Historical sub-region of Pomerania
Historical region in Poland
Pomerelia
,
[a]
also known as
Eastern Pomerania
,
[b]
Vistula Pomerania
,
[c]
and also before
World War II
as
Polish Pomerania
, is a
historical sub-region
of
Pomerania
on the southern shore of the
Baltic Sea
in northern
Poland
.
Gda?sk Pomerania
[d]
is largely coextensive with Pomerelia, but slightly narrower, as it does not include
Chełmno Land
or
Michałow Land
.
Its largest and most important city is
Gda?sk
. Since 1999 the region has formed the core of
Pomerania Province
.
Overview
[
edit
]
Pomerelia is located in northern
Poland
west of the
Vistula
river and east of the
Łeba
river, mostly within the
Pomeranian Voivodeship
, with southern part located in the
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
and small parts in
West Pomeranian Voivodeship
. It has traditionally been divided into
Kashubia
,
Kociewie
,
Tuchola Forest
and
Chełmno Land
(including the
Michałow Land
, sometimes with the addition of
Lubawa
Land). The
Lauenburg and Butow Land
is considered by Polish historiography a part of
Kashubia
(and thus Gda?sk Pomerania and Pomerelia), while German historiography tends to treat it as a part of
Farther Pomerania
. Pomerelia has been inhabited by ethnic
Kashubians
,
Kociewians
,
Borowians
and
Chełminians
, respectively.
Name
[
edit
]
In the Polish language, the area was called
Pomorze
('Pomerania') since the
Early Middle Ages
. In the early 14th century the
Teutonic Knights
invaded and annexed
the region from Poland into
their monastic state
, which already included historical
Prussia
, located east of the region. As a result of the Teutonic rule, in German terminology the name of Prussia was also extended to annexed Polish lands like Vistula/Eastern Pomerania, although it was never inhabited by
Baltic
Prussians
but by the Slavic Poles.
After the area was reintegrated with Poland in 1466 both names were in use:
Pomerania
was used when referring to the
Pomeranian Voivodeship
(Gda?sk Pomerania) and the
Chełmno Voivodeship
, while
Royal Prussia
was used as the name of the wider province, which, however, also included the
Malbork Voivodeship
and the
Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
, covering the Prussian
historical areas
of
Pomesania
,
Pogesania
and
Warmia
, the only actual Prussian territories of the province.
After the
Partitions of Poland
, the area was annexed by the
Kingdom of Prussia
and formed part of the newly established province of
West Prussia
, and the name
Pomerania
was avoided by Prussian or German authorities in relation to this region.
Outside of the Kingdom of Prussia and later Germany, the area was termed
Polish Pomerania
(
Pomorze Polskie
) since at least the 18th century
[1]
to distinguish it from
Hither
and
Farther Pomerania
, territories long outside of Polish rule. In the late 19th century this term was used in order to underline
Polish
claims to that area that was then ruled by the
German
Kingdom of Prussia
. The designation of Polish Pomerania became obsolete since Farther Pomerania and a small part of Hither Pomerania were also transferred to Poland as part of the
territories recovered
from Germany, following
World War II
.
History
[
edit
]
Outline
[
edit
]
Early history
[
edit
]
In its early history, the territory which later became known as Pomerelia was the site of the
Pomeranian culture
(also called the Pomerelian face urn culture, 650-150 BC),
[2]
the
Oksywie culture
(150 BC-AD 1, associated with parts of the
Rugii
and
Lemovii
),
[3]
and the
Wielbark Culture
(AD 1?450, associated with
Veneti
,
Goths
,
Rugii
,
Gepids
).
[4]
In the mid-6th century
Jordanes
mentioned the
Vistula
estuary as the home of the
Vidivarii
.
[5]
Pomerelia was settled by
West Slavic
and
Lechitic
tribes
[6]
in the 7th and 8th centuries.
