??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ^[?] ?? ???? ????? (?? ??????? : sign language )? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? (????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????) ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ^[?] ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????.

?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????. ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??. ???? ?? ????? ???: "??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????.

?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? "?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???. ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???.

?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????) ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????????.

???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????.

????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???.

?????????? [ ?????? ]

?? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????.

???????? ????? ?????? ?????? - ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????.

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

????? ?? ???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????.

?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ASL ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????.

???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???. ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???. ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???????.

?? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???. ????? ?????? ??????? ?/? ???? ?? ????? ? ?/? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ASL ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ASL ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???. ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ASL ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ?/? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?/? ??????? ???? ???? ???????.

???????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ≪?? ????? ??????? ????.≫ ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????: ≪?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????≫ ?? ≪?? ????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ???.≫ ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ≪?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???≫ ?? ≪?? ????? ??????? ????≫ ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

????????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ≪????????≫ ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????.

????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ???????. ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? (???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????)? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.

?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????? - ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? (????? ??????)? ???? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????. ???????? ????? ?????????? (BSL)? ?????????? ? ????????? (NZSL) ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? BANZSL ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? BSL ????? ???????.

???????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? (LSF) ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ? LSF. ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ??????-??????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????.

?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ASL ???. ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ASL ???? ???. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ASL? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ASL ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ASL ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ????.

???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???.

???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ????? SIL ? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????.

???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? (? ???????? ???????? ) ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????.

????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ≪???? ????? ?? ????? ???≫.

????????? [ ?????? ]

?? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? (????) ? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? A ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? R ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? A ??? ???. ??????? LSF, GSL, DGS, BSL ? ??????? LSL ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ^Creolization ? ?????????? ^{Relexificaiton} ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????.

?????????? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???.

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? OGS ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ASL ???? ??? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???.

?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ??????? (?? ?? ???) ? ???? (? ?? ???). ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????.

???? ??????? [ ?????? ]

???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ? ???.

???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????.

????? [ ?????? ]

• ?????????? ???????

?. ^ Stokoe, William C. (????). Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Linstok Press. ISBN 0-932130-01-1 .

?. ^ Stokoe, William C. (????). Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf. Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8). Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.

?. ^ Bauman, Dirksen (2008). Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4619-8 .

?. ^ Babylonian Talmud Gittin folio 59a

?. ^ Canlas (????).

?. ^ Cf. Supalla, Ted & Rebecca Webb (????). ≪The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In: Emmorey, Karen & Judy Reilly (eds). Language, gesture, and space. (International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J. : Erlbaum, pp. 333?352; McKee R. & J. Napier J. (????). ≪Interpreting in International Sign Pidgin: an analysis." Journal of Sign Language Linguistics ?(?).

?. ^ This latter conception is no longer disputed as can be seen from the fact that sign language experts are mostly linguists.

?. ^ Johnston (????).

?. ^ Nakamura (????).

??. ^ Mind at Light Speed, David D. Nolte, pages ?????

??. ^ Frishberg (1987). See also the classification of Wittmann (1991) for the general issue of jargons as prototypes in sign language glottogenesis.

??. ^ See Gordon (2008), under nsr [1] and sfs [?].

??. ^ Henri Wittmann (1991). The classification is said to be typological satisfying Jakobson's condition of genetic interpretability.

??. ^ Wittmann's classification went into Ethnologue's database where it is still cited.[3] The subsequent edition of Ethnologue in 1992 went up to 81 sign languages and ultimately adopting Wittmann's distinction between primary and alternates sign langues (going back ultimately to Stokoe 1974) and, more vaguely, some other of his traits. The 2008 version of the 15th edition of Ethnologue is now up to 124 sign languages.

1. ^ To the extent that Wittmann's language codes are different from SIL codes, the latter are given within parentheses
2. ^ Wittmann adds that this taxonmic criteron is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Alternative sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey), are mostly used by the deaf as well; and some primary sign languages (such as ASL(ase) and ADS) have acquired alternative usages.

??. ^ Wittmann includes in this class ASW (composed of at least 14 different languages), MOS(mzg), HST (distinct from the LSQ>ASL(ase)-derived TSQ) and SQS. In the meantime since 1991, HST has been recognized as being composed of BFK, CSD, HAB, HAF, HOS, LSO.

??. ^ Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on creolization and relexification in "vocally signed" languages, include papers such as Fischer (1974, 1978), Deuchar (1987) and Judy Kegl's pre-1991 work on creolization in sign languages.

??. ^ Wittmann's explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent-child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent. He notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal creoles and that we can't know on how many successive creolizations prototype-A sign languages are based prior to their historicity.

??. ^ Brentari, Diane (1998): A prosodic model of sign language phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; cited in Hohenberger (2007) on p. ???

??. ^ Brentari, Diane (2002): Modality differences in sign language phonology and morphophonemics. In: Richard P. Meier, kearsy Cormier, and David Quinto-Pozocs (eds.), 35-36; cited in Hohenberger (2007) on p. ???

??. ^ Hohenberger, Annette: The possible range of variation between sign languages: Universal Grammar, modality, and typological aspects; in: Perniss, Pamela M. , Roland Pfau and Markus Steinbach (Eds.): Visible Variation. Comparative Studies on Sign Language Structure; (Reihe Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 188). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter ????

?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???.