Island in the Baltic Sea off the Pomeranian coast of Germany
Rugen
(
German pronunciation:
[??yː?n?]
ⓘ
;
Rani
:
R?jana
,
R?na
;
Latin
:
Rugia
,
Ruegen
) is
Germany
's largest
island
.
[3]
It is located off the
Pomeranian
coast in the
Baltic Sea
and belongs to the state of
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
.
The "gateway" to Rugen island is the
Hanseatic city
of
Stralsund
, where it is linked to the mainland by road and railway via the
Rugen Bridge and Causeway
, two routes crossing the two-kilometre-wide
Strelasund
, a
sound
of the
Baltic Sea
.
Rugen has a maximum length of 51.4 km (31.9 mi) (from north to south), a maximum width of 42.8 km (26.6 mi) in the south and an area of 926 km
2
(358 sq mi). The coast is characterized by numerous sandy
beaches
, lagoons (
Bodden
) and open bays (
Wieke
), as well as
peninsulas
and
headlands
. In June 2011,
UNESCO
awarded the status of a
World Heritage Site
to the
Jasmund National Park
, famous for its vast stands of beeches and chalk cliffs like
King's Chair
, the main landmark of Rugen island.
[4]
The island of Rugen is part of the district of
Vorpommern-Rugen
, with its county seat in
Stralsund
.
The towns on Rugen are:
Bergen
,
Sassnitz
,
Putbus
and
Garz
. In addition, there are the Baltic
seaside resorts
of
Binz
,
Baabe
,
Gohren
,
Sellin
and
Thiessow
.
Rugen is very popular as a
tourist destination
because of its
resort architecture
, the diverse landscape and its long, sandy beaches.
Geology
[
edit
]
The chalk cliffs of the
Jasmund
peninsula belong to the
Rugen Chalk
unit and were formed during the
Maastrichtian
stage of the
Late Cretaceous
, around 70 million years ago.
[5]
Geography
[
edit
]
The main body of the island, known as
Muttland
, is surrounded by several peninsulas. To the north lie the peninsulas of
Wittow
and
Jasmund
, connected to each other by the
Schaabe
sandbar
and to Muttland by the
Schmale Heide
, an embankment at
Lietzow
and the
Wittow Ferry
. The northern peninsulas are separated from Muttland by several lagoons or
bodden
, the largest of which are the
Großer Jasmunder Bodden
and
Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden
. Major peninsulas in the south are
Zudar
and
Monchgut
which both face the
Bay of Greifswald
.
Strelasund
separates the island from the southern mainland.
Rugen has a total area of 926.4 km
2
(357.7 sq mi), or 974 km
2
(376 sq mi) if the adjacent small islands are included.
[1]
The maximum diameter is 51.4 km (31.9 mi) from north to south, and 42.8 km (26.6 mi) from east to west.
[1]
Of an overall 574 km-long (357 mi) coastline, 56 km (35 mi) are sandy
Baltic Sea
beaches, and 2.8 km (1.7 mi) sandy
bodden
beaches.
[1]
The highest elevations are on the
Jasmund
peninsula:
Piekberg
(161 m or 528 ft) and
Konigsstuhl
(117 m or 384 ft).
[1]
The northern part of the
Bay of Greifswald
, the
Rugischer Bodden
, is a large bay in the south of Rugen island, with the island of
Vilm
lying just offshore. At the western end of the bay, the peninsula of
Zudar
runs out to the southernmost point of Rugen (
Palmer Ort
), at the eastern end the highly indented peninsula of
Monchgut
projects into the sea. This peninsula ends in the east at the
cape
of
Nordperd
near
Gohren
and in the south at the cape of
Sudperd
by Thiessow. In the west of the peninsula of Monchgut a narrow, 5 km-long (3.1 mi)
bar
, the
Reddevitz Hoft
, separates the two bays of
Having
and
Hagensche Wiek
.
In the north-east of the island of Rugen is formed by the peninsula of
Jasmund
, which is joined to the heart of the island,
Muttland
, by the
bar
of
Schmale Heide
between Binz-
Prora
and Sassnitz-Mukran and by a rail and road embankment at
Lietzow
. The Schmale Heide separates the outer bay of
Prorer Wiek
from the lagoon of the
Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden
. On the peninsula of Jasmund are the
Piekberg
(
161 m above
sea level (NN)
), the highest point on Rugen, and the
Konigsstuhl
, a 118-metre-high (387 ft)
chalk
cliff in
Stubbenkammer
, which forms the most striking landmark on the island. Another bar, the
Schaabe
, links Jasmund to the peninsula of
Wittow
in the north of Rugen. The Schaabe, in turn, separates the outer bay of
Tromper Wiek
from the lagoon of the
Großer Jasmunder Bodden
. The peninsula of Wittow and the long, narrow peninsula of
Bug
to the west are separated from the main body of Rugen by the
Rassower Strom
, the
Breetzer Bodden
and the
Breeger Bodden
. The Wittow peninsula is adjoined in the north by
Cape Arkona
. Just under a kilometre to the northwest, located at 54°41' N, is the northernmost point of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Below this
cliff
(
Gellort
) on the shoreline is the
Siebenschneiderstein
– the fourth largest
glacial erratic
boulder on Rugen.
The northwestern and western sides of Rugen are also highly indented, but a little flatter. Offshore are the larger islands of
Hiddensee
and
Ummanz
as well as the smaller islands
Ohe
Liebitz
and
Heuwiese
. Sand removal and deposition by the Baltic Sea has to be constantly countered by dredging operations to the north and south of Hiddensee, otherwise Hiddensee would merge with Rugen within a few years. Rugen is dotted with many glacial erratic boulders, of which the 22 largest belong to legally-protected
geotopes
(
see also:
Erratics on and around Rugen
).
Land use
[
edit
]
The heartland of Rugen is gently rolling, and the area is characterized primarily by
agriculture
. East of the town of Bergen auf Rugen the land climbs to 90 metres (295') (at
Rugard
where there is an observation tower) and to 107 metres (351') in the southeastern hill country of the
Granitz
. The soil on Rugen is very fertile and productive, particularly in Wittow, the breadbasket of the island. There are major cabbage-producing regions.
Two German national parks are situated on Rugen: the
Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park
, in the west (including
Hiddensee
), and the
Jasmund National Park
, a smaller park including the famous chalk cliffs (
Konigsstuhl
). There is also a nature reserve, the
Southeast Rugen Biosphere Reserve
, consisting of the peninsulas in the southeast.
Climate
[
edit
]
The climate is in the
temperate zone
. According to the
Koppen climate classification
the northern parts of the island and the coastal regions (apart from those lay adjacent to
Strelasund
) are under the influence of the
oceanic climate
(
Cfb
), meanwhile the remaining majority of the area is dominated by the
humid continental climate
(
Dfb
).
[6]
The winters are not particularly cold, with mean temperatures in January and February of 0.0 °C (32.0 °F); and summers are mild and temperate, with a mean temperature in August of 16.3 °C (61.3 °F). There is an average rainfall of 520?560 mm (20?22 in) and approximately 1800?1870 hours of sunshine annually.
Administration
[
edit
]
Administratively, Rugen is part of the district
Vorpommern-Rugen
. Its subdivisions are the
Amter
Bergen auf Rugen
(municipalities
Bergen auf Rugen
,
Buschvitz
,
Garz
,
Gustow
,
Lietzow
,
Parchtitz
,
Patzig
,
Poseritz
,
Ralswiek
,
Rappin
,
Sehlen
and
Thesenvitz
),
West-Rugen
(municipalities
Altefahr
,
Dreschvitz
,
Gingst
,
Hiddensee
,
Kluis
,
Neuenkirchen
,
Rambin
,
Samtens
,
Schaprode
,
Trent
and
Ummanz
),
Nord-Rugen
(municipalities
Altenkirchen
,
Breege
,
Dranske
,
Glowe
,
Lohme
,
Putgarten
,
Sagard
,
Wiek
) and
Monchgut-Granitz
(municipalities
Baabe
,
Gohren
,
Lancken-Granitz
,
Middelhagen
,
Sellin
,
Thiessow
and
Zirkow
) and the Amt-free municipalities of
Binz
,
Putbus
and
Sassnitz
.
[7]
Overall, there are 45 municipalities on Rugen, four of which have town status (Bergen, Garz, Putbus and Sassnitz).
