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[37]
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[52]
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?? ??
???'? ???-??????
, ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????, ??????? ???
1000
?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?-700 ???. ???? ??????
???? ?-18
???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 1800 ???? ???? ????? ????? ??-2.5 ??????, ???? 1900 ??? ??? ?-10.5 ??????, ??? ??? 1940 ??? ??-6 ?????? ??????
[71]
. ???? 1939 ???? ??????? 0.75% ?????????? ?????
[72]
.
??? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?
????? ?? ?? ?????
???? ?? ?? (???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????), ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 12 ?-14 ??????. ???
??????? ???????
, ???? ????
2007
???? 13.2 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? 5.4 ?????? ?????? (40.9%) ???? ?
?????
, 5.3 ?????? ?????? (40.2%) ???? ?
????? ?????
, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
[73]
. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (0.227) ????
????????? ?????
. ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??
??????? ????? ?????
. ????? ????? ?
?????
, ?????? ??
?????? ????????
, ???? ???, ?
????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????
??????? ???? ????? ??????
???? ?????
. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????.
?? ?? ?????
????? ??????? ??????????
[74]
???? ??????? ????? ????????:
???
|
?? ??? ?????? ?????
(?????)
|
????? ???? ?????
(????? / ??????)
|
1882
|
7,800
|
24
|
0
|
1900
|
10,600
|
50
|
1
|
1914
|
13,500
|
85
|
1
|
1922
|
14,400
|
84
|
1
|
1925
|
14,800
|
136
|
1
|
1931
|
15,700
|
175
|
1
|
1939
|
16,600
|
449
|
3
|
1948
|
11,500
|
650
|
6
|
1955
|
11,800
|
1,590
|
13
|
1970
|
12,630
|
2,582
|
20
|
1980
|
12,840
|
3,283
|
26
|
1990
|
12,886
|
3,947
|
31
|
2000
|
13,212
|
4,955
|
38
|
2010
|
13,925
|
5,803
|
42
|
2021
[1]
|
15,200
|
6,983
|
45
|
????
????? ????? ??????
???? ??????? ??? ?? ?-16.6 ??????. ????
?????
?
???? ????? ?????
??? ????? ?-11.5 ??????. ?? ?? ?????
????? ??????-????????
???? 2019, ??? ????? ???? ?-14.7 ?????? ??????
[75]
, ??? ???????? ????:
- ?????
? 6,841,000
- ???? ??????
? 6,092,000
- ??????
? 1,340,200
- ???? ??????
?
???? ??????
? 378,000
- ????????
? 125,600
- ??????
? 72,000
- ????
(???? ?????) ? 34,100
???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
???? ?????
. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 12 ?????? ?-17 ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???, ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????).
- ??? ????? ?
????????
???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ?? ?
????? ??????
???? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????, ???
????? ??????
, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?-18 ???? ?
?????????
??????? ???? ?-19 ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
[76]
, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??
?????? ??????
, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???. ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.
?????? ?
?????
, ????? ???? ???
??????????
, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (??? ?? ?????? ?? ????), ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? (??? ?? ????
????
). ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???
????
, ???
?? ?????? ????? ?????
. ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?
??????
?
??? ?-1 ????"?
??
??????
?
??? ?-10
??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????.
??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????:
- ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-1 ????? ?-2 ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? (
???? ?????
) ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????,
??? ?? ?????
, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?
??? ?????
.
- ????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ?
??? ?-8
???? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?
???? ??????
??
???? ??????
. ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????
[????? ?????]
. ??? ??????: ?? ???? ?
??????????
, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???.
- ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
???
???????. ??? ??????? ?
??? ???????
?
?????? ???????
??? ???
???? ????
, ???? ???????, ???? ?"?????"
??? ?????
???? ?
???????
, ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???
?????
?????
????? ????? ??????
??? ???? ?-6 ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????.
?????
????? ???? ???
????? ????
(??? ??:
?????????
,
?????? ??
?
??????
).
- ???? ??
??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?
??????
?
??? ???????
??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?
??????
?
????
, ?
???????
, ??
???? ??????
. ??, ????,
???? ?????? ??????? ???? 1497
. ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????
????
??????? ?-
2008
, ????? ???? ?? ?-20% ??????
??? ??? ??????
?? ?????? ???????
[77]
[78]
.
- ????????
?? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???? ????? ?
??? ???
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ???
???? ?-18
, ?????? ?
????????? ???????
?
???? ??????
(????? ?
??????
), ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????
??????
?????? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-20
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???'?? ??? ??????, "?????, ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????: ??? ???????", ????:
????? ???????
???? ???? 3 (???"?), ??' 2?11; ????:
???? ???? ??????
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???'?? ??? ??????, "?????, ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????: ??? ???????", ????:
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Jewish people near zero growth
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????? ??????? ??????????,
???????? ?????? ????? ????????
, ???? ????? ??????? ??????????, 04.09.2018
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??? ???
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1
2
??? ????
,
????? ???"? ???????: 58% ????????
, ????
ynet
, 1 ???????? 2013
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???? ?"??? ???? ?????"
,
5 ??????
2008.
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The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula