? . ? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ? ???? , ?? ? ????? ????? , ??? ? ????? . ? ????? ????? , '?????' ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ? ???? , ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ???? " ?????? ??????? ", "?????? ???????" ?? ???????? [ ???? ???? ] , ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? , ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??????? [30] , ?? ?????? ????? ????? [ ???? ???? ] .

?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?-19 . ????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ? ???? ??????? , ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? . ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? , ? ???? ????? ?????? .

? ??? ????? ????? "?????", ?????? ??? ??: "?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????". ??? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????:

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ??????
?????? ??????? ? ???? ? ???????

??????? ?????? ????? ????? , ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? (" ????? ???? " ?? " ?????? "). ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? , ???????? ??????, ??? ????, ????? ??????-???? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????. ??, ????, ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????; ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???-????????.

?? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? 70% ???? ????? ????? (90% ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ). ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? , ???? , ??????? , ???????? , ???????? , ????? ??? ? ???? ?????? . ? ???? , ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??. ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? (?????? ????? ? ????? ); ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? , ????? ??? ???? , ????? ????? ???'?? ? ????? ??? ????? ; ??? ? ????????? (?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ); ????? ???? ????? (????? ???????); ????? ????? (?????? ? ???? ???? ) ? ????? ??? .

?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????

????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???. [31] [32] ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????, ???? "???? ?? ???????? ??-??? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? " ????? "?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ". [33] [34] ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ??? ???? , ???? ?? "???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????". [35]

???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?????? . ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????. [36] ?-35% ?? 43% ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? J ????-??????????? ??? (??????? ??? ?? J1, J2). ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. [37] 15% ?? 30% ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? E1b1b (?? E-M35) ???-??????????? ???, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? . ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???, ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???. ????, ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??-40% ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????. [36] ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ???-?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. [33] [38] [39]

???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? [40] [41] . ??? ????? ???? ?-19 ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? , ???? ????? ? ???? ?? ?????-???? ? ?????? [42] [41] . ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20 ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? Y ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???????? Y ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.

?????? ???? ??????? J2 (?????? M172) ?? ???????? Y ????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
?????? ???? ??????? J1 (?????? M267) ?? ???????? Y , ????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ???? 1997 ?????? Nature, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? Y ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? [43] [44] . ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??-??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? 3.5 ± 18.5 ???? ???? [45] [46] . ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??"? ???? ????? ???????? ? ???? , ???? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? , ? ????? ?? ???????? , ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? [47] .

????? ???? ??????? ???? 2000 ????? ?????? ? ???????? Y ?? 336 ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? 1,035 ????? ??-?????? ?-22 ?????? ????????? [48] . ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? (Israelite population) ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? [49] .

????? ???? 2001 ????? ?? ??? ????' ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ? ???????? Y ?? 526 ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ( ??????? , ?????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ????? , ?????? ??????? , ????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ) [50] . ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? Y ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ????: ?????? , ?????? ? ?????? , ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???-???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????????? . ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? (????? ????? ?????? ????????) ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? .

???? 2004 ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? [51] .

??? ???? ???? ?"? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????' ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?- 2006 , ????? ?? 3.5 ?????? ??????, ??? 40% ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ????-???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?-2,000 ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??-??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??-???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? (mtDNA) [52] [53] .

???? 2008 ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? (M1 ?-U6) ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? . ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??-?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? (1.3% ?????? ????? , 2.7% ?????? ????? ?-3.6% ?????? ???) ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? (20%?25%) ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? [54] .

??? ?????? ????-???? ???????? ????? 2010 ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????, ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] . ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??-?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? [55] . ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??100?150 ????? [55] . ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? [55] .

?????? 2011 ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????' ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ????'??? ? ?????????? ??????? . ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????: ????? ????? ?? ???????? Y ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? (mtDNA) ????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? [60] . ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?-15 ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? , ???? ?? 3% ?? 5% ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? (???????, ??????? ???????) ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 72 ????? ??? ???? ?-2,000 ???, ?????? ? ????? ????????? ; ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? [61] . ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??-?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? (?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????), ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ( ????? , ????? , ?????, ???? ?????? ?????????), ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??-?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 4% ?-15%, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? 32 ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ????????? ?????-?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1% ?? 3%, ????? ????? ???? ???? 55 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? . ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

?- 8 ???????? 2013 ????? ???? ??? ?????? " ????'?? ????????????? ?'???? " ???? ???? ????? "????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????" ????? ?? ??? ????? ???'??? ? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? , ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ? ???? , ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ? ???? ??????????? , ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?-80% ????? ??????? ?? ?-10,000 ?? 20,000 ???, ?-8% ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. [62] ????? ???'??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???"? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?- 2006 , ????? ??????? ?????; ??????? ?" ??? ???? ????? " ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???'??? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? [63] .

???? ???? 2014 , ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? (???????? ??? ???????) ?????? ???????? K, ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???'??? ???? 2013, ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? [64] [65] .

?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ? ?????? [66] [67] [68] [69] . ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? [70] [49] . ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? , ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? [42] .

???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????

??? ?? ???? ????? . ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? . ????? ??? ????? ???????.

?????? ????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?????? ????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?? ?? ???'? ???-?????? , ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????, ??????? ??? 1000 ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?-700 ???. ???? ?????? ???? ?-18 ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 1800 ???? ???? ????? ????? ??-2.5 ??????, ???? 1900 ??? ??? ?-10.5 ??????, ??? ??? 1940 ??? ??-6 ?????? ?????? [71] . ???? 1939 ???? ??????? 0.75% ?????????? ????? [72] .

??? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? (???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????), ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 12 ?-14 ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? , ???? ???? 2007 ???? 13.2 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? 5.4 ?????? ?????? (40.9%) ???? ? ????? , 5.3 ?????? ?????? (40.2%) ???? ? ????? ????? , ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? [73] . ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (0.227) ???? ????????? ????? . ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? . ????? ????? ? ????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? , ???? ???, ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? . ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????.

?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? [74] ???? ??????? ????? ????????:

??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
(?????)
????? ???? ?????
(????? / ??????)
1882 7,800 24 0
1900 10,600 50 1
1914 13,500 85 1
1922 14,400 84 1
1925 14,800 136 1
1931 15,700 175 1
1939 16,600 449 3
1948 11,500 650 6
1955 11,800 1,590 13
1970 12,630 2,582 20
1980 12,840 3,283 26
1990 12,886 3,947 31
2000 13,212 4,955 38
2010 13,925 5,803 42
2021 [1] 15,200 6,983 45

???????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?-16.6 ??????. ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?-11.5 ??????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????-???????? ???? 2019, ??? ????? ???? ?-14.7 ?????? ?????? [75] , ??? ???????? ????:

???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? . ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 12 ?????? ?-17 ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???, ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????).

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????????

???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?-18 ???? ? ????????? ??????? ???? ?-19 ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [76] , ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???. ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.

??????? ???? ????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ? ????? , ????? ???? ??? ?????????? , ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (??? ?? ?????? ?? ????), ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? (??? ?? ???? ???? ). ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? , ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? . ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ? ??? ?-1 ????"? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?-10 ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????.

??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????:

  1. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-1 ????? ?-2 ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ( ???? ????? ) ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ?? ????? , ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? .
  2. ????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ? ??? ?-8 ???? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? . ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? [????? ?????] . ??? ??????: ?? ???? ? ?????????? , ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???.
  3. ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? , ???? ???????, ???? ?"?????" ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? , ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?-6 ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? (??? ??: ????????? , ?????? ?? ? ?????? ).
  4. ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ? ???? , ? ??????? , ?? ???? ?????? . ??, ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? 1497 . ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?- 2008 , ????? ???? ?? ?-20% ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? [77] [78] .
  5. ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ?-18 , ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? (????? ? ?????? ), ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-20 [76] .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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