[8]
History
[
edit
]
Pre-history and the Germani
[
edit
]
Discoveries in the
bodden
indicate that there has been settlement here since the
Stone Age
. All over Rugen are numerous stone monuments, such as megalithic tombs and altar stones that have survived to the present day. By the 1st century, the inhabitants of Rugen were part of the
East Germanic
tribe of
Rugii
, who occupied roughly the region that was later to become Western Pomerania and who gave the island its name. The Rugii may have originated from
Scandinavia
or evolved from
autochthonous
tribes. In the
Migration Period
, many Rugii moved south and founded an empire in
Pannonia
.
Slavic Rani
[
edit
]
From the 7th century the West Slavic
Rani
(or Rujani) built an empire on Rugen and the neighbouring coast between
Recknitz
and
Ryck
. It decidedly affected the history of the Baltic Sea area and the surrounding
Obodritic
(in the west) and
Liutician
(in the south) occupied mainland for the next few centuries. Many traces of their life can be found today.
The basis of their great military strength was a combination of the Ranian navy and a favourable location. Denmark, which was at that time very successful in Great Britain and Scandinavia, was neither able to match its Ranian rivals in the Baltic Sea region nor protect its coastline from Ranian armies until well into the 12th century. Meanwhile, the Ranians built numerous castles and temples in the
Barth
-
Jasmund
-
Gristow
triangle.
The temple hill of
Jaromarsburg
, at the northern tip of Rugen and dedicated to the god
Svetovid
, was significant well beyond the boundaries of the Ranian empire. After the fall of
Radgosc
it became the chief shrine for the pagan northwestern Slavs. The administrative centre of the empire was
Charenza
, possibly on the site of the present-day hillfort known as
Garz
or Venz. The main trading centre of the empire was
Ralswiek
at the southernmost point of the
Großer Jasmunder Bodden
.
Principality under Danish suzerainty
[
edit
]
In 1168, the
Danish
king,
Valdemar I
, and his army commander and advisor, Bishop
Absalon of Roskilde
destroyed the Svetovid temple
in the hillfort at
Cape Arkona
, ending both the territorial and religious autonomy of the Rani; their former monarchs became Danish
princes of Rugen
. The Rani prince
Jaromar I
(died 1218) was a vassal of the Danish king and
Christianized
the island's inhabitants. In 1184, the Pomeranians, whose rule had previously extended as far as the land of Gutzkow and to Demmin and thus made them the immediate neighbours of the now Danish
Principality of Rugia
, were commissioned by their overlord, the Holy Roman Emperor, to seize Rugen for the empire, but were defeated in the
Bay of Greifswald
.
Under Danish rule the Principality of Rugia changed its character. Danish monasteries were established (e.g. Bergen Abbey in 1193 and
Hilda Abbey
, today Eldena Abbey, in 1199).
German colonists
were introduced into the land and soon they became the largest and most culturally influential group within the population. The Slavic cultural element disappeared, mostly due to the lack of their own Slavic church structures, so that the Rani were
absorbed
in the period that followed into the now German-influenced people of Rugen. In addition to the colonization of the country and the building of new monasteries and churches, towns were also re-established. In 1234 the Rugen Prince
Wizlaw I
founded the town of
Stralsund
and granted
Greifswald
market rights in 1241. The power of the towns grew rapidly, forcing Rugen's rulers to make concessions?for example, the prince's castle at
Barth
was slighted and Schadegast, the princely "twin" of the municipally-controlled Stralsund, was ousted in favour of the latter.
In 1304 a
storm surge
, known as the
All Saints' Flood
, devastated the island and flooded the peninsula between
Monchgut
and
Ruden
.
Part of Pomerania
[
edit
]
After the death of the last Slav prince of the
Wizlawiden
(
House of Wizlaw
) dynasty,
Wizlaw III
, in 1325, the principality was acquired by the duchy of
Pomerania-Wolgast
as a consequence of the 1321 inheritance agreement (
Erbverbruderung
), and from 1368/72?1451 was part of the estate of a branch line, the dukes of
Pomerania-Barth
. This state of affairs, together with the disputes over the Danish throne that occurred at that time, led to the
Rugen wars of succession
. After they had played out, the former principality went in 1354 to Pomerania-Wolgast and thus became part of the
Holy Roman Empire
. In 1478, Pomerania-Wolgast and
Pomerania-Stettin
were united and, 170 years later, the combined state went to Sweden in 1648 as a result of the
Treaty of Westphalia
(see
Swedish Pomerania
). Rugen was part of Swedish Pomerania from 1648 to 1815. The largest landowners, owning at least one-fifth of the island until 1945, was the
House of Putbus
, which was an offshoot of the earlier ruling princes of the Wizlawid dynasty. In 1727, they were created counts of Holy Roman Empire and 1731 counts in Sweden, ultimately Swedish princes in 1807.
Under
Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
the town of
Gustavia
was constructed on the
Monchgut
peninsula, but was abandoned during the
Napoleonic Wars
. In the years 1678 and 1715, Rugen was briefly wrested from the Swedes by the Elector of Brandenburg,
Frederick William
and by the King in Prussia,
Frederick William I
. For example, a Brandenburg-Danish army landed on the island as part of the
invasion of Rugen in 1678
. After the
Treaty of Saint-Germain
in 1679 the island passed from Danish to Swedish ownership again. At the time of
Napoleonic Wars
, Rugen was held by the
French
from 1807 to 1813. In the
Treaty of Kiel
of 1814, it was transferred initially from Sweden to Denmark and then fell to
Prussia
, along with New Western Pomerania (
Neuvorpommern
), thanks to the
Vienna Convention
of 1815. In 1818 the island became part of the administrative district of
Stralsund
and thus belonged to the Prussian
Province of Pomerania
.
Wilhelm Malte I
(1783?1854), 1st prince of Putbus, was the last Governor of Swedish Pomerania and the first under Prussian rule.
In 1816 the first bathing resort was founded at
Putbus
. Later more resorts were established, and Rugen remained the most famous holiday resort of Germany until
World War II
.
German Empire
[
edit
]
Rugen was a popular destination for exile of Catholic priests and clergy during
Kulturkampf
between 1875 and 1879.
[9]
Nazi era
[
edit
]
The Nazis added a large resort:
Prora
, planned by the
Strength through Joy
organisation, which aimed to occupy people's free time. However, Prora was never completed.
In 1936 the first bridge connecting Rugen with the mainland was constructed (
Rugendamm
), replacing the former ferry shuttles.
The operation commanded by
Wolfram von Richthofen
that
bombed the town of Guernica
during the
Spanish Civil War
, was named after the island. An
Abwehr
Signals intelligence
Operation during the same conflict was titled Operation Bodden after the strait separating Rugen from the German mainland.
In the aftermath of World War II, East German and Soviet authorities exiled landholders from the mainland to the island.
[10]
GDR era
[
edit
]
After the
Second World War
Rugen became part of the state of
Mecklenburg
within the
German Democratic Republic
(GDR). In 1952 the island became part of the
district of Rostock
.
The island was the focal point of Project Rose (
Action Rose
) by the GDR government designed to nationalize hotels, taxis and service companies on 10 February 1953. The occasion was supposed to have been a visit by
Walter Ulbricht
to the island of Rugen, during which he had been annoyed by the many surviving private hotels and guest houses. Many of the hotel owners were convicted by
kangaroo courts
under the pretext of having been engaged in
economic crime
or as agents working for the West. Their property was then confiscated and they were sent to prison. Many of the owners and small businessmen were incarcerated in Butzow prison. The hotels were supposed to have been expropriated by the
Free German Trade Union Federation
(FDGB). In fact, they were used as accommodation for the barracks-based "people's police" (
Kasernierte Volkspolizei
or CPI). As a result of the confiscation of hotels, tourism on Rugen in 1953 came almost to a complete standstill for a time.
In the following nearly four decades, the island became one of the main tourist areas in the GDR. The FDGB played a dominant role in tourist accommodation. In 1963 the FDGB had 7,519 holiday places, the
Reiseburo der DDR
2,906 places and a further 5,025 were available for businesses and organizations. In addition, there were 12,245 places for children in summer camps and another 20,800 places for campers. The plots were located mainly near the beaches.
[11]
Increased holiday capacity was not however generated until the 1970s and 1980s.
Reunited Germany
[
edit
]
In 1990, Rugen became part of the new state of
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
and, together with the neighbouring islands of
Hiddensee
and
Ummanz
, formed the
district of Rugen
. Since the 2011 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern district reforms Rugen has been part of
Vorpommern-Rugen
.
In 2007 a second bridge, the
Rugen Bridge
(
Rugenbrucke
), was built to replace the first one built in 1936.
Rugen has now surpassed
Sylt
as the most popular German island again.
Tourist resorts
[
edit
]
Rugen is one of the most popular holiday destinations in Germany. The island receives about one quarter of all overnight stays in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Most visitors come to Rugen between April and October, the peak season being from June to August, but its quiet atmosphere in winter is also appreciated.
The first bathing facility on Rugen opened in 1794 at the mineral-rich spring in
Sagard
.
[12]
In 1818, the
Putbus
village of
Lauterbach
became Rugen's first seaside resort.
[13]
In the 1860s
Sassnitz
became a seaside resort, followed by
Binz
in the 1880s.
[13]
During
World War II
Prora
was constructed as a mass tourist resort but it was never finished.
[13]
Today the most popular seaside resorts are the
Schaabe
beaches between
Altenkirchen
and
Juliusruh
including Drewoldke,
Glowe
and
Breege
, and the eastern beaches between
Sassnitz
and
Gohren
including
Neu Mukran
,
Prora
,
Binz
,
Sellin
and
Baabe
. The latter are accessible via an historic
narrow gauge railway
employing steam locomotives, called the
Rugensche Baderbahn
. Tourist destinations, other than seaside resorts, include
Cape Arkona
, the wood-covered
Stubbenkammer
hills on
Jasmund
with interesting chalk cliff formations, the wood-covered
Granitz
hills with their
Jagdschloß
or
hunting lodge
, the
classicist
buildings of
Putbus
and the inland villages of
Bergen auf Rugen
,
Ralswiek
and
Gingst
.
The island offers a huge variety of different beach and shore areas. Rugen is often visited by windsurfers and kitesurfers and offers more than fifteen different locations for surfing. The most popular locations are
Dranske
,
Rosengarten
,
Wiek
, Suhrendorf and
Neu Mukran
.
On the peninsula of Jasmund is the
Jasmund National Park
, which consists of the beech forest of
Stubnitz
, including the famous chalk cliffs of Rugen. On the
Konigsstuhl
itself is the
Konigsstuhl National Park Centre
, which has a multivision cinema and audio-guide exhibitions with information about the national park in several languages.
Transport
[
edit
]
Rail
[
edit
]
The
railway
network consists of the electrified
standard gauge
stretch of the
Deutsche Bahn
Stralsund (Rugendamm)-Bergen-Sassnitz line
(timetable route (KBS) 195), Lietzow-Binz (KBS 197), the non-electrified routes Bergen-Putbus-Lauterbach Mole of the PRESS (KBS 198) and the
narrow gauge
stretch (
750 mm
(
2 ft
5
+
1
⁄
2
in
)) of the
Rugen Resort Railway
(
Rasender Roland
): Lauterbach Mole-Putbus-Binz-Sellin-Gohren (KBS 199).
In addition to regional trains, there are also
Intercity
services from
Binz
via
Bergen
and
Stralsund
to
Berlin
,
Hamburg
,
Frankfurt
,
Stuttgart
and the
Ruhr
. Night train services to
Munich
, Basle and the Ruhr area were deleted from the timetable on 9 December 2007, despite massive protests from the local hotel industry.
The bus service on Rugen is operated by the
Rugener Personennahverkehr
. Since 1996 it has been continuously expanded, and has developed an integral
clock-face schedule
. There is a service between all major towns and municipalities on the island at least every two hours, sometimes more frequently during peak season. Throughout the year, buses now run at least every hour on the routes between Sassnitz-Binz-Bergen, Schaprode?Bergen?Klein Zicker, Bergen/Sassnitz-
Altenkirchen
-
Wiek
-
Dranske
and the Altenkirchen-
Putgarten
near Cape Arkona. In addition, the bus service is well-linked with the railway, especially in Bergen, but also at other railway stations.
Road
[
edit
]
Until October 2007, individual traffic from the mainland to the island of Rugen was mainly routed along the two-lane Rugendamm causeway, running between
Stralsund
and
Altefahr
over the sound of
Strelasund
.
The cornerstone for a second crossing over the Strelasund was laid on 31 August 2004. This bridge, the Rugen Bridge, running parallel to the Rugendamm, has a length of about 4.1 kilometres (2.5 mi) and a vertical clearance for ships of 42 metres (138 ft), and was on opened on 20 October 2007. In order to relieve the town of Stralsund, a
ring road
has been built in the last few years, coming from the southwest. The
B 96 federal road
between Stralsund and
Greifswald
is also connected via an access road to the
A 20 motorway
. The B 96 runs from Stralsund via Bergen to Sassnitz. Here a new route with bypasses is planned (the "New B 96").