[7]
Early medieval Poland
[
edit
]
In the tenth century, Pomerelia was already settled by
West-Slavic Pomeranians
. The area was conquered and incorporated into
early medieval Poland
either by Duke
Mieszko I
? the first
historical Polish ruler
- in the second half of the tenth century
[8]
or even earlier, by his
father
, in the 940s or 950s
[9]
– the date of incorporation is unknown.
[10]
Mieszko founded
Gda?sk
to control the mouth of the
Vistula
between 970 and 980,.
[11]
According to
Jozef Spors
, despite some cultural differences, the inhabitants of the whole of
Pomerania
had very close ties with residents of other
Piast
provinces,
[12]
from which Pomerelia was separated by large stretches of woodlands and swamps.
[10]
The Piasts introduced
Christianity
to pagan Pomerelia, though it is disputed to what extent the conversion materialized.
[13]
In the eleventh century the region had loosened its close connections with the kingdom of Poland and subsequently for some years formed an independent duchy.
[14]
Most scholars suggest that Pomerelia was still part of Poland during the reign of king
Bolesław I of Poland
and his son
Mieszko II Lambert
. However, there are also different opinions e.g.
Peter Oliver Loew
suggests the Slavs in Pomerelia severed their ties with the Piasts and reverted the Piasts' introduction of Christianity already in the first years of the 11th century.
[15]
The exact date of separation is unknown, however. It was suggested that the inhabitants of Pomerelia participated in the
Pagan reaction in Poland
, actively supported
Miecław
who intended to detach
Masovia
from the power of the rulers of Poland, but after the defeat of Miecław in 1047 accepted the rule of duke
Casimir I the Restorer
and that the province remained a part of Poland till the 1060s, when Pomerelian troops took part in the expedition of the Polish king
Bolesław II the Generous
against Bohemia in 1061 or 1068. Duke Bolesław suffered a defeat during the siege of
Hradec
and had to retreat to Poland. Soon after Pomerelia separated from his realm.
[16]
A campaign by Piast duke
Władysław I Herman
to conquer Pomerelia in 1090?91 was unsuccessful, but resulted in the burning of many Pomerelian forts during the retreat.
[10]
In 1116, direct control over Pomerelia was reestablished by
Bolesław III Wrymouth
of Poland,
[17]
who by 1122 had also conquered the central and western parts of Pomerania.
[18]
While the latter regions (forming the
Duchy of Pomerania
) regained independence quickly, Pomerelia remained within the Polish realm. It was administered by governors of a local dynasty, the
Samborides
, and subordinated to the
bishopric of Włocławek
.
[10]
In 1138, following the death of Bolesław III, Poland was fragmented into several provincial principalities. The
principes
in Pomerelia gradually gained more local power, evolving into semi-independent entities, much like other fragmented Polish territories, with the difference that the other parts of the realm were governed by
Piast
descendants of Bolesław III. The Christian centre became
Oliwa Abbey
near Gda?sk.
Two Samborides administering Pomerelia in the 12th century are known by name:
Sobieslaw I
and his son,
Sambor I
.
[10]
Danish conquest and independence
[
edit
]
In 1210, king
Valdemar II of Denmark
invaded Pomerelia, whose
princeps
Mestwin I
became his vassal.
[19]
The Danish suzerainty did not last long, however. Mestwin had already gained more independence from Poland and expanded southward, and his son
Swietopelk II
, who succeeded him in 1217,
[20]
gained full independence in 1227.
[14]
Duchy of Pomerelia
[
edit
]
After Mestwin I's death, Pomerelia was internally divided among his sons
Swietopelk II
, Wartislaw, Sambor II and Ratibor.
[21]
Swietopelk II, who took his seat in Gda?sk, assumed a leading position over his brothers: Sambor II, who received the castellany of
Lubieszewo
(the center later moved to
Tczew
), and Ratibor, who received the
Białogard
area, were initially under his tutelage.
