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lichen photographed in Antarctica
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????   ???????? استان تیرا دل فوئگو، آرژانتین ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? Antarctica,_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg
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  1. ↑ * ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? (???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????)
    • ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??? (???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???) ? ?????? ?????? ???? . ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???.
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  1. ↑ United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Antarctica" . The World Factbook . Government of the United States. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 .
  2. ↑ ≪ ????? ??????? ≫ [ ???? ???? ] ??????? ≪ Antarctica ≫? ????: ???? ?????????? . ???? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? . ????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ????? : ???????? ????????? ???? ? ??? ????? . ????   ???-????-??-?  (??? ??????? ????? ??????? )
  3. ↑ Joyce, C. Alan (18 January 2007). "The World at a Glance: Surprising Facts" . The World Almanac . Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 .
  4. ↑ see ISO 4217
  5. ↑ Symes, Peter (2002). "Private Issues ? The Antarctica Issues and the NORFED Issues" . Retrieved 22 November 2016 .
  6. ↑ http://www.filmba.ir/index.php/filmmakers-alphabet/63-m/157-mani-mirsadeghi
  7. ↑ ???? ???????? ??? ????????????? ? ????. ≪???? ??? ??????? ???????≫ . ???????? ??? ????????????? ? ???? ??? . www.inio.ac.ir. ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  8. ↑ "La Antartida" (?? ?????????). Direccion Nacional del Antartico. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 .
  9. ↑ Keegan, John ; Andrew Wheatcroft (1986). Zones of Conflict: An Atlas of Future Wars . New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN   0-671-60115-6 .
  10. ↑ Bergin, Anthony (20 February 2007). "Six reasons Antarctica is crucial". Australian Financial Review. p. 63.
  11. ↑ "Natural Resources" . The World Factbook . CIA. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 .
  12. ↑ "Fisheries News" . mecropress. 30 November 2003 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 .
  13. ↑ Guthridge, Guy (1999). "Antarctica in 1999" . Britannica Book of the Year .
  14. ↑ "Final Report, 30th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting" . Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. Archived from the original (DOC) on 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2007 .
  15. ↑ "Politics of Antarctica" . Archived from the original on 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 5 February 2006 .
  16. ↑ "2015?2016 Tourists by Nationality Total" . IAATO. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 .
  17. ↑ Rowe, Mark (11 February 2006). " Tourism threatens Antarctic " . London: Telegraph UK. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2006 .
  18. ↑ "Land Animals of Antarctica" . British Antarctic Survey . Natural Environment Research Council . Archived from the original on 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 .
  19. ↑ Sandro, Luke; Constible, Juanita. "Antarctic Bestiary ? Terrestrial Animals" . Laboratory for Ecophysiological Cryobiology . Miami University . Retrieved 22 October 2011 .
  20. ↑ Trewby 2002 .
  21. ↑ ???? ???? Ancel, Andre; Beaulieu, Michael; Gilbert, Caroline (2013). "The different breeding strategies of penguins: a review" . Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences . 336 (1): 1?12. doi : 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.02.002 . ISSN   0001-4036 . PMID   23537764 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 – via Elsevier Science Direct .
  22. ↑ ( Stromberg 1991 )
  23. ↑ Staniland, Iain J.; Ratcliffe, Norman; Trathan, Philip N.; Forcada, Jaume (2018). "Long term movements and activity patterns of an Antarctic marine apex predator: The leopard seal" . PLOS ONE . 13 (6): e0197767. Bibcode : 2018PLoSO..1397767S . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0197767 . PMC   5988266 . PMID   29870541 .
  24. ↑ Woods, R.; Jones, H. I.; Watts, J.; Miller, G. D.; Shellam, G. R. (2009). "Diseases of Antarctic Seabirds". Health of Antarctic Wildlife: A Challenge for Science and Policy (?? ???????). Springer. pp. 35?55. doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-93923-8_3 . ISBN   978-3-540-93922-1 .