The main tourist attractions of Cape Arkona, the
Konigsstuhl
and the
Granitz hunting lodge
are, however, car-free in order to protect the countryside, as is the island of Hiddensee which belongs to Vorpommern-Rugen district. All these destinations can be reached using public transport, without needing a car.
Cycling
[
edit
]
Rugen has a signposted network of cycle paths. The condition and signing of this network varies considerably from one place to another, from very good in the seaside resorts to poor in the area between Garz and Zudar. There is a circular cycle path around the whole island.
During the summer season there is the option on some routes to carry bicycles on the buses. This is always possible on the railways.
Ship
[
edit
]
Two car ferries belonging to the
Weiße Flotte
operate every half-an-hour between the Zudar peninsula on Rugen and Stahlbrode on the mainland, halfway between Stralsund and Greifswald .
Another
Weiße Flotte
car ferry, the
Wittow Ferry
runs from the heartland of Rugen (
Muttland
) to Wittow.
A ferry sails from
Sassnitz
ferry port in Mukran to the Danish island of
Bornholm
, to Swedish
Trelleborg
, to
Klaip?da
(formerly Memel) in
Lithuania
, to
Baltiysk
(formerly Pillau) and to
Saint Petersburg
.
The island of
Hiddensee
, which also belongs to the county of Vorpommern-Rugen, is connected by a regular ferry service from Schaprode to Rugen, and is increasingly integrated into the clock-schedule timetable on the main island. In addition, there is a regular ship service from Stralsund,
Wiek
and
Breege
to Hiddensee. Tourist services include ferry connections from
Lauterbach
to
Gager
, and between Sassnitz, Binz, Sellin and Gohren. There are also round-trips mainly from Sassnitz, but also from
Lohme
, to the Konigsstuhl.
Pleasure steamers also ply between the resorts and
Peenemunde
on Usedom, where there is a connection to the
Usedom Railway
(UBB).
Ferries
[
edit
]
Sassnitz
?
Neu Mukran
is the international ferry terminal on Rugen, with ferry services to
- Trelleborg
(
Sweden
, served by
Stena Line
),
[14]
- Rønne
(
Bornholm
,
Denmark
, served by
Bornholmslinjen
),
[15]
- Klaip?da
(Memel,
Lithuania
, served by
DFDS Lisco
),
[14]
- Baltiysk
(Pillau,
Kaliningrad Oblast
,
Russia
, served by
DFDS Lisco
),
[14]
- Saint Petersburg
(
Russia
, served by
TransRussiaExpress
)
[14]
- Ust-Luga
(near
Saint Petersburg
,
Russia
; planned).
[16]
Sassnitz-Mukran is the largest railway ferry terminal in
Germany
and the only one in Europe where different tracks allow switching from
standard gauge
to
broad gauge
.
[14]
Local passenger ferries connect the
piers
of
Sassnitz
,
Binz
,
Sellin
and
Gohren
with the adjacent islands of
Hiddensee
,
Vilm
and
Greifswalder Oie
. Passenger and car ferries connect Rugen's centre of
Muttland
, to both
Wittow
in Rugen's north via the
Wittow Ferry
and to the mainland via the Glewitz Ferry (
Glewitzer Fahre
) between Stahlbrode near
Greifswald
and
Glewitz
on Rugen's
Zudar
peninsula.
Aviation
[
edit
]
Rugen Airport
is located about 8 km (5.0 mi) from Bergen. After the
Wende
, the first sightseeing flights over the island were offered on the former agricultural airfield. In May 1993, the first tarmac runway was inaugurated. Since then, charter flights to Berlin, Hamburg and other cities in Europe have been available.
The
Baltic Sea Airport Stralsund
also offers flights to and from the region of
Western Pomerania
. The larger
Rostock?Laage Airport
offers regular international destinations.
Notable people
[
edit
]
Significant Ruganer:
Individuals associated with the island
[
edit
]
- Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher
Prince Wahlstatt (1742?1819), Prussian Field Marshal, spent his youth on the Venz estate.