[21]
The fourth brother, Wartislaw, took his seat in
?wiecie
, thus controlling the second important area besides Gda?sk.
[21]
Wartislaw died before 27 December 1229, his share was to be given to
Oliwa Abbey
by his brothers.
[22]
The remaining brothers engaged in a civil war: Sambor II and Ratibor allied with the
Teutonic Order
[22]
[23]
and the
Duke of Kuyavia
[22]
against Swietopelk, who in turn allied with the
Old Prussians
,
[23]
took Ratibor prisoner and temporarily assumed control over the latter's share.
[22]
The revolt of the Old Prussians against the Teutonic Order in 1242 took place in the context of these alliances.
[23]
Peace was restored only in the
Treaty of Christburg
(
Dzierzgo?
) in 1249, mediated by the later pope
Urban IV
, then papal legate and archidiacone of Luttich (
Liege
).
[23]
In the west, the Pomerelian dukes' claim to the
lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk)
, where the last
Ratiboride
duke
Ratibor II
had died after 1223, was challenged by the
Griffin
dukes of Pomerania
,
Barnim I
and
Wartislaw III
.
[24]
In this conflict, Swietopelk II initially won the upper hand, but could not force a final decision.
[24]
Swietopelk II, who styled himself
dux.
since 1227, chartered the town of
Gda?sk
with
Lubeck law
and invited the
Dominican Order
.
[20]
His conflicts with the
Teutonic Order
, who had become his eastern neighbor in 1230, were settled in 1253 by exempting the order from the
Vistula
dues.
[20]
With Swietopelk II's death in 1266, the rule of his realm passed to his sons Wartislaw and
Mestwin II
.
[20]
These brothers initiated another civil war, with Mestwin II allying with and pledging allegiance to the
Brandenburg margraves
(
Treaty of Arnswalde
/
Choszczno
1269).
[20]
The margraves, who in the 1269 treaty also gained the land of Białogarda, were also supposed to help Mestwin II securing the lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk), which after Swietopelk II's death were in part taken over by Barnim III.
[25]
With the margraves' aid, Mestwin II succeeded in expelling Wartislaw from Gdansk in 1270/71.
[20]
The lands of Schlawe/Slawno, however, were taken over by Mestwin II's nephew
Wizlaw II, prince of Rugen
in 1269/70, who founded the town of
Rugenwalde
(now Darlowo) near the fort of Dirlow.
[25]
In 1273, Mestwin found himself in open conflict against the margraves who refused to remove their troops from Gda?sk, Mestwin's possession, which he had been forced to temporarily lease to them during his struggles against Wartisław and Sambor. Since the lease had now expired, through this action, the Margrave Conrad broke the Treaty of Arnswalde/Choszczno and subsequent agreements. His aim was to capture as much of Mestwin's Pomerelia as possible. Mestwin, unable to dislodge the Brandenburgian troops himself called in the aid of
Bolesław the Pious
, whose troops took the city with a direct attack. The war against Brandenburg ended in 1273 with a treaty
[26]
(possibly signed at
Drawno
Bridge), in which Brandenburg returned Gda?sk to Mestwin while he paid feudal homage to the margraves for the lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk).
[27]
On February 15, 1282,
High Duke of Poland
and
Wielkopolska
Przemysł II
and the
Duke of Pomerelia
Mestwin II
, signed the
Treaty of K?pno
which transferred the suzerainty over Pomerelia to Przemysł.
[28]
As a result of the treaty the period of Pomerelian independence ended and the region was again part of Poland. Przemysł adopted the title
dux Polonie et Pomeranie
(Duke of Poland and Pomerania).
[29]
Mestwin, per the agreement, retained
de facto
control over the province until his death in 1294, at which time Przemysł, who was already the
de jure
ruler of the territory, took it under his direct rule.
