Treaty of Melno

Coordinates : 53°26′15″N 19°00′15″E  /  53.43750°N 19.00417°E  / 53.43750; 19.00417
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Treaty of Melno
Treaty of Lake Melno
Map of the State of the Teutonic Order between 1260 and 1410.
Context Gollub War
Signed 27 September 1422
Location Lake Melno
Ratified 9?18 May 1423
Condition Approval by Pope Martin V
Parties

The Treaty of Melno ( Lithuanian : Melno taika ; Polish : Pokoj melne?ski ) or Treaty of Lake Melno ( German : Friede von Melnosee ) was a peace treaty ending the Gollub War . It was signed on 27 September 1422, between the Teutonic Knights and an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at Lake Melno (German: Melnosee, Meldensee ; Polish: Jezioro Mełno ), east of Graudenz ( Grudzi?dz ). The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Knights and Lithuania regarding Lithuania Minor and Samogitia , which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian?Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years. A portion of the original border survives as a portion of the modern border between the Republic of Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia, making it one of the oldest and most stable borders in Europe. [1]

Background [ edit ]

Main article: Gollub War

The First Peace of Thorn of 1411 did not resolve long-standing territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and the Polish?Lithuanian union . The peace transferred Samogitia to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but only for the lifetimes of Polish King Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło) and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas . At the time both rulers were aged men. Soon disagreements arose as to the Samogitian borders: Vytautas claimed that the entire northern bank of the Neman River , including the port of Memel ( Klaip?da ), was Samogitian territory. [2] The dispute was mediated at the Council of Constance and by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor . When Sigismund delivered an unfavorable judgment to the Lithuanians, Jogaila and Vytautas invaded the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights in July 1422, starting the Gollub War . [3] The Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf , were unable to mount a suitable defense. However Poland?Lithuania decided to end the conflict before reinforcements from the Holy Roman Empire could arrive through Farther Pomerania . [4] A truce was signed on 17 September 1422. Each side named eight representatives, [nb 1] gave them full authority to negotiate, and sent them to the Polish Army camp near Lake Melno. [5] The Treaty of Melno was concluded ten days later, on 27 September. [6]

Provisions [ edit ]

According to the terms of the treaty, the Teutonic Knights for the first time renounced all territorial, political, and missionary claims against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [3] Samogitia was permanently ceded to Lithuania. The Prussian?Lithuanian border ran from sparsely inhabited wilderness in Suvalkija , through the triangle north of the Neman River , to Nemirseta on the Baltic Sea . Thus the Knights still controlled Neman's lower reaches and Memel ( Klaip?da ), an important seaport and trade center. Lithuania retained access to the Baltic Sea between the towns of Palanga (Polangen) [nb 2] and ?ventoji (Heiligen Aa) ? a distance of about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). [7] However, Lithuania failed to develop harbors in Palanga or ?ventoji as there was stiff competition with the nearby established ports of Memel and Libau ( Liep?ja ) [8] and unfavorable natural conditions. [9] Thus it could not be considered a real access to the sea. [10] For the Knights this short coastline strip was a major sacrifice as it separated the Teutonic Knights in Prussia from their branch in Livonia . The treaty is often described as a mutual Prussian?Lithuanian compromise. [3] The Kingdom of Poland received Nieszawa and half of the Vistula channel from the mouth of the Drw?ca River; in return Poland renounced any territorial claims to Pomerelia , Culmerland , and the Michelauer Land . [7] These results were described as a "disappointment" for Poland. [10]

The Teutonic Commander's Castle in Nieszawa was demolished ( slighted ) as part of the terms of the peace treaty.

The treaty also required that the Teutonic Commander's Castle in Nieszawa be destroyed. [11]

At the time of the treaty, the parties did not have their official seals and therefore it was not immediately ratified . [5] Grand Master Rusdorf attempted to exploit the recess and renegotiate the treaty because his subjects were not satisfied with the terms. He hoped to wage a war with assistance from the Holy Roman Emperor. However, Sigismund and Jogaila met in Kasmark ( Ke?marok ) and agreed to an alliance: Sigismund would end his support to the Knights and Poland?Lithuania would stop their assistance to the Hussites in the Hussite Wars . [5] This meant that Vytautas had to abandon his interventions in Bohemia. [12] The agreement was signed on 30 March 1423. [7] The Treaty of Melno was subsequently ratified on 9?18 May in Veliuona and approved by Pope Martin V on 10 July 1423. [13] Poland?Lithuania affixed some 120 official seals to the treaty. [14] The first Lithuanian signatories were voivode of Vilnius Albertas Manvydas , starosta of Vilnius Kristinas Astikas , voivode of Trakai Jonas Jaunius, elder of Samogitia Mykolas Skirgaila. [15]

Aftermath [ edit ]

Monument commemorating the treaty in the village of Mełno, Poland

The treaty effectively ended warfare between the Teutonic Knights and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had continued with brief interruptions since the 13th century. The last volunteer crusaders arrived in October 1422; after that the Knights had to rely on their own men or on mercenaries. [16] It was a welcome development to Lithuania, as the treaty allowed it to direct its attention towards its Eastern territories and to internal reforms. [3] War-devastated border regions in Samogitia and Suvalkija began to recover. However, the Polish?Teutonic disputes were not resolved. In a telling episode shortly after the treaty had been signed, the Knights and the Poles disputed a watermill in Lubicz , a strategic post that had been turned into a fortress. [17] Vytautas was angered by the dispute and threatened to give up Palanga to the Knights if Poland did not surrender its claims to Lubicz. The Knights won this dispute. [17]