[23]
- Caspar David Friedrich
(1774?1840), painter, stayed several times on visits by relatives of Pomerania and was inspired mainly by the chalk cliffs
- Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten
(1758?1818), theologian, pastor, professor and poet, famous pastor of the parish Altenkirchen at Rugen
- Joachim Nicolas Eggert
(1779?1813), composer and musical director, member of the Royal Swedish Musical Academy
- Maximilian Kaller
(1880?1947), Bishop of Warmia in Prussia, began his first pastorate as mission pastor of St. Boniface parish at Rugen
- Angela Merkel
(born 1954), German Chancellor (CDU), represented the constituency of
Vorpommern-Rugen ? Vorpommern-Greifswald I
between 1990 and 2021; she therefore represented the island of Rugen in the
Bundestag
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Wurlitzer, Bernd (2006).
Rugen
(in German) (11 ed.). Mair Dumont Marco Polo. p. 15.
ISBN
3-8297-0171-3
.
- ^
Jendricke, Bernhard; Gockel, Gabriele (2008).
Rugen, Hiddensee
(in German) (3rd ed.). DuMont. p. 11.
ISBN
978-3-7701-6058-7
.
- ^
See
inter alia
"Funf deutsche Buchenwalder werden von UNESCO zum Weltnaturerbe erklart"
[Five German beech forests declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO].
ARD-Tagesschau
(in German). 25 June 2011.
Archived
from the original on 30 July 2022
. Retrieved
30 July
2022
.
- ^
Reich, Mike; Herrig, Ekkehard; Frenzel, Peter; Kutscher, Manfred (2018).
"Die Rugener Schreibkreide - Lebewelt und Ablagerungsverhaltnisse eines pelagischen oberkretazischen Sedimentationsraumes"
.
Zitteliana
(in German): 17?32.
doi
:
10.5282/UBM/EPUB.57206
.
Archived
from the original on 2 September 2023
. Retrieved
1 May
2021
.
- ^
Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018).
"Present and future Koppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution"
.
Scientific Data
.
5
(1): 180214.
Bibcode
:
2018NatSD...580214B
.
doi
:
10.1038/sdata.2018.214
.
ISSN
2052-4463
.
PMC
6207062
.
PMID
30375988
.
- ^
"Landkreis Rugen homepage/Regionales: Stadte, Gemeinden, Amter"
. Archived from
the original
on 12 February 2008
. Retrieved
24 August
2009
.
- ^
Jendricke, Bernhard; Gockel, Gabriele (2008).
Rugen, Hiddensee
(in German) (3 ed.). DuMont. p. 13.
ISBN
978-3-7701-6058-7
.
- ^
Clark, Christopher (2008). "4".
Religion and confessional conflict
. Oxford Academic. p. 89-90.
- ^
Exorcising Hitler, The Occupation and Denazifcation of Germany, by Frederick Taylor, Bloomsbury Press
- ^
Dr. Rudolf Petzold, 1964, Die Baderkuste Rugens, Veb Brockhaus Verlag,Leipzig, page 5
- ^
Jendricke, Bernhard; Gockel, Gabriele (2008).
Rugen, Hiddensee
(in German) (3 ed.). DuMont. p. 36.
ISBN
978-3-7701-6058-7
.
- ^
a
b
c
Kuster, Hansjorg (2004).
Die Ostsee: eine Natur- und Kulturgeschichte
(in German) (2 ed.). C.H.Beck. p. 300.
ISBN
3-406-52366-8
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Fahrhafen Sassnitz Gmbh (homepage), Verkehre, Liniendienste"
. Archived from
the original
on 26 February 2012
. Retrieved
24 August
2009
.
- ^
"Bornholm"
.
Archived
from the original on 24 January 2019
. Retrieved
24 January
2019
.
- ^
"Deutsche Bahn Pressemitteilung vom 03.07.2009, 16:12"
.
Archived
from the original on 19 July 2011
. Retrieved
24 August
2009
.
- ^
"Arndt, Ernst Moritz"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 627?628.
- ^
"Ruge, Arnold"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 821.
- ^
"Schwarz, Karl"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911.
- ^
"Billroth, Albert Christian Theodor"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 945.
- ^
"Delbruck, Hans"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 952.
- ^
Christian Schwochow, IMDb Database
Archived
18 April 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
.
- ^
"Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 90.
- Milewski, Tadeusz
(1930). "Pierwotne nazwy wyspy Rugji i słowia?skich jej mieszka?cow".
Slavia Occidentalis
(in Polish).
IX
: 292?306.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Rugen
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Rugen
.
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