[28]
The hereditary ruleta of the Duchy included as follows:
Late medieval Poland
[
edit
]
After the death of
Mestwin II of Pomerania
in 1294, his co-ruler
Przemysł II of Poland
, according to the
Treaty of K?pno
, took control over Pomerelia. He was crowned as king of Poland in 1295, but ruled directly only over Pomerelia and
Greater Poland
, while the rest of the country (
Silesia
,
Lesser Poland
,
Masovia
) was ruled by other
Piasts
. However, Przemysł was murdered soon afterwards and succeeded by
Władysław I the Elbow-high
. Władysław, sold his rights to the
Duchy of Krakow
to King
Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
in 1297 and accepted him as his
suzerain
in 1299. However, he lost control of
Greater Poland
and Pomerelia in 1300 after a nobility revolt.
[30]
These were captured by Wenceslaus who now, after gaining most of the Polish lands, was crowned in
Gniezno
as king of Poland by archbishop
Jakub ?winka
[31]
Upon the deaths of Wenceslaus and his successor
Wenceslaus III
and with them the extinction of the
P?emyslid dynasty
, Pomerelia was recaptured by
Władysław I the Elbow-high
in 1306.
Teutonic Order
[
edit
]
During Władysław's rule, the
Margraviate of Brandenburg
staked its claim on the territory in 1308, leading the local governor appointed by
Władysław I the Elbow-high
to request assistance from the
Teutonic Knights
, who evicted the Brandenburgers but took the area for themselves, annexing and incorporating it into the
Teutonic Order state
in 1309 (
Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gda?sk)
and
Treaty of Soldin
/
My?liborz
). At the same time,
Słupsk
and
Sławno
became part of the
Duchy of Pomerania
. This event caused a long-lasting dispute between Poland and the Teutonic Order over the control of
Gda?sk Pomerania
. It resulted in a series of
Polish?Teutonic Wars
throughout the 14th and 15th centuries.
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
[
edit
]
In 1440, many cities of the region joined the newly formed anti-Teutonic
Prussian Confederation
.
[32]
In 1454 the organization asked Polish King
Casimir IV Jagiellon
to reincorporate the region into the
Kingdom of Poland
, to which the King agreed and signed an act of re-incorporation in
Krakow
.
[33]
After the subsequent
Thirteen Years' War (1454?1466)
, the longest of all Polish?Teutonic wars, the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to the region and recognized it as part of Poland.
[34]
Pomerelia was organized into the
Pomeranian Voivodeship
, part of the larger Polish provinces of
Royal Prussia
within
Greater Poland Province
.
Lauenburg and Butow Land
(L?bork and Bytow) was a Polish fief ruled by Pomeranian dukes until 1637, when it was incorporated directly into Poland. In
early modern times
Gda?sk
was the biggest city of the
Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
, and most of its exports (especially grain) were made through the port. Gda?sk and
?uławy Wi?lane
were mostly German/Dutch-speaking
Lutheran
or
Reformed
, while most of the region remained Polish/Kashubian Catholic. In the 17th century Pomerelia was attacked and destroyed by a
Swedish
army.
Partitions of Poland
[
edit
]
Pomerelia was annexed by the
Kingdom of Prussia
during the late 18th century
Partitions of Poland
, becoming part of the new Province of
West Prussia
, and part of Germany in 1871. The region was subjected to intense
Germanisation
policies.
Interwar period
[
edit
]
After
World War I
, in 1918, Poland regained its independence as the
Second Polish Republic
, and the
Treaty of Versailles
restored most of the region from
Weimar Germany
back to Poland, forming the
Pomeranian Voivodeship (Greater Pomerania as of 1938)
. Gda?sk with ?uławy became the
Free City of Danzig
. In the interbellum, German propaganda coined the term of
Polish Corridor
in reference to the region.