The treaty put an effective end to the Polish?Lithuanian cooperation against the Knights. [18] The Teutonic Knights attempted to befriend the Lithuanians, offering a royal crown to Vytautas in hopes of breaking up the Polish?Lithuanian union. During the Lithuanian Civil War (1431?1435) , Lithuanian Duke ?vitrigaila was able to employ the Polish?Teutonic animosity for his own advantages ? the Knights invaded Poland, starting the Polish?Teutonic War . The two states battled again during the Thirteen Years' War (1454?66) , a civil war that tore Prussia in half.

The agreement drew the Prussian?Lithuanian border roughly and imprecisely, resulting in local demarcation disputes. The border was redrawn with greater detail and precision in 1532 and 1545. [19] The border survived without major changes until World War I. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles detached the Klaip?da Region (Memel Territory) from Germany as a League of Nations mandate . Lithuania annexed the region in 1923. The southern portion of the border, with small modifications, still survives as the border between Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia. [1]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Teutonic Knights sent two Teutonic officers, Bishop of Ermland , Bishop of Pomesania , Livonian marshal, and three secular knights.
  2. ^ According to the Bychowiec Chronicle , Birut? , mother of Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas, hailed from Palanga.

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b Ra?imait?, Egl? (2010-03-24). "Siena: ?imtme?i? vingiai" . Kelias (in Lithuanian): 60?64. ISSN   1648-7818 .
  2. ^ Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978). Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Did?iojo mirties (in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvi? katalik? mokslo akademija. p. 345. LCCN   79346776 .
  3. ^ a b c d Kiaupa, Zigmantas ; Kiaupien?, J?rat?; Kuncevi?ius, Albinas (2000). The History of Lithuania Before 1795 . Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 144?145. ISBN   9986-810-13-2 .
  4. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights . Oxford: Osprey. pp. 83?84. ISBN   1-84176-561-9 .
  5. ^ a b c Urban, William (2003). Tannenberg and After . Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 281?283. ISBN   0-929700-25-2 .
  6. ^ Stanislaus F. Belch (2017). Paulus Vladimiri and his doctrine concerning international law and politics . Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter . p. 1074. ISBN   9783111589725 .
  7. ^ a b c Zinkus, Jonas; et al., eds. (1985?1988). "Melno taika". Taryb? Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 3. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedij? redakcija. p. 46. LCCN   86232954 .
  8. ^ Sema?ka, Algimantas (2006). Kelioni? vadovas po Lietuv?: 1000 lankytin? vietovi? norintiems geriau pa?inti gimt?j? kra?t? (in Lithuanian) (4th ed.). Vilnius: Algimantas. p. 498. ISBN   9986-509-90-4 .
  9. ^ McLachlan, Gordon (2008). Lithuania: the Bradt travel guide (5th ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 209. ISBN   978-1-84162-228-6 .
  10. ^ a b Halecki, Oskar; F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson. The Cambridge History of Poland to 1696 . Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN   978-1-00-128802-4 .
  11. ^ Jo?wiak, Sławomir (2003). "Zburzenie zamku komturskiego w Nieszawie w latach 1422?1423" (PDF) . Rocznik Toru?ski . 30 : 19?33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2023.
  12. ^ Mick?nait?, Giedr? (2006). Making a great ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania . Central European University Press. p. 50. ISBN   978-963-7326-58-5 .
  13. ^ Ju?as, Me?islovas (2009). The Battle of Grunwald . Vilnius: National Museum Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. p. 112. ISBN   978-609-95074-5-3 .
  14. ^ Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Kiaupien?, J?rat? (2009). Lietuvos istorija . Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumen?, valstyb? (in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Baltos lankos . pp. 416?417. ISBN   978-9955-23-239-1 .
  15. ^ Kirkien?, Genut? (2008). LDK politikos elito galingieji: Chodkevi?iai XV?XVI am?iuje (in Lithuanian). Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. p. 65. ISBN   978-9955-33-359-3 .
  16. ^ Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades . London: Penguin Books. p.  242 . ISBN   0-14-026653-4 .
  17. ^ a b Mick?nait?, Giedr? (2006). Making a great ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania . Central European University Press. p. 130. ISBN   978-963-7326-58-5 .
  18. ^ Lukowski, Jerzy; W. H. Zawadzki (2006). A concise history of Poland (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN   978-0-521-61857-1 .
  19. ^ ?elkis, Tomas (2008). "Nuo teritorinio ruo?o prie linijos: sien? sampratos poky?iai Lietuvos Did?iojoje Kunigaik?tyst?je XIV?XVI am?iuje" (PDF) . Lietuvos istorijos studijos (in Lithuanian). 22 : 68, 70. ISSN   1392-0448 .

53°26′15″N 19°00′15″E  /  53.43750°N 19.00417°E  / 53.43750; 19.00417

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