  25. ↑ "Plants of Antarctica" . British Antarctic Survey . Natural Environment Research Council. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 .
  26. ↑ Bridge, Paul D.; Spooner, Brian M. ; Roberts, Peter J. (2008). "Non-lichenized fungi from the Antarctic region" . Mycotaxon . 106 : 485?490. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 .
  27. ↑ ???? ???? ???? Selbmann, L; de Hoog, G S; Mazzaglia, A; Friedmann, E. I. ; Onofri, S (2005). "Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert" (PDF) . Studies in Mycology . 51 : 1?32.
  28. ↑ de Hoog 2005 .
  29. ↑ Godinho, Valeria M. (July 2013). "Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica" . The ISME Journal . Nature Publishing Group . 7 (7): 1434?1451. doi : 10.1038/ismej.2013.77 . PMC   3695302 . PMID   23702515 .
  30. ↑ Rees-Owen, Rhian L.; Gill, Fiona L.; Newton, Robert J.; Ivanovi?, Ruza F.; Francis, Jane E.; Riding, James B.; Vane, Christopher H.; Lopes dos Santos, Raquel A. (2018). "The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains" . Organic Geochemistry (?? ???????). 118 : 4?14. doi : 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.01.001 . ISSN   0146-6380 .
  31. ↑ Chwedorzewska, K.J. (2015). " Poa annua L. in the maritime Antarctic: an overview" . Polar Record . 51 (6): 637?643. doi : 10.1017/S0032247414000916 .
  32. ↑ "Algae" . Australian Antarctic Program (?? ???????). Government of Australia . Retrieved 2022-04-24 .
  33. ↑ Gorman, James (6 February 2013). "Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say" . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 February 2013 .
  34. ↑ Bulat, Sergey A. (28 January 2016). "Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok: first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . Abstract: The Royal Society . 374 (2059). Bibcode : 2016RSPTA.37440292B . doi : 10.1098/rsta.2014.0292 . PMID   26667905 .
  35. ↑ Raha, Bipasa (2013). "The Search for Earth-Like Habitable Planet: Antarctica Lake Vostok May be Jupiter's Europa" . Science and Culture (79): 120?122. ISSN   0036-8156 .
  36. ↑ Weisleitner, Klemens; Perras, Alexandra; Moissl-Eichinger, Christine; Andersen, Dale T.; Sattler, Birgit (2019-05-10). "Source Environments of the Microbiome in Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica" . Frontiers in Microbiology . 10 : 1019. doi : 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01019 . ISSN   1664-302X . PMC   6524460 . PMID   31134036 .
  37. ↑ Hoover, Richard Brice; Pikuta, Elena V. (January 2010). "Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Microbial Extremophiles in Polar Environments" (PDF) . National Space Science and Technology Center . Microbial Extremophiles from Lake Untersee: NASA : 25?26 . Retrieved January 30, 2022 .
  38. ↑ Coulter, Dana. "Extremophile Hunt Begins" . Science News . NASA. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 .
  39. ↑ ≪ATS.aq≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? .
  40. ↑ https://fa.shafaqna.com/news/653950/
  41. ↑ https://www.smtnews.ir/mine/mines-international/8777-?????-??????-??-??-?????-???-????.html [ ????? ???? ]
  42. ↑ ??? ?????-???????????? ( ?? ??????? ???? ). ≪????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????≫ . ???????? ????? .
  43. ↑ TABNAK? ?????? |. ≪???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????≫ . fa . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  44. ↑ ≪Where is Oman in the World?≫ . worldpopulationreview.com . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  45. ↑ ≪How Iran Could Claim a Slice of Antarctica - Big Think≫ . web.archive.org . ????-??-?? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  46. ↑ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_la_defrontacion
  47. ↑ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propuesta_de_Antartida_brasilena
  48. ↑ https://www.magiran.com/article/2646149
  49. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_westernmost_point
  50. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point
  51. ↑ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_los_sectores_polares
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