World War II
[
edit
]
The region was the site of the
Battle of Westerplatte
, the first battle of the German
invasion of Poland
which started
World War II
in September 1939, as well as several other important battles incl. at
Hel
,
Gdynia
and
K?pa Oksywska
. Afterwards it was
occupied
and illegally annexed by
Nazi Germany
, and the Polish population was subjected to
various crimes
, such as mass arrests, imprisonment,
slave labor
,
kidnapping of children
, deportations to
Nazi concentration camps
and genocide, incl. the
Intelligenzaktion
. The Germans established the
Stutthof concentration camp
, the first Nazi concentration camp outside of pre-war German borders, with multiple subcamps in the region. Major sites of massacres of Poles in the region included
Pia?nica
,
Szp?gawsk
,
Mniszek
,
Igielska Valley
,
Luszkowko
,
Skarszewy
,
Rudzki Most
and
Grupa
.
[35]
Post-war period
[
edit
]
After the defeat of Germany in the war in 1945, almost the entire region, including the former
Free City of Danzig
, was reclaimed by Poland according to the
Potsdam Agreement
, except for a small portion of the
Vistula Spit
around the village of
Narmeln
(Polski) which was annexed by the
Soviet Union
. The local German minority population which included numerous members of the
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
complicit in its atrocities,
fled or was expelled to Germany
, also in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement.
Contemporary
[
edit
]
Historic Pomerelia nowadays forms the bulk of the
Pomeranian Voivodeship
, but its southern part is part of the
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
, while a small western fragment (
Gmina Biały Bor
) is in the
West Pomeranian Voivodeship
.
Historical population
[
edit
]
During the
Early Middle Ages
Pomerelia (the name comes from Proto-Slavic "po more", which means "land at the sea") was inhabited by
West Slavic
,
Lechitic
tribes, with occasional presence of
Scandinavians
operating a few
trading posts
in the area. The region then became a territory of the nascent Polish state and continued as such (briefly interrupted by a Danish invasion) into the 12th century. In contrast to the gradual and mostly peaceful process of
Ostsiedlung
occurring at the time in some other regions such as
Silesia
or
Farther Pomerania
, Pomerelia was instead violently overrun by the
State of the Teutonic Order
including the principal city of the territory. In the latter case,
the troops of the German monastic state exterminated the original Polish inhabitants of the city
and initiated a massive colonisation campaign to hastily repopulate the area with numerous
German-speaking settlers
, especially in major urban areas, while in smaller towns and in rural areas, the speakers of
Kashubian
and
Greater Polish
(i.e.
Kociewiacy
, and
Borowiacy
) predominated.
[41]
The Teutonic Order developed the land in
amelioration
projects, dyking of the founding of German-settled Estates and villages.
[42]
As the result of the
Thirteen Years' War of 1454-1466
, Pomerelia became part of the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
again, within the province of
Royal Prussia
(which along Pomerelia also included the western rim of the actual
region of Prussia
, namely
Warmia
as well as
Malbork Land
, the latter comprising northern parts of
Pomesania
and
Pogesania
). After the
Partitions of Poland
in 1772?1795, historical Pomerelia became part of the new province of
West Prussia
within the Kingdom of Prussia. Temporarily, during the
Napoleonic Wars
until
1815
, Gda?sk became a
Free City
, while southern portions of West Prussia with
Toru?
became parts of the
Duchy of Warsaw
. Perhaps the earliest census figures (from years 1817 and 1819) about the ethnic or national composition of the region come from
Prussian
data published in 1823. At that time, entire West Prussia (of which historical Pomerelia was part) had 630,077 inhabitants ? 327,300 ethnic Poles (52%), 290,000 Germans (46%) and 12,700 Jews (2%).
[43]
In this data
Kashubians
are included with Poles, while
Mennonites
(numbering 2% of West Prussia's population) are included with Germans.
Ethnic structure (
Nationalverschiedenheit
) of West Prussia (including Pomerelia) in 1819
[43]
Ethnic or national group
|
Population
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Poles
|
327,300
|
52%
|
Germans
|
290,000
|
46%
|
Jews
|
12,700
|
2%
|
Total
|
630,077
|
100%
|
Another German author,
Karl Andree
, in his book "
Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht
" (Leipzig 1831), gives the total population of West Prussia as 700,000 inhabitants ? including 50% Poles (350,000), 47% Germans (330,000) and 3% Jews (20,000).
[44]
There are also estimates of the religious structure (number of temples) of the
pre-1772 Pomerelian Voivodeship
of Poland. Around year 1772 that voivodeship had 221 (66,6%) Roman Catholic, 79 (23,8%) Lutheran, 23 (6,9%) Jewish, six (1,8%) Mennonite, two (0,6%)
Czech Brethren
and one (0,3%) Calvinist churches:
Number of churches of each denomination and synagogues in Royal Prussia around 1772
[41]
Voivodeship
|
Roman Catholic
|
Lutheran
|
Calvinist
|
Czech Brethren
|
Mennonite
|
Jewish
|
Pomerelia
|
221
|
79
|
1
|
2
|
6
|
23
|
L?bork-Bytow
|
15
|
23
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Malbork
|
62
|
47
|
1
|
-
|
9
|
-
|
Warmia
|
124
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Chełmno
|
151
|
11
|
-
|
1
|
1
|
9
|
TOTAL Royal Prussia
|
573
|
160
|
3
|
3
|
16
|
32
|
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
James Boswell, The Scots Magazine, t. 35, Edinburgh 1773, p 687
Google Books
, The Magazine of Magazines t. 13, Limerick 1757 p. 158
Google Books
, John Mottley, The history of the life of Peter I., emperor of Russia, London 1739, p. 89
Google Books
, The Universal Magazine, t. 20, London 1757, p. 50
Google Books
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeit
, 1999, p.23,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
- ^
J. B. Rives on Tacitus,
Germania
, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.311,
ISBN
0-19-815050-4
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeit
, 1999, p.25,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
- ^
Andrew H. Merrills,
History and Geography in Late Antiquity
, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.325,
ISBN
0-521-84601-3
- ^
Gerhard Kobler,
Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Lander: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart
, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.532,
ISBN
3-406-54986-1
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeit
, 1999, p.29,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
- ^
Jerzy Strzelczyk
[in:]
The New Cambridge Medieval History
, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 523
ISBN
0-521-36447-7
Google Books
- ^
J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gda?skie, Gda?sk 1991, p. 68
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 32.
- ^
J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gda?skie, Gda?sk 1991, p. 69?70
- ^
J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gda?skie, Gda?sk 1991, p. 67
- ^
Machilek, Franz:
Strukturen und Reprasentanten der Kirche Polens im Mittelalter
,
in Dietmar Popp,
Robert Suckale
(eds.):
Die Jagiellonen. Kunst und Kultur einer europaischen Dynastie an der Wende zur Neuzeit
(Wissenschaftliche Beibande zum Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, Bd. 21), Nurnberg 2002, pp. 109?122; 109.
- ^
a
b
James Minahan,
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p. 375,
ISBN
0-313-30984-1
- ^
Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 32; while James Minahan,
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p. 375 generally speaks of the 11th century.
- ^
J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gda?skie, Gda?sk 1991, p. 73, B. ?liwi?ski (red.) Wielka Historia Polski, t. I do 1320, Krakow 1997, p. 89-90. Both these authors connect the unsuccessful campaign against he Czechs with the loss of Pomerelia.
- ^
Andrzej Chwalba
(2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.).
Kalendarium Historii Polski
(in Polish). Krakow. p. 45.
ISBN
83-08-03136-6
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Andrzej Chwalba
(2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.).
Kalendarium Historii Polski
(in Polish). Krakow. pp. 45?56.
ISBN
83-08-03136-6
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Andrzej Chwalba
(2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.).
Kalendarium Historii Polski
(in Polish). Krakow. p. 58.
ISBN
83-08-03136-6
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 33.
- ^
a
b
c
Lingenberg, Heinz:
Die Anfange des Klosters Oliva und die Entstehung der deutschen Stadt Danzig. Die fruhe Geschichte der beiden Gemeinwesen bis 1308/10
(Kieler historische Studien, Bd. 30), Stuttgart 1982, p. 191.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Hirsch, Theodor et al. (eds.):
Scriptores rerum Prussicarum,
vol. 1
, Leipzig 1861, pp. 67, 686-687.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Wichert, Sven:
Das Zisterzienskloster Doberan im Mittelalter
(Studien zur Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Zisterzienser, vol. 9), Berlin 2000, p. 208
- ^
a
b
Schmidt, Roderich:
Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse,
Koln/Weimar 2007, pp. 141-142.
- ^
a
b
Schmidt, Roderich:
Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse,
Koln/Weimar 2007, p. 143.
- ^
Full text
of the treaty of
Drage Bridge (1273)
(in Latin) in Morin FH (1838): Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis I, p. 121.
- ^
B. ?liwi?ski (red.) Wielka Historia Polski, t. I do 1320, Krakow 1997, p. 205
- ^
a
b
Muzeum Historii Polski (2010).
"Układ w K?pnie mi?dzy Przemysłem II a Mszczujem II Pomorskim"
. Muzhp.pl. Archived from
the original
on 2012-03-24
. Retrieved
2011-09-11
.
- ^
Aneta Kwiatkowska (March 12, 2008).
"O przesławnych ksi???tach pomorskich"
. dziedzictwo.polska.pl. Archived from
the original
on 20 April 2010
. Retrieved
11 September
2011
.
- ^
Andrzej Chwalba
(2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.).
Kalendarium Historii Polski
(in Polish). Krakow. pp. 70?71.
ISBN
83-08-03136-6
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Andrzej Chwalba
(2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.).
Kalendarium Historii Polski
(in Polish). Krakow. p. 71.
ISBN
83-08-03136-6
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Gorski, Karol (1949).
Zwi?zek Pruski i poddanie si? Prus Polsce: zbior tekstow ?rodłowych
(in Polish). Pozna?: Instytut Zachodni. p. XXXVII.
- ^
Gorski, pp. 51, 56
- ^
Gorski, p. 88-90, 206-207
- ^
Wardzy?ska, Maria (2009).
Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpiecze?stwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion
(in Polish). Warszawa:
IPN
. pp. 145?153, 167, 169?170, 182.
- ^
Andrzej Chwalba
-
Historia Polski
1795-1918 pages 461-463
- ^
Anna Cienciala Lecture Notes 11 The Rebirth of Poland, The University of Kansas
- ^
Polo?enie mniejszo?ci niemieckej w Polsce, 1918-1938 1969 Stanisław Kazimierz Potocki Wydawn. Morskie, page 30
- ^
Ruch polski na ?l?sku Opolskim w latach 1922-1939 - page 15 Marek Masnyk - 1989
- ^
Dzieje robotnikow przemysłowych w Polsce pod zaborami El?bieta Kaczy?ska Pa?stwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1970, page 75
To show lower number of Poles, settled German soldiers were automatically included. The census of 1910 was most likely falsified
- ^
a
b
Szady, Bogumił (2010).
Geography of Religious and Denominational Structures in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom in the Second Half of the 18th Century
(PDF)
. Wydawnictwo KUL. pp. 164?165.
- ^
Kazimierz ?migiel (1992).
Die statistischen Erhebungen uber die deutschen Katholiken in den Bistumern Polens, 1928 und 1936
. J.G. Herder-Institut. p. 117.
- ^
a
b
Hassel, Georg (1823).
Statistischer Umriß der sammtlichen europaischen und der vornehmsten außereuropaischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Große, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militarverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Machte Osterreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt
. Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 42.
- ^
Andree, Karl (1831).
Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht
. Verlag von Ludwig Schumann. p.
212
.
External links
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edit
]
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at Wikimedia Commons
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